Tea is a globally significant economic crop, and its production and consumption processes are accompanied by substantial greenhouse gas emissions. A systematic carbon footprint assessment over the life cycle of tea is therefore of great practical importance for enabling the industry to contribute to national carbon‑neutrality goals. In this study, we applied a life cycle assessment approach to systematically quantify the cradle-to-grave carbon footprint of green tea production under smallholder farming systems, with a focus on the effects of different fertilization regimes and processing technologies. The results indicated that at a total nitrogen application rate of approximately 262 kg/hm2, the carbon emissions associated with the production of 1 kg of green tea were 25.90, 21.21, and 26.76 kg (calculated by CO2 equivalent, the same as below) for the sole chemical fertilizer treatment (NF), the sole organic fertilizer treatment (OF), and the combined treatment with chemical and organic fertilizers (70% chemical fertilizer＋30% organic fertilizer, MF), respectively. Among these, the OF treatment exhibited the lowest carbon emissions. Among the four types of green tea produced using different processing technologies (flat-shaped pan-fired green tea, curled pan-fired green tea, roasted green tea, and steamed green tea), steamed green tea had the highest carbon emissions, reaching 5.96 kg/kg (on a dry tea basis). An integrated calculation revealed that the cradle‑to‑grave carbon footprint of producing 1 kg of green tea was 44.21 kg under the smallholder farming system (NF combined with curled pan-fired green tea processing), with the cultivation stage being the largest contributor (62.23%), followed by the consumption stage (15.63%) and processing stage (11.72%). In conclusion, this study systematically identifies the critical emission sources across the green tea life cycle, providing empirical evidence and practical guidance for the development of low-carbon management strategies for the tea industry.(茶作为全球重要的经济作物，其生产和消费过程均伴随显著的碳排放，系统核算茶叶全生命周期碳足迹对推动茶产业响应国家碳中和目标具有重要的现实意义。本研究采用全生命周期评价方法，系统量化了小农生产模式下绿茶“从摇篮到坟墓”全过程的碳足迹，并评估了不同施肥管理措施和加工工艺对碳足迹的影响。结果表明：在总施氮量约为262 kg/hm2的前提下，不同施肥方式下绿茶单位产量碳排放量存在差异。单施化肥（100%化肥，NF）、单施有机肥（100%有机肥，OF）和混施（70%化肥＋30%有机肥，MF）产生的碳排放量（按CO2当量计，下同）分别为25.90、21.21、26.76 kg/kg。其中，OF处理的碳排放量最低。在不同加工工艺的绿茶（扁形炒青绿茶、卷曲形炒青绿茶、烘青绿茶和蒸青绿茶）中，蒸青绿茶的碳排放量最高，达5.96 kg/kg（以干茶计）。综合计算表明，在小农生产模式（单施化肥＋卷曲形炒青绿茶加工工艺）下，生产1 kg绿茶的全生命周期碳排放量为44.21 kg，其中栽培阶段贡献最大（62.23%），其次为消费阶段（15.63%）和加工阶段（11.72%）。本研究系统识别了绿茶全生命周期碳足迹的关键环节，为制定茶产业低碳管理策略提供了实证依据和实践指导。)
OTULIN is a deubiquitinating enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes the methionine 1-linked ubiquitin chain (Met1-Ub) and is involved in physiological processes such as cell death and inflammatory responses. Studies in mammals have shown that OTULIN inhibits excessive inflammatory responses by negatively regulating the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway; however, its function in avian resistance to bacterial infections remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the immunoregulatory role of duck OTULIN (duOTULIN) in the intracellular proliferation of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and its relationship with the NF-κB signaling pathway. The duOTULIN gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction to construct the pcDNA3.1-3×Flag-duOTULIN overexpression vector. The effects of duOTULIN on the NF-κB signaling pathway and SE infection were investigated in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells using this vector in combination with small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown. The results showed that the cloned duOTULIN gene had a coding sequence length of 1 206 bp, exhibiting a certain degree of conservation in avian species. The duOTULIN gene was expressed in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and duodenum, with the highest mRNA expression level in the heart, followed by the duodenum. Overexpression of duOTULIN significantly decreased the expression levels of key molecules and inflammatory cytokines in the NF-κB signaling pathway, including NF-κB1, HOIP, RELA, IL-1β and TNF-α (P＜0.05), and promoted SE proliferation in DEF cells (P＜0.05); knockdown of duOTULIN significantly increased the expression levels of these factors (P＜0.05) and reduced SE proliferation in DEF cells (P＜0.01). In summary, duOTULIN is associated with the regulation of SE intracellular proliferation, and its action may be mediated through the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings may provide references and potential targets for research on avian anti-infective immunity.(为探究鸭去泛素化酶OTULIN（duOTULIN）对肠炎沙门菌（Salmonella enteritidis, SE）胞内增殖的免疫调控作用及其与核因子κB（nuclear factor κB, NF-κB）信号通路的关系，通过聚合酶链反应扩增duOTULIN基因，构建pcDNA3.1-3×Flag-duOTULIN过表达载体，结合干扰小RNA（small interfering RNA, siRNA）敲低技术，在鸭胚成纤维（duck embryo fibroblast, DEF）细胞中探究duOTULIN对NF-κB信号通路及SE感染的影响。结果表明：克隆得到的duOTULIN基因编码区全长1 206 bp，在禽类中具有一定保守性。duOTULIN基因在心脏、肝脏、脾、肺、肾、十二指肠中均有表达，其mRNA在心脏中表达水平最高，其次为十二指肠。过表达duOTULIN可显著降低NF-κB信号通路关键分子和炎症因子NF-κB1、HOIP、RELA、IL-1β和TNF-α的表达水平（P＜0.05），并促进SE在DEF细胞内的增殖（P＜0.05）；敲低duOTULIN则显著提升上述因子的表达水平（P＜0.05），并减少SE在DEF细胞内的增殖（P＜0.01）。综上所述，duOTULIN与SE胞内增殖调控相关，该调控作用可能依赖于NF-κB信号通路。研究结果可为禽类抗感染免疫研究提供参考和潜在靶点。)
A diabetic mouse model was established via intraperitoneal injection of alloxan, and the fecal extracts from H. jinyinhuaphaga larvae were administered by gavage to evaluate their effects on blood glucose in diabetic mice. Results showed that the fecal extracts reduced the water intake and feed intake while increasing body mass in diabetic mice. With prolonged gavage duration, the water intake and feed intake continued to decrease, whereas body mass increased steadily. At 28 d, the water intake in low dose group (0.05 mg/mL), medium dose group (0.10 mg/mL), and high dose group (0.15 mg/mL) was 26.67, 22.29, and 18.83 g/d, respectively, which was extremely significantly lower than that in the model group (p＜0.001). Correspondingly, the feed intake was 13.36, 10.25, and 8.65 g/d, respectively, which was also extremely significantly lower than that in the model group (p＜0.001), and the body mass of all these dose groups was 22.12, 22.89, and 23.65 g, respectively, which was extremely significantly higher than that of the model group (p=0.004). The fecal extracts decreased the fasting blood glucose level of diabetic mice, and the fasting blood glucose level even decreased with the gavage time extended. At 28 d, the fasting blood glucose level in each dose group of the fecal extracts was 14.93, 13.89, and 10.22 mmol/L, which was extremely significantly lower than that in the model group (p＜0.001). The fecal extracts decreased the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) value and creatinine (CRE) value of diabetic mice, and these values even decreased with the gavage time extended. At 28 d, the ALT activity in each dose group of the fecal extracts was 7.35, 6.97, and 6.62 U/L, respectively, AST activity was 104.87, 103.23, and 102.49 U/L, BUN value was 7.82, 7.51, and 7.22 mmol/L, and CRE value was 26.45, 25.78, and 25.23 μmol/L, respectively, which was extremely significantly lower than that in the model group (p＜0.001). Additionally, the fecal extracts increased the glucose tolerance of diabetic mice, area under the blood glucose curve (AUC) in each dose group of the fecal extracts was 32.05, 30.11, and 24.33 mmol•h/L, respectively, which was extremely significantly lower than that in the model group (p＜0.001). The fecal extracts decreased the kidney index and spleen index of diabetic mice, and they even decreased with the gavage time extended. At 28 d, the kidney index in each dose group of the fecal extracts was 2.23%, 1.92%, and 1.67%, respectively, and spleen index was 0.61%, 0.56%, and 0.48%, respectively. Two-way ANOVA showed that the interaction of fecal extract dose and gavage time had no significant effect on the water intake, feed intake, body mass, fasting blood glucose level, ALT activity, AST activity, BUN value, or CRE value of diabetic mice (p＞0.05). These results indicate that the fecal extracts from H. jinyinhuaphaga larvae have a certain hypoglycemic effect on diabetic mice.(通过腹腔注射四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病小鼠模型，经灌胃给予金银花尺蠖幼虫粪便提取物，研究该提取物对糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响。结果表明，该提取物能够降低糖尿病小鼠的饮水量和进食量，提高其体质量；随着灌胃时间延长，糖尿病小鼠饮水量和进食量持续下降，体质量持续上升。28 d时粪便提取物低剂量组（0.05 mg/mL）、中剂量组（0.10 mg/mL）和高剂量组（0.15 mg/mL）小鼠的饮水量分别为26.67、22.29、18.83 g/d，极显著低于模型组（p＜0.001），进食量分别为13.36、10.25、8.65 g/d，极显著低于模型组（p＜0.001），体质量分别为22.12、22.89、23.65 g，显著高于模型组（p=0.004）。粪便提取物能够降低糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖，且随着灌胃时间延长空腹血糖呈持续下降趋势。28 d时各剂量组小鼠的空腹血糖分别为14.93、13.89、10.22 mmol/L，极显著低于模型组（p＜0.001）。粪便提取物可降低糖尿病小鼠的谷丙转氨酶（alanine aminotransferase, ALT）活性、谷草转氨酶（aspartate aminotransferase, AST）活性、血尿素氮（blood urea nitrogen, BUN）值和肌酐（creatinine, CRE）值，且随着灌胃时间延长，这些指标呈持续下降趋势。28 d时，各剂量组的ALT活性分别为7.35、6.97、6.62 U/L，AST活性分别为104.87、103.23、102.49 U/L，BUN值分别为7.82、7.51、7.22 mmol/L，CRE值分别为26.45、25.78、25.23 μmol/L，均极显著低于模型组（p＜0.001）。同时，粪便提取物能够增加糖尿病小鼠的葡萄糖耐量，各剂量组的血糖曲线下面积分别为32.05、30.11、24.33 mmol•h/L，与模型组的差异达极显著水平（p＜0.001）。此外，粪便提取物还能够降低糖尿病小鼠的肾脏指数和脾脏指数，28 d时各剂量组的肾脏指数分别为2.23%、1.92%、1.67%，脾脏指数分别为0.61%、0.56%、0.48%。双因素方差分析显示，金银花尺蠖幼虫粪便提取物的剂量和灌胃时间的交互作用对糖尿病小鼠的饮水量、进食量、体质量、空腹血糖、ALT活性、AST活性、BUN值及CRE值均无显著影响（p＞0.05）。以上结果表明，金银花尺蠖幼虫粪便提取物对糖尿病小鼠具有一定的降血糖作用。)
To address the issue of cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice grown on Cd-contaminated farmland, this study screened three Cd-tolerant multifunctional bacterial strains (Rhizobium sp. WW22, Burkholderia sp. WW13, and Pseudomonas sp. WW2) and two rice cultivars with different Cd accumulation capacities, low-accumulating Xiushui 14 (XS14) and high-accumulating Hanyou 73 (HY73), as the research subjects. Hydroponic experiments were conducted under varying Cd concentrations, and physiological and biochemical indicators of rice at the mature stage were determined. Mantel test was employed to explore the regulatory effects of these strains on nitrogen metabolism, antioxidant systems, and Cd accumulation in rice. The results showed that three multifunctional bacterial strains could colonize the rice root surface, increasing plant height, total biomass (dry mass), and total nitrogen content to some extent. Among them, strain WW13 increased the total nitrogen content of XS14 by 15.72%-20.17%, while strain WW22 increased that of HY73 by 7.15%-31.69%. Under Cd stress, the strains regulated the activities of nitrate reductase, ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase and the antioxidant system in both rice cultivars. Specifically, they increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, elevated the contents of glutathione and flavonoids, and reduced the malondialdehyde content in roots and leaves, thereby effectively alleviating Cd-induced oxidative damage. Notably, the three strains exhibited significantly different regulatory patterns of Cd accumulation in rice. Strain WW22 tended to promote Cd uptake in roots (increases of 2.05%-76.75%), while inhibiting Cd translocation to shoots (decreases of 29.59%-51.51%). In contrast, strain WW13 simultaneously reduced Cd uptake in roots (decreases of 9.30%-24.62%) and shoots (decreases of 14.27%-51.13%), as well as Cd translocation to spikes (decreases of 4.15%-27.11%). However, the regulatory effects of strain WW2 varied with external Cd concentration and rice cultivar. Mantel test further confirmed that the regulatory effects of the multifunctional bacteria on rice growth, nitrogen content, and Cd accumulation were significantly correlated with enzyme activities of nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant systems in XS14, particularly nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities in leaves and reduced glutathione content in roots. These indicators in HY73 were significantly correlated with more enzyme activity indicators. In conclusion, three multifunctional bacterial strains can alleviate Cd toxicity and promote rice growth by colonizing rice roots and enhancing nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant system functions. Among them, strain WW22 enhances Cd chelation and immobilization in roots, thereby promoting Cd retention in roots and reducing Cd translocation to shoots; strain WW13 inhibits Cd translocation to spikes by reducing Cd enrichment in both roots and shoots. These two strains can be used as potential efficient bioremediation agents for the safe cultivation of rice in Cd-contaminated farmland.(为解决镉污染农田中水稻镉积累问题，本研究筛选出3株耐镉多功能菌（根瘤菌WW22、伯克霍尔德菌WW13、假单胞菌WW2），并选取2种低/高镉积累型水稻品种（秀水14/旱优73）为研究对象，通过不同镉浓度水培实验，测定成熟期水稻生理生化指标，并结合Mantel检验，探究菌株对水稻氮代谢、抗氧化系统及镉积累的调控作用。结果表明，3株多功能菌均可在水稻根系表面定植，并在一定程度上提高水稻株高、总生物量（干质量）和总氮含量。其中，菌株WW13使秀水14的总氮含量提高了15.72%～20.17%，菌株WW22使旱优73的总氮含量提高了7.15%～31.69%。镉胁迫下，菌株可通过调节水稻硝酸还原酶、铁氧还蛋白的谷氨酸合成酶活性以及抗氧化系统，提高超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性，增加谷胱甘肽和黄酮类化合物含量，同时降低根系和叶片中的丙二醛含量，有效缓解镉诱导的氧化损伤。3株菌株对水稻镉积累的调控模式存在显著差异，其中菌株WW22表现出促进水稻根系镉吸收（增幅2.05%～76.75%），但抑制其向地上部转运（转运系数降幅29.59%～51.51%）的趋势；菌株WW13则同时降低了根系（降幅9.30%～24.62%）、地上部（降幅14.27%～51.13%）的镉吸收量及其向稻穗的转运（转运系数降幅4.15%～27.11%）；而菌株WW2的调控效果则随外界镉浓度和水稻品种的不同发生变化。Mantel检验进一步证实，多功能菌对水稻生长、氮含量及镉积累的调控效应与秀水14体内氮代谢及抗氧化系统相关酶活性（尤其是叶片硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶活性和根系还原型谷胱甘肽含量）显著相关，而旱优73各指标则与更广泛的酶活性指标显著相关。综上所述，3株多功能菌可通过定植水稻根系表面、增强氮代谢与抗氧化系统功能，缓解镉毒性并促进水稻生长。其中，菌株WW22通过增强根系对镉的螯合与固定作用，促进镉在根系中的滞留并减少其向地上部转运；菌株WW13则通过降低水稻根系和地上部的镉积累，抑制镉向稻穗转运。上述2株多功能菌可作为镉污染农田水稻安全种植的潜在高效生物修复剂。)
Selenium is an essential micronutrient for humans, and its deficiency can cause various diseases. Fruits are an important component of the daily diet and serve as ideal carriers for dietary selenium fortification. This review summarizes the assimilation and transport characteristics of selenium in plants and the selenium enrichment effects in different fruits, with a focus on the application of selenium in improving fruit quality and postharvest storage and preservation. This review further analyzes the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which selenium synergistically improves fruit appearance, flavor, and nutritional quality through regulating key physiological pathways such as photosynthesis, antioxidant systems, sugar and acid metabolism, and phenylpropanoid metabolism, as well as the roles and mechanisms of selenium in delaying postharvest senescence and inhibiting postharvest diseases. In addition, this review discusses the key factors for achieving efficient selenium fortification, including selenium speciation, concentration, application method, application stage, and frequency, aiming to provide systematic theoretical references for the precise production and comprehensive quality regulation of selenium-enriched functional fruits.(硒是人体必需的微量营养元素，其缺乏可诱发多种疾病。水果作为日常膳食的重要组成部分，是膳食硒生物强化的理想载体。本文总结了硒在植物体内的同化与转运特征及不同果实的富硒效果，并重点关注硒在果实品质提升和采后贮藏保鲜中的应用；深入剖析了硒通过调控光合作用、抗氧化系统、糖酸代谢及苯丙烷代谢等关键生理途径，协同改善果实外观、风味、营养品质的生理及分子机制，以及硒在延缓采后衰老、抑制采后病害方面的作用和机制。此外，本文探讨了实现高效富硒生物强化的关键因素，包括硒形态、浓度、施用方式、施用时期及次数等，旨在为富硒功能果实的精准化生产与综合品质调控提供参考。)
