Aim of the study This study addresses the growing concern of water pollution in rural areas, where limited monitoring can affect both human health and ecosystem stability. Contamination of freshwater resources has become an important environmental and public health issue, prompting the need for detailed local assessments. This study assesses pollution status and water quality in Baicë village, Kosovo, a rural area where limited monitoring can affect both human health and ecosystem stability. Material and methods Groundwater samples were analyzed for key physicochemical parameters and heavy metals, including Cr, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, and Cd. The results revealed significantly elevated concentrations of lead at all sampling points (M1: 0.27 mg/L, M2: 0.25 mg/L, M3: 0.29 mg/L), exceeding recommended limits and indicating serious contamination. Elevated levels of other parameters, including COD and BOD5, further suggest anthropogenic impacts on water quality. Results and conclusions Toxic element levels, including Cr, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, and Cd, were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), providing additional insights into contamination. Furthermore, geospatial analysis using GIS and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation generated contamination hotspot maps, revealing spatial variations and helping identify priority areas for targeted remediation efforts. However, due to the limited number of sampling locations and temporal coverage, the results should be considered a preliminary assessment and further monitoring is recommended to improve the understanding of groundwater contamination patterns in the study area.
Aim of the study The research problem of this study is to model and track the surface water temperature changes in the Euphrates River at Al-Hindiya Barrage, Iraq, by relying on in-situ measurements and Landsat 8/9 satellite (2018–2024) Material and methods This study employed GIS and statistical methods to process field observations and Landsat satellite thermal infrared images to determine average monthly surface water temperatures. The Landsat dataset had about 4.8% missing data points, while on-site measurements had approximately 1.2% missing values. Missing data were reconstructed using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 26) through mean compensation, substituting missing values with the arithmetic mean of the same month across available years. This approach ensured a stable and reliable time series, enabling modeling of the relationship between on-site and satellite-measured temperatures via simple linear regression. Linear regression performance at Hindiya Barrage was assessed using the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient. Results and conclusions Results show that in-situ water temperatures produced significant monthly temperature variation (actual water temperatures ranged from a minimum of 11.8°C to a maximum of 32.9°C), and satellite data recorded even wider temperatures ranging from a minimum of 12.0°C to a maximum of 40.8°C. A highly significant correlation (R² = 0.93) between datasets shows that Landsat-derived water temperature values. NSE reached 0.89 indicating excellent agreement between observed and estimated values. These findings validate Landsat for monitoring water temperature, supporting water resource management and ecosystem protection. Integrating remote sensing with traditional methods enhances assessment accuracy for environmental decision-making and adaptation. The low-cost predictive linear regression aids monitoring in data-scarce and arid areas.
Aim of the study To Genrate a landslide susceptibility map using Hybrid Approach of FR Model and Geospatial Technology for study area Material and methods Application of FR Model and GIS Results and conclusions According to the FR method, 11.5 % areas are very highly susceptible to landslides, 23.2 % is highly susceptible area, 26.2 % is moderately susceptible area and low susceptibility percentages are also found with a percent of 26.5 and a very low susceptibility was observed as 12.6 %. The susceptible classes of the final map were derived from FR method, grouped into five risk levels and examined with the value of area under curve (AUC). When it came to zoning the study regions in relation to past landslides, the FR model, with an AUC of 73.4 %. Therefore, it was shown by the assessment of the landslide susceptibility map that the approaches employed produced findings that were satisfactory.
Celem pracy było określenie stopnia rozproszenia zabudowy na wybranych obszarach wiejskich województwa małopolskiego w latach 2014 oraz 2024 z wykorzystaniem wskaźników autokorelacji przestrzennej (Morana I). Testowano hipotezę o większym skupieniu zabudowy na obszarach z wysokim pokryciem miejscowymi planami zagospodarowania przestrzennego (mpzp) w porównaniu do terenów rozwijanych głównie na podstawie decyzji o warunkach zabudowy. Badanie obejmowało analizę czterech gmin o różnym stopniu pokrycia miejscowymi planami zagospodarowania przestrzennego w latach 2014–2024, wykorzystując dane BDOT10k. Obliczono statystyki globalne i lokalne Morana I w środowisku QGIS dla wybranych obszarów. Analiza oparta była na siatce kwadratów 250x250m. We wszystkich gminach wartości globalnego wskaźnika Morana były dodatnie (0,36–0,49), wskazując na tendencję do skupienia zabudowy, z wyraźnym udziałem rozproszenia. Wartość wskaźnika wzrosła w każdej gminie ( od 3% do 9%) na przestrzeni 10 lat. Analiza lokalna wykazała stabilność głównych klastrów zwartej zabudowy (HH) oraz terenów niezabudowanych (LL). Uzyskane wyniki nie potwierdziły hipotezy – wzrost autokorelacji przestrzennej zaobserwowano we wszystkich badanych obszarach, ale jego intensywność nie była proporcjonalna do stopnia pokrycia miejscowymi planami zagospodarowania przestrzennego.
Aim of the study The aim of this work is to: 1) demonstrate the validity of the Gon & ccaron;arov formula for forecasting the capacity loss of dam reservoirs in relation to the results of analyses presented in the publication 'Loss of the capacity of key dam reservoirs in Poland' prepared by Absalon et al. (2022), 2) presentation of critical comments on the results of analyses and 'assessment of the loss of capacity of 47 water reservoirs key for water management in Poland' presented by Absalon et al. (2022), 3) demonstrate that the 'average annual silting rate' cannot be the basis for developing a correct silting forecast. Material and methods Based on the results of silting measurements of 20 dam reservoirs and the results of calculations and analyses presented in the publication by Absalon et al. (2022), a forecast of the reduction of the capacity of these reservoirs was developed using the Gon & ccaron;arov equation, recommended by the instructional guidelines for silting forecasting (Wi & sacute;niewski and Kutrowski, 1973). Results and conclusions The forecasted time of capacity reduction for the analyzed reservoirs presented in the publication by Absalon et al. (2022) is underestimated, even compared to the time calculated based on the assumed linear nature of the silting process. The time of capacity reduction to 50% of the original capacity of the analyzed reservoirs, calculated using Gon & ccaron;arov's formula, is 26 to 77% longer than that given in the paper by Absalon et al. (2022). Using the mean annual silting ratio to forecast silting is inappropriate and subject to error, resulting in an underestimation of the silting time.
Aim of the study The study aimed to assess the impact of various grassland management practices, such as mowing with biomass removal, mulching, and compost application, on the seasonal dynamics of surface soil temperature and soil profile moisture in semi-natural mountain meadows. Understanding these effects is essential for evaluating alternative management strategies that could help maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services, while reducing maintenance costs in low-productivity grasslands. Material and methods The experiment was conducted in 2021 on a semi-natural grassland in the Pieniny Mountains. Treatments involved mowing, mulching, compost application. Soil moisture was measured bi-weekly at the depth of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm using a soil-profile probe. Soil temperature at 5 cm depth was recorded automatically. Results and conclusions Soil moisture increased with depth, reaching its lowest and most variable values in the 10-cm layer. The greatest differences in moisture levels across the treatments occurred between May and July: the compost treatment showed the highest levels of moisture in the upper soil layers. In deeper layers, however, management effects were negligible. From late summer onwards, moisture content became similar across all treatments. Soil temperature was highest in the mown plots and lowest in the compost treatment, particularly from May to mid-August. Mulching produced only minor effects on both soil temperature and moisture, likely due to the small amount of mulch used. Compost had the strongest influence through increased biomass accumulation. Mulching had a limited impact and could be used for conserving low-productivity grasslands, but it could also have adverse effects under high-biomass conditions. Biomass quantity is a key driver in shaping soil thermal and moisture regimes, which in turn may influence species composition in the long term.
Aim of the study The study aims to establish the effectiveness of land consolidation as an instrument for spatial planning and the sustainable development of territorial communities in Ukraine. Specifically, it focuses on the context of post-war recovery and land use transformation, identifying the necessary organizational and legal foundations for introducing land consolidation to ensure growth in the agricultural sector. Materials and methods The theoretical basis of this research draws on scientific works on land consolidation by domestic and international scholars, legislative acts, and analytical data on territorial development. The methodological framework employs a systematic approach, utilizing structural-logical analysis and synthesis to examine the interactions within the land management system. Results and conclusions The study demonstrates that land consolidation is a key mechanism for overcoming fragmentation, improving land use efficiency, and strengthening rural development in Ukraine. It enhances agricultural productivity, supports environmental protection, and upgrades land administration systems. The analysis indicates that modern consolidation must integrate social, economic, and ecological priorities, aligning with spatial planning and ensuring community participation. Given post-war challenges and the lack of a comprehensive legal framework, implementing land consolidation is crucial for beneficial reconstruction, sustainable land management, and the long-term resilience of territorial communities.
Aim of the study Accurate forecasting of groundwater levels is essential for sustainable water-resource management in data-limited settings. This study develops an operational, reproducible workflow for forecasting a regional shallow-groundwater index based only on historical monitoring records. Monthly groundwater-level observations from six automatic monitoring wells (P1-P6) in the southeastern coastal plain of Nghe An province (Vietnam) were obtained from the Nghe An Environmental Monitoring Center. For each month, the regional series was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the six well levels, providing a single representative indicator for the study area. Material and methods Monthly groundwater-level data from May 2013 to April 2025 were analyzed using three forecasting approaches: seasonal na & iuml;ve (SNa & iuml;ve), seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), and exponential smoothing state space (ETS). The dataset was divided into a training period (May 2013-April 2024) and a testing period (May 2024-April 2025). Model performance was assessed using RMSE, MAE, and MAPE, supported by residual diagnostics and the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc), to ensure model adequacy and parsimony. Results and conclusions The ETS model produced the lowest forecast errors and generated residuals closest to white noise, outperforming both SNa & iuml;ve and SARIMA. These results demonstrate that the ETS offers a robust and reliable framework for forecasting groundwater levels one year ahead . The model's performance provides valuable support for irrigation planning, drought preparedness, and sustainable aquifer management in regions characterized by strong seasonal dynamics.
Aim of the study The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of three kernel functions-Pearson VII, radial basis function (RBF), and polynomial-on the predictive performance of Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) models. Materials and methods Three machine learning models-Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR)-were applied to estimate monthly evaporation at Boukourdane Dam, Algeria. The dataset included 240 observations over 20 years, with the following inputs: max./min. air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and water temperature; the output being: evaporation. Results and conclusions Model performance was evaluated via Correlation Coefficient (CC), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). RF outperformed GPR and SVR across kernels, achieving MAE = 1.01 mm, RMSE = 1.29 mm, and CC = 0.81 in testing. Moreover, the Pearson VII kernel delivered the highest accuracy within both the GP and SVM frameworks. Sensitivity analysis highlighted relative humidity as the most influential factor in evaporation forecasting.
Aim of the study The study aims to simulate the extent and depth of fluvial and pluvial flooding under different scenarios using the 2D hydraulic MIKE+ model in combination with geographic information systems (GIS). Material and methods As for the fluvial floods, we used steady-state flow conditions for three flood scenarios (Q10, Q100, and Q1000). The modeled flood maps were compared to official flood maps created under the second cycle of EU Floods Directive (2007). Regarding the pluvial flooding, we used the rain-on-grid method, where the rainfall input was set to three constant intensities (20, 40, and 60 mm/hour) under two scenarios: fully saturated soils and infiltration losses. Study area was a 3.68 km section of the Teplica River in western Slovakia. Results and conclusions Based on the results, the flood extent difference against the official flood maps was 0.009, 0.075, and 0.123 km2 for Q10, Q100, and Q1000, respectively. In case of 20, 40, and 60 mm/hour rainfall scenarios and fully saturated soils, 13.5, 22.1, and 29.2% of the domain, respectively, had flow depths between 0.005-0.1 m, while 2.0, 4.2, and 6.1% of the domain had flow depths above 0.1 m. In case of 20, 40, and 60 mm/hour rainfall scenarios with infiltration losses, 6.0, 14.6, and 22.7% of the domain, respectively, had flow depths between 0.005-0.1 m, while 0.4, 2.5, and 4.5% of the domain had flow depths above 0.1 m. When the infiltration rates of land cover classes are applied, pluvial flood extent decreases by 58.2%, 34.4%, and 23.2% for the 20, 40, and 60 mm/hour rainfall scenario, respectively.
Aim of the study Heavily compacted soils are often used as engineering barriers for the disposal of high-level industrial waste subjected to thermo-hydro-mechanical actions, such as heat dissipation. This study examines the impact of stress and temperature on the hydraulic permeability (k) of three different soil types: two types of glacial till soils from northern Germany and a loess soil from Azerbaijan. Material and methods A heating chamber containing a constant head permeameter measuring apparatus was used in the laboratory. The effects of four isotropic cell pressures (100, 200, 250, 300 kPa) on effective stress were tested, as were the effects of four temperatures (20, 30, 40, 50 degrees C) on permeability. Results and conclusions Hydraulic permeability (k) is proportional to temperature due to the reduced viscosity of pore water upon heating. Conversely, (k) decreases with increasing cell pressure (effective stress), which is caused by a reduction in soil voids under extra confinement.
Aim of the study This study aimed to evaluate skimming well technology for sustainable abstraction of groundwater in the Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. It focused on how well design and operating conditions affect saltwater upconing and pumped water salinity to identify optimal configurations for the sustainable extraction of freshwater. Materials and methods Using the MODFLOW-MT3D model, simulations tested single-and multi-strainer wells under varying discharge rates (5.7-8.5l/s), penetration depths (30-60%), and pumping durations (up to 6 hours/day). The model assessed freshwater-saltwater interface movement and resulting groundwater salinity over a four-year period. Results Higher discharge rate (8.5 l/s) caused greater saltwater upconing (similar to 19 m). Multi-strainer wells reduced up-coning and produced lower salinity (<950 mg/l) compared to single-strainer wells. The study recommends 4-strainer wells, with a 30-40% penetration depth, and up to 6 hours of daily operation for sustainable abstraction of freshwater.
Aim of the study: The study analysed some of the spatial conditions and predicted pressures on the environment of selected planned projects in the Lubelskie Voivodeship involving open-pit sand and gravel mining, for which applications were submitted for the decisions on environmental conditions, indexed in the GDOŚ EIA Database, between Nov 2019 and Dec 2024. Material and methods: Publicly available documents contained in the EIA Database of GDOŚ and spatial data of PIG–PIB (Raw materials ̶ mineral deposits); GDOŚ (forms of nature protection); GUGiK (BDOT10k, orthophotomap, agricultural soil map; Land and Building Register); PGW WP (river water bodies, Flood Hazard Map, Flood Risk Map) were used. Spatial data were processed in QGIS 3.34.5 Prizren. Statistical analyses were performed in MS Excel. The most important environmental impacts were summarised in the Leopold matrix. Results and conclusions: All surveyed deposits had an area below 25 ha, the planned mines were therefore classified as projects potentially significantly affecting the environment, for which the necessity of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) is verified by the competent authority. Having analysed the location and exploitation impact of the deposits, it was found that the sand and gravel deposits studied in the Lubelskie Voivodeship were situated in areas of low agricultural value, outside woodland, away from surface waters and wetlands, and with relatively little impact on protected natural areas. In most cases, no EIA was required. This indicated that investors preferred to exploit deposits which entailed minimal time-consuming and costly legal or organisational requirements. This approach had clear environmental benefits, reducing pressure on valuable areas.
Aim of the study The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the State of Ukraine's housing stock before and after the beginning of the full-scale war, and to substantiate the practical strategies for its environmentally oriented restoration in the context of post-war reconstruction, through the integration of green building principles, the identification of key challenges and prospects of this approach, and the determination of the role of key stakeholders in ensuring a sustainable and energy-efficient housing stock. Material and methods The study is based on the works of domestic and foreign scientists, publications from the Kyiv School of Economics and the Centre for Economic Strategy, data from the Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA) reports, materials from the "Construction, urban planning, modernization of cities and regions" working group of the National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the Consequences of War, Ukraine Facility Plan 2024-2027, official statistics from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, and other relevant online resources. The following research methods were applied: monographic, statistical, abstract-logical, graphical, and tabular. Results and conclusions In this article, the authors have examined the strategic foundations and practical approaches to restoring Ukraine's housing stock in the context of post-war reconstruction through the integration of green building principles. The scale of damage to residential buildings caused by Russia's armed aggression has been analyzed, particularly based on the latest RDNA reports, and the growth rates of damages and reconstruction needs have been identified. The critical condition of the housing stock has been highlighted, with a significant portion being both morally and technically outdated. The study has substantiated the need not only for physical replenishing of the housing stock but also for its modernization that would have to incorporate environmental, energy-related, and social criteria. The main directions of intervention and the potential benefits of implementing green construction principles have been outlined, including enhanced energy efficiency, reduced dependence on fossil fuels, improved quality of life, job creation, and strengthened energy security. Particular attention has been given to the role of stakeholders at various levels-State authorities, local communities, businesses, international partners, and others-in supporting reconstruction processes. The authors have emphasized the necessity of a systematic approach to housing reconstruction, grounded in green building principles, energy efficiency, transparency, and cross-sectoral cooperation.
Aim of the study Air pollution remains a pressing environmental concern in Thailand's industrialized regions, particularly within the Rayong industrial pollution control zone-a hub of petrochemical and heavy industries under the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC). This study investigates the temporal trends and interrelationships of major air pollutants, including PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, SO2, and selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from 2017 to 2023, using the air quality index (AQI) for evaluations and correlation analyses. Material and methods Data from continuous air monitoring stations operated by the Pollution Control Department (PCD) were statistically analyzed through SPSS in order to identify annual and seasonal variations. Results and conclusions The results revealed that PM10 concentrations exhibited a steady decline after 2019, whereas PM2.5 demonstrated an increasing trend, indicating a shift toward finer particulate pollution. NO2 and SO2 levels also decreased notably during the same period, suggesting that emission control policies and technological improvements are having an impact. Correlation analyses indicated strong positive associations between PM10 and combustion related gases such as NO2 (r = 0.853) and SO2 (r = 0.760), while PM2.5 showed negative relationships with several gaseous pollutants, reflecting differences in source origins and atmospheric behaviors. The AQI values ranged from 20.47 to 41.69 throughout the study period, consistently being below the "clean" threshold (AQI = 50) and indicating a generally acceptable air quality. However, higher AQI levels during 2019-2020 were associated with increased industrial and vehicular emissions. Overall, the findings highlight a positive trajectory in Rayong's air quality improvement, particularly after 2019, which is likely attributable to enhanced pollution control measures and environmental governance.
Aim of the study The aim of this study is to provide a multidimensional assessment and evaluation of the riverside areas of the Wilga River in Krakow, using interdisciplinary methods that allow for an integrated approach to spatial, natural, landscape, and perceptual aspects. A complementary (detailed) objective is a perceptual and structural analysis of the urban space surrounding the river, enabling the identification of determinants and landscape frameworks that shape the visual identity of the Wilga River confluence with the Vistula River in Krakow. Material and methods A search of archives and the internet used source materials characterizing the abiotic and biotic environment of the Wilga River valley in its lower reach. Identifying the biological, physical, and cultural landscape components led to the identification of direct and indirect impact zones on the Wilga River's landscape. Based on topographic maps, orthophotomaps, field observations. Results and conclusions A multifaceted assessment of the Wilga River section was possible thanks to the use of three methods for assessing the river and riverside area. Kevin Lynch's pictorial method allowed to examine the functioning of the Wilga Riverside space within the urban structure and its perceived character by users. The Ogl & eogon;cki and Paw & lstrok;at method and the River Habitat Survey allowed to identify natural elements and assess the hydromorphological condition of the river. Both methods led to similar conclusions regarding the ecological quality of the section. Sociological, urban-environmental, hydromorphological methods allowed to encompass the broader context related to the visual perception of the Wilga River Valley.
Aim of the study In light of international obligations and the pursuit of sustainable development, this article examines and identifies gaps in national legislation, while aiming to evaluate the degree of convergence with EU environmental and digital standards, and to formulate recommendations for harmonizing regulatory frameworks to support sustainable development. Material and methods An interdisciplinary methodology was applied, combining comparative legal analysis, systemic and historical-logical approaches, and case studies of key EU digital governance platforms. The analysis drew upon EU regulations, Ukrainian legislation, OECD and UNEP-FAO analytical frameworks, as well as scientific literature, to examine institutional alignment, technological infrastructure, and governance practices. Results and conclusions Findings reveal partial convergence between Ukraine's regulatory system and EU requirements. Key deficiencies include fragmented legislation, limited interoperability of agricultural data systems, weak institutional coordination, and insufficient support for small and medium-sized farms. Comparative analysis indicates that the EU's hybrid model, which integrates digital monitoring, environmental conditionality, and multi-level governance, provides structurally relevant lessons for Ukraine. The study identifies priority gaps in ecoscheme implementation, advisory systems, data governance, and cross-sectoral cooperation. Strengthening institutional capacity, establishing unified agri-environmental monitoring, enhancing data interoperability, and expanding support for SMEs are essential for effective alignment with EU agricultural and environmental policies.
Aim of the study The objective of this study is to compare two methods for estimating the daily total solar radiation (SR) based on measurements from neighboring meteorological stations, taking into account the mutual distance between the stations. Material and methods Using data from five stations located in lowland areas of Poland, two methods for estimating daily total solar radiation at any given station were proposed, both utilizing measurements from a neighboring station. The first method relies on the direct use of radiation measurement data from the neighboring station, while the second method employs an estimation formula derived from daily temperature and precipitation values recorded at that station. The analysis of estimation errors as a function of distance enabled identification of critical distances for the application of each method. Results and conclusions The results indicate that estimating SR using direct radiation measurements is recommended for locations up to approximately 100 km from the reference station. Beyond this distance, the method based on meteorological variables and the derived formula for the nearest station is more advantageous. The recommended critical distances vary seasonally and range between 50 and 150 km. Stations selected for analysis were situated at similar latitudes.
Aim of the study A green and sustainable analytical method was developed for the extraction and determination of Acid Black 703 dye in aqueous samples using a natural deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with UV-vis spectrophotometry. The DES, composed of choline chloride and phenol, was employed as an environmentally benign extraction medium, replacing conventional toxic organic solvents. Material and methods Critical experimental parameters, including pH, DES volume, sample-to-extractant ratio, and centrifugation time, were systematically optimized to maximize extraction efficiency. Results and conclusions Under optimal conditions (pH 6, 1 mL DES, 2 min centrifugation), the method exhibited good linearity in the range of 10-60 ppm, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.47 mu g/L, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 7.50 mu g/L. The relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 2.35% to 3.21%, confirming method precision. Application to real water samples demonstrated satisfactory recovery and reproducibility, highlighting the method's potential for routine monitoring of synthetic dyes in environmental matrices.
Aim of the study The study aims to assess soil quality in the Kharkiv Oblast using results from the 10th round of agrochemical surveys, and to develop and present geospatial data layers and thematic maps for monitoring changes in soil properties, in accordance with the requirements of the NSDI and the INSPIRE Directive. Material and methods This article uses materials from the study of the results of the 10th round of agrochemical soil surveys of the Kharkiv Oblast, conducted and prepared in the format of a geospatial database by the State Institution "Soils Protection Institute of Ukraine." Soil surveys, laboratory tests, classification of results, and visualization were performed in accordance with the approved methodology (Yatsuk and Baliuk, 2019). Cartographic and geospatial data for soil cover analysis were prepared and processed in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. All digital maps created in this study used the international coordinate system of WGS 84. All operations, including vectorization, spatial analysis, and the preparation of final layouts, were performed using QGIS (version 3.32.1). Results and conclusions Using geoinformation technologies, an assessment of the qualitative (agrochemical and eco-toxicological) indicators of the soils of the region's agricultural lands was conducted based on data from the 10th round of agrochemical studies. Thematic maps were constructed to reflect the spatial distribution of agrochemical parameters according to the approved gradations of agrochemical indicators, and the soil cover was characterized based on the results.
