The estimation of engineering costs plays a significant role in various phases of engineering projects.However,traditional estimation methods suffer from issues such as lack of precision,poor comparability,and low levels of informatization.As a response to these challenges,emerging technologies,often based on statistical or machine learning methods,have introduced new perspectives to engineering cost estimation.Nevertheless,they still face limitations such as a narrow range of calculation methods and inflexibility in the results.To address these issues,this paper proposes an advanced engineering cost estimation system aimed at enhancing flexibility,scalability,comparability,and accuracy in estimation.The system design is based on a modular approach,integrating various estimation methods as atomic operators.It combines top-down decomposition and bottom-up aggregation to estimate engineering costs comprehensively.Furthermore,a related intelligent system is designed.Future research will continue to optimize the system,further elevating its level of intelligence.This engineering cost estimation system will provide a reliable tool for project management and decision-making,contributing novel perspectives and methodologies to the field of engineering estimation.
Mainland construction enterprises have made significant contributions to Hong Kong's infrastructure construction.While Hong Kong continues to develop infrastructure construction,it becomes a problem for mainland enterprises to represent their advantages in bidding for public works in Hong Kong and accurately and efficiently calculate bidding price.The measurement rules for Hong Kong projects are complex,and consulting firms are highly professional.These bidding proposals could only be generated after carefully predict,plan,calculate,and analyze the cost of the project.Bidding team must pay attention to the analysis of the main resource inputs,spare no effort to refine the bidding technical and economic plans,and improve the competitiveness of enterprises,in order to ensure that Mainland enterprises are invincible in the fierce international competitive market.This article analyzes the key points of reviewing the Hong Kong public bidding document and proposes two suggested methods for bidding quotation.
各省、自治区、直辖市、新疆生产建设兵团社会信用体系建设牵头部门、招标投标指导协调部门: 当前,一些地方通过信用评价、信用评分等方式设置招标投标隐性壁垒,破坏公平竞争的市场环境,阻碍全国统一大市场建设,必须坚决纠正规范.
Engineering cost management is a key difficulty in EPC project management.Due to the professionalism and complex structure of construction projects,engineering cost control has become even more difficult.In order to solve this problem,a third-party consulting agency is introduced.Third party consulting agencies can promote deep participation from all parties,build a new collaborative mechanism,and promote the smooth progress of various stages of the project with high standards,thereby achieving effective engineering cost management and control.This article focuses on the characteristics of EPC projects,outlines the challenges faced by third-party consulting when participating in engineering cost management,and proposes a cost management collaboration mechanism based on third-party consulting participation.This mechanism constructs a clear collaborative management operation structure,which helps to solve existing problems.And combined with the EPC project of Minhang District Disease Prevention and Control Center,a detailed introduction was given to the practical application of collaborative management system,hoping to provide useful guidance for the application of third-party consulting in cost management and promote the development of the industry.
This paper uses quantitative analysis to compare the differences between skid-mounted equipment and non-skid equipment and the reasons for the differences from both technical and economic aspects.By collecting the application of various skid-mounted equipment in oil and gas fields and refining and chemical units,and scientifically analyzing the investment data of different types of skid-mounted equipment,the application status of skid-mounted equipment,price composition and the difference between skid-mounted equipment and non-skid-mounted equipment are summarized,and the applicable scope of different types of skid-mounted equipment is summarized and corresponding optimization suggestions are put forward.The research has formed three conclusions:first,the investment in skid-mounted equipment has increased year by year,and it has been widely used in oil and gas field surface engineering and oil refining and chemical engineering;second,on the whole,the investment in skid-mounted equipment is higher than that in non-skid equipment,mainly due to the increase in technical services,profits and other costs after the integration of skid-mounted equipment;third,considering the whole life cycle,the total cost of skid-mounted equipment is low,and it has the advantages of saving time and space.It is recommended to divide the scope of application according to the characteristics of various skid-mounted equipment.
In the context of China's tax system reform and the comprehensive implementation of the"business tax to value-added tax"tax calculation,the application of the pricing rule of price tax separation is becoming increasingly widespread.The construction industry has also shifted from traditional tax calculation within the price to tax separation.However,in urban rail transit projects with complex tax calculation,due to the wide variety of tax rates and irregular adjustments of tax rates,tax burden increases and workload increases due to easy errors in tax rate matching.How to match the settlement prices of various specialties with the applicable tax rates during contract payment is the main link to improve pricing accuracy.Applying information technology to transform traditional tax rate management models and developing intelligent tax rate matching methods can improve the accuracy of tax rate matching and reduce the probability of pricing errors.This article takes the Nanjing urban rail transit project as an example,and introduces the Drools rule engine on the basis of the electronic contract list of urban rail transit projects,which matches and collides with contract data.Through practical application,the efficiency and accuracy of this technology have been verified,ultimately achieving intelligent matching of contract tax rates for urban rail transit projects.
This article takes the simulation list pricing in Fujian Province as an example,and combines a series of engineering general contracting pricing policies introduced in recent years,including the engineering general contracting bidding management system,simulation list pricing and measurement,and bidding document demonstration text.It analyzes the timing and adaptation conditions of engineering general contracting intervention,and proposes the necessity of adopting the simulation list pricing model in the preliminary design stage of engineering general contracting,and necessary measures for implementing engineering general contracting pricing management during the preliminary design stage.Research has shown that:simulated inventory pricing can effectively solve the difficult problems of engineering general contracting pricing in the preliminary design stage,and can improve the accuracy and rationality of pricing;in the process of pricing management,it is necessary to continuously improve the simulated inventory list,strengthen process management,and reasonably determine and effectively control the engineering cost workflow;in order to better implement the engineering general contracting simulation list pricing model and better serve the high-quality development needs of the construction industry,it is necessary to continuously improve supporting policies and measures,promote full process engineering consulting,compile accurate project budget estimates,improve the quality of professional personnel,and strengthen supervision during and after the event.
民营经济是推进中国式现代化的生力军,是高质量发展的重要基础,是推动我国全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标的重要力量.长期以来,民营经济在稳定增长、促进创新、增加就业、改善民生等方面发挥了积极作用,是我国经济制度的内在要素,是社会主义市场经济发展的重要成果.
Engineering budget and quota pricing system is an important part of investment control.As the hydrogen energy industry is an emerging industry,there is no budget quota that accurately corresponds to the installation works of hydrogen refueling stations.Under the new situation that the hydrogen energy industry is developing continuously,it is vital to carry out the preparation of the standardization of hydrogen refueling project budget,in order to continue the important role of the engineering budget and quota pricing system and make the pricing system better applicable to hydrogen refueling projects.The article focuses on the development of hydrogen refurbishment project budget quotas in four aspects:technical route,preparation principle,preparation basis and specific work content.In the preparation of the quotas,the subheadings are mainly divided into four categories for discussion,the preparation methods used are mainly field research,statistical analysis and enterprise approval method,and finally the scope of application of the prepared quotas is explained.The completed"Hydrogenation Project Budget Quotas"can provide a basis for investment control of hydrogenation projects and is a useful supplement and improvement to the existing petrochemical quotas.
The appraisal opinion issued by the judicial appraisal of construction cost is an important basis for the trial of construction contract cost disputes,the professional competence and impartiality of the appraiser and the appraiser are very important to the fair and successful judgment of both parties and cases.But in the current project cost appraisal,because the appraiser's professional ability causes the mistake,the dispute,by the appraisal appraisal and so on questions and so on are everywhere,because of the court judicial personnel to the construction cost knowledge insufficiency,expert opinions are usually adopted in trial cases,and the wrong expert opinions in expert reports may violate the legitimate rights and interests of a party.The current appraisal system lacks dispute resolution and supervision to the appraisal opinions issued by appraisers,so it is urgent to establish a perfect dispute resolution and supervision mechanism.This paper discusses the necessity of establishing the dispute settlement mechanism of cost appraisal from the view of error appraisal,promote the project cost appraisal more just,legal,objective.
In recent years,the urban construction pace has accelerated,the investment in municipal road project construction has continued to increase,the effective use of government financial funds has a great significance for strengthening investment benefits.The article briefly introduces the basic ideas of investment management for municipal road projects,analyzes the current problems of low standardization of estimated engineering quantities,incomplete project division rules,lack of authoritative and public information on material prices,and reserve funds without pricing differences in investment management.It provides corresponding optimization methods for investment management,achieving standardized management of engineering quantities and engineering cost index,and guiding the standardized development of investment estimation preparation work;establish unified project division rules and promote standardized management of estimation work;release the maximum price limit for major equipment and materials,and promote the process of price information data management;enhance awareness of price risk prevention and control,and timely calculate reserve funds for price differences.Through the above methods,we can promote the continuous improvement of cost work,achieve effective investment control goals,and maximize the effective utilization of investment benefits in municipal road projects.
Unbalanced quotation based on the bill of quantities often occurs in project settlement,especially when using the reasonable low price bidding method.The bidding process leads to significant changes in the bidding bill of quantities,or the design changes caused by unreasonable design lead to significant deviations.Therefore,an unbalanced quotation strategy is adopted to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of the construction unit.The article analyzes the current situation of imbalanced quotation and explores the reasons and manifestations of imbalanced quotation.On this basis,based on the calculation principles of the bill of quantities,a complete set of unbalanced quotation strategies for identifying,summarizing,determining,adjusting unit prices,and managing risks are proposed from the perspective of the construction unit.At the same time,in response to changes in the bill of quantities,range of unit price adjustments,and design changes,how to apply flexible current pricing standards,propose reasonable risk control measures,and ensure that the construction unit settles reasonable profits to protect its legitimate rights and interests.
The project team takes the compilation of the maximum bid limit price for the procurement and installation of theater lighting,audio and video equipment as the object,and gradually carries out the work by using the methods of market research and work breakdown.Conduct market research based on the technical requirements of the bidding documents,thereby determine the range of products and suppliers that can meet the technical requirements of the bidding.The work breakdown structure is used to decompose the preparation of the maximum bid limit price for the procurement,define each decomposition task and output results,formulate implementation plans,carry out industry investigation,market inquiry,horizontal comparative analysis of unit price,comparative analysis of total price,combined with the cost control index to determine the principle of unit price pricing,through the maximum bid limit price and design budget comparative analysis,to ensure that the maximum bid limit price total within the range of design budget.The maximum bid limit price shall be controlled within the approval limit of the budget estimate,and reasonable funds shall be reserved for the change factors in the implementation process.Through the comparative analysis of the contract price,the maximum bid limit price and the estimated total price,the establishment of the maximum bid limit price is reasonable.Combined with the experience of the establishment of the maximum bid limit price for theater lighting,audio and video equipment procurement,by summarizing a set of methods for the compilation of the maximum bid limit price for special equipment procurement,it guides the compilation of the subsequent maximum bid limit price for special equipment procurement.
With the continuous development of the international market in Chinese engineering construction field,mastering the principles and methods of foreign engineering pricing is of great significance for the development of international business and the improvement of Chinese pricing system.The article compares and analyzes the cost composition of the unit price of self-owned construction equipment in Chinese and American enterprises,discusses the theory of the unit price grouping of machinery in North America,and emphasizes the calculation methods of depreciation cost,purchasing opportunity cost,maintenance and repair cost,fuel consumption cost,and other expenses in North America based on examples.The above contents regarding the attribution of labor costs for operating or driving construction equipment,the concept of mechanical capital possession cost and its two calculation methods,the calculation ideas for determining maintenance costs,fuel consumption,tire usage costs,and other mechanical usage costs based on the actual situation of the project site,as well as the necessity of accumulating relevant historical data,which will have important reference value for Chinese international engineering contractors to grasp the new development trends and to improve the competitiveness of international engineering project management.
In order to ensure the winning price of the project subject to tender in reasonable and controllable level,according to the relevant national policies and industry regulations of engineering and service bidding,the tenderer shall organize the preparation of the highest bid price,the highest bid price results to reflect scientific bidding market price level,to ensure that the winning price of the project subject to tender is reasonable,to maximize the interests of the tenderer,but also to avoid the highest bid price is too low,the bidder abandoned the tender failure.Thermal power technical renovation project because of its particularity and differences,the project general contracting bid highest bid price preparation lack of experience reference,preparation is difficult,this paper through a large thermal power technical renovation project general contracting bid highest price bidding process,bidding process and contract execution,from the highest bid price preparation principle of formulation,the bill of quantities and market research before scientific analysis of difficulties and put forward the highest bid price preparation experience and countermeasures,for the future similar project highest bidding price preparation provide reference and reference.
EPC engineering general contracting has been implemented in the field of engineering construction for many years and has significant advantages in optimizing engineering management,saving time and costs,improving construction efficiency and quality.However,there are still many outstanding problems in the settlement method.Settlement work runs through the entire project and has a great impact on the economic benefits of the project.Settlement is also closely related to the pricing model adopted by the project.At present,there is no unified pricing method for EPC engineering general contracting,and there are still many models under the current environment.Different pricing methods affect the settlement work of the project,which has a great impact on the economic benefits of the project.This article focuses on four different pricing models under the fixed total price situation of EPC engineering general contracting,analyzes the key points that should be paid attention to in settlement under different pricing models,and proposes corresponding countermeasures through case analysis.
The article summarizes the mainstream estimate standards in transportation engineering in Pakistan,analyzes the characteristics and applicability of each standard,and takes highway estimate as an example to analyze the differences in calculation methods and estimate composition between China and Pakistan's estimate standards.the following conclusion is drawn:Pakistan lacks a relatively comprehensive engineering estimate standard,The preparation of investment estimates and bidding prices mainly relies on the"Composite Schedule of Rates"(CSR)published by government departments,especially the National Highway Authority(NHA).Each indicator is vertically subdivided into different regions across the country to represent the price differences of personnel and machinery in different regions,and users do not need to analyze it again;in terms of basic estimate classification,personnel,materials,and machinery are the main direct estimates,and indirect estimates such as management fees,profits,and taxes are calculated based on this.The indirect estimates are charged at a flat rate of 25%.
由于设计、建设、施工、第三方咨询单位在数据生成工具选用和称谓习惯的不同,以及可能的拼写错误,同一种物资会出现不同的名称叫法.加上工程物资规格种类繁多,人工梳理或是一般性的菜单操作难以胜任快速高效的查找与对量工作.为此,有必要研究更为有效的解决方案.模糊匹配算法可以处理一系列数据歧义,例如字符颠倒、缩略语、单字或词组拼写错误、不规范的标点符号等,获得最接近的匹配结果.鉴于Excel在数据呈现与处理方面的广泛运用基础,在其强大的数据清洗、排序检索功能以及二次开发能力的加持下,能较为便利地实现字符串的模糊匹配.一般而言,模糊匹配可以使用Excel组合公式、内嵌的Power Query查询或是基于VBA代码的编辑距离法实现.以上三种方法有各自的优点和局限性,其中前两者虽易于上手但制约略多,VBA编程法强大但较难以掌握.文章通过对三种方法思路及关键步骤的阐述,结合图表范例演示,以更好地展示各自的适用情形.
文章解读了世行贷款项目招标文件,结合工程案例和实践经验,首先梳理出了四个关键的处理要点,即按实际完成的工程数量计量、体现新增单价的经济性、管理异常的风险变更、审批程序先国内后世行.然后,通过剖析一项实际的城市河道治理工程施工合同变更审批案例,详细阐述了合同变更范围的确定过程及其结论.最后,给出了确定新增单价的组价方式以及编制合同变更文件的建议.编制合同变更文件时,应注重工程量的实际完成情况,保证新增单价的经济性,妥善处理异常风险变更,并尊重先国内后世行的审批程序.这些方法对于国内有条件的咨询企业关注并参与国际金融组织和外国政府的贷款赠款项目,具有参考意义.
装配式装修作为新起步的装修形式,与传统装修相比,同样具有装配式建筑的现场二次加工少、湿作业工作少、扬尘噪音少、劳动力用量少和建造时间短等一系列优点.但因为装修专业本身所具有的材料种类多、设计形式多样、构造复杂、多专业交叉施工等特点,所以装配式装修的管理方式既区别于装配式建筑,又区别于传统装修.装配式装修施工在现阶段还处于起步阶段,其相应的设计标准、技术标准、施工工艺、现场管理、成本管理也处于摸索阶段.文章以传统装修的目标成本管理方式作参照,分析出装配式装修工程的成本管理受材料、设计、技术等多因素影响而导致成本管理难度增大,初步提出了装配式装修成本管理解决方案,希望有助于装配式装修实践中更加有效地做好成本管理,进一步推进装配式装修落地实施.
