Background:Gastric cancer(GC)remains one of the most common malignancies worldwide,highlighting the importance of characterizing microbial alterations associated with its development. Methods:This study analyzed changes in the gastric fluid microbiota of patients with GC and identified GC-related microbial signatures.Thirty patients with GC and 25 healthy volunteers undergoing routine physical examinations were included.Gastric fluid samples were subjected to absolute quantitative 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.Differences in the microbial composition between groups were assessed using the linear discriminant analysis effect size(LEfSe). Results:The analysis revealed no significant differences in microbial diversity or richness between GC patients and healthy controls.However,the relative abundances of Neisseria and Haemophilus genera were markedly reduced in patients with GC,whereas Clostridiales bacterium canine oral taxon 162 and Prevotella 1 were increased.LEfSe identified 13 bacterial genera with linear discriminant analysis(LDA)scores≥2.0 that discriminated between the cancer and healthy groups. Conclusions:The development of GC may be associated with alterations in the community structure of gastric fluid microbiota rather than changes in microbial diversity.LEfSe identified 13 bacterial genera with LDA scores≥2.0,which could effectively distinguish patients with GC and healthy controls.
Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a highly malignant tumor of the biliary tract with a poor prognosis.Currently,specific methods for the early diagnosis and risk stratification if CCA are lacking.With the emergence of the"gut-biliary-liver axis"concept,the intestinal and biliary microbiota are being increasingly recognized to play key roles in the initiation and progression of CCA.This review sys-tematically synthesizes recent clinical and basic research and outlines characteristic patterns of dysbiosis in the feces,bile,and tumor tissues of patients with CCA.lt further discusses key mechanisms,including microbiota-bile acid-biliary epithelial signaling,pathogen-associated molecular patterns-mediated chronic inflammation,and immune-metabolic remodeling.lt also examines the associations of these mechanisms with tumor progression and treatment responses.On this basis,the review evaluates the potential of intestinal and biliary microbiota and their metabolites as biomarkers for the diagnosis,prognosis,and prediction of the treatment response of CCA.We believe this review demonstrates a theoretical basis for microbiota-targeted precision prevention and therapeutic strategies for the disease.
Background:Calcium and vitamin D play crucial roles in muscle health and fat distribution.Both dietary intake and serum levels of calcium and vitamin D are commonly examined in relation to overall body health. Methods:The United Kingdom Biobank(UKB)database was searched and analyzed.Dietary and serum calcium and vitamin D levels were extracted from the data to evaluate potential associations with body composition.Linear regression analysis,ordinal regression analysis,and interaction analysis were used to examine the associations between variables. Results:ln the survey of over 50,000 individuals in the UKB,the frequency of low handgrip strength was higher among those with low dietary calcium intake at baseline.Furthermore,individuals with low serum vitamin D levels exhibited a higher prevalence of high body fat percentage(BFP)events.Notably,these influences were observed to persist for nearly 10 years.Moreover,the data suggested that serum vitamin D levels should exceed 50 nmol/L and the daily dietary calcium intake should be at least 1,000 mg to maintain the strength and keep a lower BFP(OR:0.68,95%CI:0.52-0.90,P=0.0057). Conclusions:Thesefindings underscore the importance of increasing calcium and vitamin D intake and monitoring serum vitamin D levels for effective public health strategies.
Background:A systematic evaluation and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials(RCTs)was conducted to assess the impact of immunonutritional interventions on sarcopenia in oncology patients. Methods:A computerized search of the PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Library,and Web of Science databases was performed.The studies included in thefinal analyses encompassed 7 high-quality RCTs,involving 432 tumor patients.The intervention group received immunonutritional supplements enriched with omega-3 fatty acids,arginine,glutamine,and other nutrients.The control group received a standard diet or a placebo.Primary outcome indicators included muscle mass,body weight,body mass index(BMl),inflammatory markers[e.g.,C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin(lL)-6],and patient prognosis.The study followed the PRlSMA 2020 guidelines. Results:Meta-analyses showed that immunonutritional interventions reduced lL-6 levels compared with the control group(mean=-5.85,95%CI:-10.88 to-0.82,P=0.02).No significant differences were observed in the body weight(mean=-1.50,95%CI:-6.24 to 3.24,I2=0,P=0.54),BMl(mean=-0.38,95%CI:-1.84 to 1.09,I2=0,P=0.61),handgrip strength(mean=1.97,95%CI:-2.94 to 6.88,I2=0,P=0.43),or fat tissue index(mean=0.70,95%CI:-0.56 to 1.97,I2=0,P=0.27).CRP levels showed a nonsignificant downward trend in the intervention group(mean=-4.13,95%CI:-13.63 to 5.38,I2=66%,P=0.39),with high heterogeneity potentially attributable to differences in trial design,patients'baseline status,and intervention methods.Risk of bias assessment confirmed the high quality of the included studies. Conclusions:lmmunonutritional interventions may modulate inflammatory responses in oncology patients,particularly those at higher nutritional risk,but their effect on enhancing muscle mass was not statistically confirmed.lmpacts on body weight and BMl remain ambiguous,potentially influenced by factors such as the specific intervention administered,its duration,the concentrations of the different components,and the patients'baseline status.This study provides preliminary support for immunonutrition in managing sarcopenia in oncology patients;however,additional high-quality RCTs with larger sample sizes and standardized protocols are needed to further substantiate the efficacy and safety of the interventions,thereby providing a more robust evidence-based foundation for clinical practice.
Cancer remains a significant challenge to public health worldwide and ranks among the leading contributors to mortality in diverse populations.This persistent impact underscores the need for proactive approaches to reduce its incidence.Chemoprevention focuses on interrupting tumor development through naturally occurring compounds,particularly plant-derived bioactive com-pounds.These phytochemicals exert protective effects by modulating key molecular pathways and enhancing detoxification.Of particular interest are those that regulate phaseⅠ and Ⅱ enzymes,facilitating carcinogen elimination and mitigating cellular damage associated with cancer progression.This review examines phytochemicals from plant-derived functional foods that enhance detoxification pathways for cancer prevention,summarizing current evidence and future directions for their clinical application and dietary integration.Emphasis is placed on specific bioactive constituents,such as sulforaphane from cruciferous vegetables,organosulfur compounds in garlic,betanin from beetroot,a spectrum of citrus fruit flavonoids including β-cryptoxanthin,hesperidin,and nobiletin,epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea,and curcumin derived from turmeric.These naturally occurring compounds regulate enzymatic pathways involved in xenobiotic metabolism,underscoring their relevance in nutritional oncology.Findings from diverse experimental models show they inhibit phase Ⅰ enzymes,induce phase Ⅱ detox enzymes,activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway,and modulate gene expression epigenetically.Collectively,these multifaceted actions contribute to their protective role against carcinogenesis.Although natural approaches show promise for cancer prevention,they face challenges related to bioavailability,standardization,and clinical validation,necessitating further research for effective integration into evidence-based oncology.
