Most of the visual and written reactions to the Dutch'maritime efforts glorified the success of their young state on the world stage.The converse,however,was also the case:some texts and images expressed sentiments of cultural anxiety about the foreign influx.How were luxuries from the non-Western world received in ideological terms?Focusing on Chinese wares in particular,we will first discuss the celebratory accounts before moving on to the reservations held by others.Unfettered trade,displacing so many objects across continents,seemed to some to run against claims that the global division of commodities had been ordained by the Divinity.As will become clear,sentiments of cultural anxiety were formulated throughout the seventeenth century and,if anything,intensified with the increasingly regular consumption of foreign wares in the early eighteenth century.Ultimately,as we shall see,even the drinking of tea would become associated with the dangerous philosophical radicalism of Baruch Spinoza and his followers.
近代上海港是中国最大的港口,也是远东航运中心之一,港口在上海城市发展中起着非常重要的作用.本文以"区位优势—自我增强—技术与制度保障"为切入点,分析上海港崛起的机制,认为在港口发展的初期,凭借良好的区位条件,上海港获得了飞速的发展.由于拥有区位优势,各种资源向上海港集聚.区位优势促进了港口发展,港口发展形成了临港集聚,临港集聚具有报酬递增和自我增强的机制,临港集聚进而带动城市的发展,在自我增强机制的作用下,港口和城市形成良好的互动.上海港集聚优势的发挥、繁荣局面的保持也得益于技术和制度的保障.对于近代上海港崛起机制的探析,有助于理解当前上海国际航运中心建设与上海城市发展之间的关系.
上海濒临东海,紧依长江,背靠太湖流域,黄浦江、吴淞江汇流于此.溯长江西上,连接着长江流域的大部分区域,腹地广阔.同时,上海居中国南北海岸线中心,处太平洋西岸.这些优越的自然地理条件,为发展港口航运业提供了得天独厚的资源.尤其是1843年开埠以后,上海在数年之内即超越广州,成为全国最大的对外贸易港.上海同欧洲、美洲、澳洲及东亚、东南亚地区的航线渐次开辟.1920年代末,上海港的进口净吨数已跻身世界十四大港口之列.
近代开埠后上海逐渐发展成为多功能经济中心,长三角传统棉业依托上海的中心枢纽地位对外贸易日趋活跃,上海港的聚集效应日益显现.伴随近代棉业对外贸易规模的扩大,上海棉纺织工业与腹地乡村间存在频繁而密切的互动往来.以上海为中心的长三角城乡经济在有机、开放、动态的系统和环境间,时刻处于不断输入和输出物质流、能量流和信息流的互动过程,城乡经济往来显示出关系紧密的统一市场体系,城市与乡村相互依存、相互融合,形成一种"共生"关系.
郁氏家族是开埠前后上海最具影响力的沙船商人家族之一,不仅在航运及相关行业中的地位举足轻重,而且在上海公共治理、地方文化传承等方面也曾发挥过重要作用.郁氏沙船号的兴衰可以折射出整个沙船行业在清中叶的转变.在"重士轻商"的社会传统中,商人有着强烈的向士人和官僚阶层靠拢转移的意愿.他们积极投身社会公共治理,将商业资本转化为政治资本,以提高政治地位和社会地位.郁氏家族在以沙船业实现资本积累的过程中,积极实现商业资本向政治资本和文化资本的转变,并完成士绅化转变的过程.
