Introducción: las plantas medicinales han sido pilares fundamentales en el cuidado de la salud. Analizar los estudios previos realizados sobre las diferentes especies vegetales endémicas con propiedades analgésicas y antiinflamatorias. Esto permitirá determinar la cantidad de estudios existentes, describir las especies en detalle e identificar las partes de las plantas que son útiles para tales efectos. Materiales y métodos: Este estudio se basó en una revisión bibliográfica de artículos científicos que exploran las propiedades analgésicas y antiinflamatorias de especies endémicas canarias. La búsqueda de información se realizó en diferentes bases de datos electrónicas y revistas científicas virtuales, incluyendo ScienceDirect, Punto Q, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, ResearchGate, Wiley Online Library, RIULL y Google Académico. Se excluyeron aquellos artículos que no abordaban específicamente el estudio de endemismos con dichas actividades. Resultados y discusión: Se seleccionaron 18 artículos para el análisis, en los cuales se estudiaron trece especies vegetales endémicas de Canarias por su potencial analgésico y antiinflamatorio. Los resultados mostraron que todas las especies evaluadas poseen dichas actividades. De manera destacada, en algunos de los endemismos examinados, la efectividad analgésica superó la de los medicamentos de referencia utilizados en la comparación. Conclusiones: Aunque son limitadas las publicaciones científicas enfocadas en las propiedades analgésicas y antiinflamatorias de las especies vegetales endémicas canarias, los estudios existentes respaldan el uso tradicional y popular de estas especies para fines terapéuticos. Este hecho subraya la relevancia de continuar investigando para aprovechar plenamente su potencial medicinal.
Objectives: To evaluate adverse events reported with givinostat using spontaneous reports from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) following its March 2024 approval for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Methods: Reports from Q2 2024 through Q3 2025 were retrieved, keeping only cases listing givinostat as primary suspect. Disproportionality was assessed via reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network, and Multi-item Gamma Poisson Shrinker; positive signals required agreement across all methods. Asensitivity analysis excluding reports with concomitant corticosteroids was conducted. Results: After removing duplicates, 254 reports with 586 events were analyzed. The cohort was predominantly male (97.6 %) with median age 14 years. Petechiae generated the highest reporting odds ratio (45.21; n=4), though thrombocytopenia was more frequent (ROR 18.85; n=24). Gastrointestinal complaints predominated numerically. Onset clustering was evident, with 68.3 % of the quantifiable subset occurring within 30 days; Weibull analysis confirmed early-failure hazard ((3=0.47). Sensitivity analysis excluding corticosteroid-users confirmed the robustness of key signals. Conclusions: Post-marketing findings largely mirror clinical trial observations. Visibility of cutaneous manifestations like petechiae probably enhances their reporting. Close surveillance during initial treatment weeks is recommended.
La capecitabina es un carbamato de fluoropirimidina, administrado por vía oral, ampliamente utilizado en el tratamiento del cáncer colorrectal, tanto en combinación como en monoterapia. Sin embargo, la duración del beneficio clínico suele ser limitada, con medianas de supervivencia libre de progresión cercanas a 6-7 meses en escenarios de mantenimiento o primera línea en monoterapia. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 60 años diagnosticado en 2015 de adenocarcinoma de la unión rectosigmoidea localmente avanzado con invasión vesical. Tras tratamiento inicial con FOLFOX (folinato, fluorouracilo y oxaliplatino) y posterior resección quirúrgica, en 2018 desarrolló recaída peritoneal con un único implante de 2,5 cm, considerándose enfermedad de bajo volumen y con perfil molecular RAS/BRAF nativo. Se inició tratamiento con capecitabina en monoterapia (1.500 mg cada 12 horas, días 1–14 cada 21 días). El paciente mantiene enfermedad estable tras más de siete años de tratamiento continuo, con buena tolerancia y sin toxicidades relevantes. El seguimiento mediante tomografía computarizada seriada y determinaciones de antígeno carcinoembrionario ha mostrado estabilidad radiológica y bioquímica durante todo el periodo. Este caso ilustra que, en pacientes cuidadosamente seleccionados con bajo volumen tumoral y perfil molecular favorable, la capecitabina en monoterapia puede constituir una estrategia eficaz y sostenible a largo plazo.
Introduction: Gallic acid has demonstrated benefits in intestinal inflammatory diseases but exhibits disadvanta-geous oral pharmacokinetics. This study aims to characterize a novel polyelectrolyte-drug complex involving gallic acid, designed for oral administration to target the intestinal tract. Methods: The agarose was cationized, complexed with gallic acid and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, nu-clear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy and high performance liquid chromatography. Mucoadhe-sivity, in vitro and in vivo release were also assessed. The antinociceptive activity was measured. Results: The concentration of gallic acid in the complex was 189.8 +/- 1.1 & micro;g/mg. The formulation showed a greater mucoadhesive capacity in normal colon (37.4 +/- 2.2%) and jejunum (24.4 +/- 2.59%) and in damaged colon (139.3 +/- 0.9 %), jejunum (24.9 +/- 1.4%), and ileum (17.5 +/- 1.6%). However, the complex decreased its adhesion in the normal stomach (20.8 +/- 1.4%), without any changes in injured stomach and normal ileum. Additionally, in vitro release test increased the release time at pH 6.0 and 7.4 compared with the unformulated compound in the same conditions. In vivo analysis showed improved pharmacokinetic behavior with the complex, meanwhile antinociception activity of gallic acid was preserved. Conclusions: This oral mucoadhesive system improves the pharmacokinetic behavior of gallic acid and preserves its biological activity, positioning it as a useful strategy for the treatment of intestinal disorders.
Introducción: Desde el 2017, la asignatura Farmacia de Comunidad de la Licenciatura en Farmacia de la Universidad de Costa Rica ha integrado actividades teóricas y prácticas orientadas a la sensibilización sobre la cultura de las personas con discapacidad visual y al aprendizaje del sistema de lectoescritura Braille aplicado a la dispensación de medicamentos. El objetivo del estudio fue describir la incorporación y los resultados formativos de la enseñanza del sistema Braille en la asignatura durante el período 2017–2025. Método: Se realizó un estudio documental, descriptivo y retrospectivo para describir la implementación curricular y los resultados formativos asociados a la enseñanza del sistema Braille en la asignatura Farmacia de Comunidad, perteneciente al VIII ciclo de la carrera. Resultados: Entre 2017 y 2025, un total de 414 estudiantes cursaron y aprobaron la asignatura Farmacia de Comunidad, la cual incorporó actividades teóricas y prácticas relacionadas con accesibilidad farmacéutica y aprendizaje básico del sistema Braille aplicado al etiquetado de medicamentos. Las actividades incluyeron contenidos sobre discapacidad visual, normativa nacional de rotulación accesible y elaboración de etiquetas en Braille a partir de prescripciones médicas. La evaluación se realizó mediante una rúbrica estandarizada basada en la normativa costarricense vigente. El promedio anual de estudiantes aprobados fue de 54 (DE = 17,87), con un rango entre 19 y 73 estudiantes. La calificación obtenida en la actividad evaluativa presentó una media y mediana de 100 puntos en todos los años analizados, sin variabilidad en los resultados. Conclusiones: La incorporación del sistema Braille como competencia comunicativa, ética y profesional fortalece la formación del farmacéutico al promover una atención inclusiva y la seguridad del paciente, en concordancia con los principios de la Atención Farmacéutica.
Introduction: Inappropriate over-the-counter dispensing of antibiotics (OTCDAs) by community pharmacists (CPs) drives antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially in low-income countries like Libya, where weak regulation and so-cioeconomic disparities exacerbate misuse. This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Libyan CPs regarding OTCDAs and identified contributing factors. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 280 CPs in Tripoli, Libya (June-September 2024) using a validated, self-administered questionnaire. Data on KAP, dispensing patterns, and reasons for OTCDAs were ana-lyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and Pearson's correlation. Results: Despite 56.4% demonstrating good antibiotic knowledge and 50 % exhibiting positive attitudes, 85.4% dispensed antibiotics without prescriptions. Key gaps included misconceptions about bacterial resistance trans-mission (68.9%). Azithromycin (98.2%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (95.7%) were frequently dispensed for inap-propriate indications like tonsillitis (92.5%) and common cold (74.6%). Socioeconomic factors contributed signifi-cantly: 89.6% cited patients' inability to afford consultations, while 94.3% highlighted pharmacy accessibility. Weak regulatory enforcement (62.5%) and patient demand (55.7%) further enabled non-compliance. Weak correlations linked knowledge to attitude (r = 0.144) and attitude to practice (r = 0.137) , revealing systemic disconnects between awareness and behavior. Conclusion: High OTCDA rates persist in Libya despite good KAP scores, driven by structural inequities, diagnostic gaps, and negligent oversight. Urgent interventions including stricter prescription enforcement, pharmacist edu-cation on AMR stewardship, and public awareness campaigns are critical. Addressing socioeconomic barriers to healthcare access and integrating CPs into national antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential for sustain-able change.
Introducción: Dentro de los problemas más graves y comunes que afectan a la ganadería intensiva en todo el mundo se encuentran los trastornos respiratorios, los cuales producen efectos adversos sobre la ganancia de peso, la eficiencia alimenticia y la mortalidad. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la actividad expectorante del producto natural Viocan 3 para su uso en procesos respiratorios en veterinaria. Método: el producto se obtuvo a partir de la mezcla de los extractos de Aloe barbadensis M (sábila), Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng (orégano francés) y savia de seudotallo de Musa paradisíaca L (plátano) en vinagre. Se empleó la metodología de Engler y Szelenyi a través del modelo de Rojo Fenol en secreciones de ratón empleando la bromhexina como sustancia de referencia (control positivo). Resultados: La concentración de rojo fenol en la secreción traqueobronquial de ratón del extracto bajo investigación fue similar al de la Bromhexina. Conclusiones: El Viocan 3 mostró actividad expectorante bajo las condiciones experimentales del estudio, lo cual avala su uso en las enfermedades respiratorias en veterinaria.
Introduction: This study aimed to develop and evaluate mucoadhesive vaginal tablets containing viable Lactobacillus spp., with a focus on the impact of formulation composition and processing parameters on product properties and performance. Methods: Powder blends were prepared by mixing and compressed into tablets using an eccentric single-punch press. Powderflow, water activity, residual moisture, tablet physicochemical properties, swelling capacity, mucoadhesive retention time, and detachment force were evaluated. Lactobacillus viability in the drug substance complex (DSC), blends, and tablets was assessed by CFU counting in De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) broth and simulated vaginal fluid (SVF). Results: Formulations based on chitosan-carbomerand chitosan-carbomer-polyethylene oxide (PEO) showed the longest and most reproducible mucoadhesive retention (up to 8 h). Despite acceptable indirect flow indices, both blends exhibited poor to very poor powder flow. The ternary polymer formulation produced more uniform and mechanically robust tablets, attributed to the plastic deformation and compressibility of PEO. Chitosan-carbomer tablets showed pronounced swelling due to strong polyelectrolyte complex formation, while inclusion of PEO moderated swelling and resulted in higher, more stable detachment forces. Viability remained high in DSC and blends but decreased after compression. No viable bacteria were detected in SVF, likely due to chitosan antimicrobial activity at acidic pH and/or bacterial entrapment within a dense polymer matrix. Conclusions: Chitosan-carbomer and chitosan-carbomer-PEO based mucoadhesive vaginal tablets show promise for vaginal delivery of live bacteria, though challenges related to powder flow, compression-induced viability loss, and lack of survival in SVF require further optimization.
La coadministración de vancomicina y fluconazol es frecuente en pacientes hospitalizados con infecciones mixtas o riesgo de coinfección fúngica. Aunque tradicionalmente se consideran fármacos sin interacción farmacocinética relevante, la evidencia emergente sugiere que la secreción tubular activa contribuye al aclaramiento renal de vancomicina y que los azoles pueden inhibir transportadores implicados en este proceso. Transportadores renales como OCT2 (SLC22A2) y MATE1 (SLC47A1), implicados en la secreción tubular de cationes orgánicos, podrían participar en el transporte de vancomicina y ser susceptibles de inhibición por fluconazol. En la práctica clínica hospitalaria, la variabilidad en la exposición a vancomicina y la aparición de nefrotoxicidad durante terapias combinadas antibacterianas-antifúngicas plantean la necesidad de explorar mecanismos no clásicos de interacción. Se presenta el marco fisiopatológico y farmacocinético que sustenta la hipótesis de una interacción mediada por transportadores renales, ilustrada mediante un modelo conceptual y la síntesis de transportadores implicados. El reconocimiento de este mecanismo puede mejorar la interpretación de la monitorización farmacocinética y la prevención de toxicidad renal en pacientes vulnerables.
Introducción: el objetivo terapéutico en el tratamiento del cáncer de mama avanzado consiste en prolongar la supervivencia y mantener o mejorar la calidad de vida. Los conjugados anticuerpo-fármaco (ADC) constituyen una nueva opción de tratamiento. Ante la falta de estudios que comparen directamente la eficacia y seguridad de estos fármacos entre sí, se plantea la realización de una revisión sistemática. Método: en marzo de 2025 se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de estudios sobre la eficacia y seguridad de los conjugados anticuerpo-fármaco en el tratamiento del cáncer de mama avanzado. Se buscaron publicaciones en: Embase, PubMed y Scopus, filtrando por revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y ensayos clínicos en inglés, castellano y portugués, publicados entre 2020 y 2025. El riesgo de sesgo se evalúo con la herramienta RoB 2 de Cochrane para ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Resultados: se obtuvieron 316 resultados. Tras el proceso de selección, 6 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA), abiertos, fase III (3752 pacientes) fueron incluidos en la revisión final. Las pacientes incluidas en los ECA DESTINYBreast04 y TROPICS02 fueron las más pretratadas. T-DXd (trastuzumab deruxtecan), D-DXd (datopotamab deruxtecan) y SG (sacituzumab govitecan) mostraron resultados superiores a la quimioterapia en términos de supervivencia libre de progresión (PFS) y supervivencia global (OS). Las toxicidades más frecuentes para los ADC estudiados fueron de tipo hematológico y gastrointestinal, junto con alopecia y fatiga. Conclusiones: Los ADC analizados asociaron mejoras estadísticamente significativas en PFS frente a la quimioterapia convencional en cáncer de mama avanzado. Se requieren estudios prospectivos con comparación directa entre los ADC y estudios que determinen una secuenciación adecuada entre los fármacos de este grupo.
Introduction: Aluminium is a ubiquitous neurotoxin associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of subchronic oral aluminium administration on spatial memory and neuroinflammatory markers, as well as the potential impact of concurrent metformin administration on these changes. Method: Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups: Control, Al (70 mg/kg via drinking water), Metformin (100 and 200 mg/kg i.p.), and Al +Metformin 100 and 200 mg/kgfor49 days. Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Morris Water Maze, while locomotor activity was evaluated via Open Field tests. Hippocampal tissues were analysed foramyloid-(3 plaques, morphology, and inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha, IL-1(3, IL-6, IL-8,Amyloid-(31-42) via ELISA and histology. Results: Results indicated no significant deficits in spatial memory or locomotor activity among groups. Histopathological examination revealed no amyloid deposition or significant morphological changes. Molecular analysis showed no consistent alteration in inflammatory markers, except for an isolated increase in IL-1(3 in the high-dose metformin co-treated group. Conclusions: The oral administration of 70 mg/kg Aluminum for 49 days did not elicit detectable neurotoxicity, likely due to limited gastrointestinal absorption; consequently, the neuroprotective potential of metformin could not be effectively evaluated. These findings suggest that subchronic oral Al exposure via drinking water may be an insensitive model for inducing Alzheimer's Disease-like pathology in rats, highlighting the necessity for alternative administration routes or extended exposure durations in future toxicological assessments.
Introduction: The current study aimed to enhance the bioavailability of benzbromarone through the creation of a sustained-release (SR) tablet, employing (3-cyclodextrin complexation to promote solubility and diminish protein binding. Benzbromarone is a uricosuric medication that works by blocking the URAT1 exchanger in the renal proximal tubule. It has low bioavailability since it doesn't dissolve well in water and binds to proteins strongly. Methods: The drug-(3-cyclodextrin complex was created and made into sustained-release tablets by mixing and matching varying amounts of HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M as matrix-forming polymers. The formulations were tested for pre-and post-compression characteristics, in vitro dissolution, and kinetic modeling. Results: Formulation F6, which had 10% total polymer concentration (5% HPMC K4M and 5% HPMC K100M), had the best physicochemical qualities and released the most medication for 24 hours (95.71%). Kinetic modeling showed that the release followed zero-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9979) and was in line with the Higuchi diffusion model (R2 = 0.9784), which points to a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Conclusion: The results show that (3-cyclodextrin considerably improves the solubility and release properties of benzbromarone, making it a viable sustained-release formulation for better gout treatment.
Introduction: The prescription indication for intravenous human immunoglobulin (IgG IV) in medical practice is very broad, especially as a replacement treatment for immunodeficiencies orfor its immunomodulatory effect. Method: A retrospective, cross-sectional, prescription-only study was conducted from January 2023 to December 2024 in the pediatric ward of the & laquo;Gueddi Bakir & raquo; EHS in Ghardaia, Algeria. The target population consisted of 49 patients who received treatment with IgG IV with prior authorization from the hospital management. The variables studied were age, sex, therapeutic indications (on-label or off-label), dose range used, and frequency of adverse reactions (ADRs). Absolute frequency (AF) and percentage (%) were used as descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 49 patients were included, 63.27% male and 36.73% female, and 40.82% were aged 6-10 years. Of these, 93.88% received treatment according to the approved indications in the data sheet (on-label): 51.02% for Kawasaki disease, 38.78% for Guillain-Barr & eacute; syndrome, and 4.08% for immune thrombocytopenic purpura. The dose used in 51.02% (Kawasaki disease) was 2 g/kg /single dose. Only three patients (6.12%) showed adverse reactions. Conclusions: The prescription of EV IgG for patients hospitalized in the pediatric department of the Gueddi Bakir EHS followed international trends and corresponded to the reported safety profile.
Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted infection that affects female reproductive health. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL),encoded by the MBL-2 gene, may influence susceptibility to infection through its functional polymorphisms. The study investigated the relationship between functional polymorphisms in the MBL-2 gene and susceptibility to C. trachomatis infection in brazilian women. Method: a total of 132 DNA samples were extracted from vaginal secretions, including 33 from women infected with chlamydia and 99 healthy controls. Genotyping of the human MBL-2 gene was performed using a melting temperature assay with Real-Time PCR (qPCR) technology. All samples were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (chi(2)=2.65). Results: although the 0 allele was more frequent in the infected group compared to the control group (36 % vs. 26 %, respectively), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.3112). Regarding genotypic frequencies, the 0/0 genotype showed no difference between the infected and control groups (6% vs. 3%, respectively; p=0.1430). However, the A/0 genotype was more frequent in the infected group (61 %) compared to the control group (40 %). Conclusions: the data suggest that women carrying functional polymorphisms in the first exon of the MBL-2 gene do not exhibit a correlation with an increased likelihood of C. trachomatis infection.
Introduction: Dolutegravir sodium is a second-line antiretroviral drug recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who have failed a first-line regimen. It exhibits poor aqueous solubility and classified as Class II drug as per Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Additionally, it has low oral bioavailability (<50%). Cocrystallization is a promising approach to enhance solubility and bioavailability by forming supramolecular synthons with suitable coformers. Method: Cocrystals of dolutegravir sodium were prepared using xylitol, nicotinamide, and sorbic acid by the liquid assisted grinding method with ethyl acetate as the solvent. Prepared cocrystals were evaluated forsolubility, dissolution, FTIR, DSC, PXRD, and Ex vivo study by everted intestine method. Results: Solubility was enhanced by 2.38, 2.91, and 5.01-fold with xylitol, nicotinamide, and sorbic acid, respectively. At 60 minutes, dissolution rates were 27.99 +/- 2.5% (pure drug), 49.06 +/- 2.56% (xylitol), 61.97 +/- 3.24% (nicotinamide), and 96.54 +/- 4.61% (sorbic acid). Dolutegravir:sorbic acid (1:1) cocrystals exhibited a distinct endothermic peak at 177.22 degrees C in DSC and intense PXRD peaks at 4.55 degrees, along with unique peaks at 10.61 degrees, 12.61 degrees, 12.23 degrees, 15.09 degrees, 16.24 degrees, 21.56 degrees, 24.76 degrees, and 25.27 degrees. Ex vivo studies showed intestinal transport of 29.59 +/- 4.93% for the pure drug and 72.51 +/- 5.70% for the cocrystal. Conclusion: Cocrystals of dolutegravir sodium with sorbic acid were successfully prepared and evaluated. The solubility and dissolution rate of the prepared cocrystals were significantly increased. FTIR, DSC, and PXRD analyses confirmed the formation of a new crystalline structure. Furthermore, the Ex vivo study demonstrated a significant improvement in drug transport across the intestinal membrane.
Introduction: Telepharmacy is an innovative healthcare model on the rise in several countries. In this context, this study aims to describe the development and content validation of the Telepharmacy Brazil (TelefarBR) questionnaire. Methods: This three-step methodological study consists of a literature review, the development of a preliminary version of the questionnaire based on Donabedian's structure-process-outcome triad, and contentvalidation using the Delphi technique. Results: The final version of the TelefarBR questionnaire, in Portuguese, comprised twenty questions with a content validity index above 0.80. Conclusion: TelefarBR is a questionnaire to help characterize telepharmacy in healthcare services. It is expected to be used in research aimed at informing the debate on the topic, analyzing its evolution over time, and guiding proposals for strengthening and improving clinical pharmacy using information and communication technologies.
We sincerely thank the University of Kufa, Faculty of Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis for providing the necessary facilities and support to carry out this research. We are also deeply grateful to the department's academic and technical staff for theirvaluable guidance, constructive advice, and assistance throughout the study.
Introduction: Migraine is a highly disabling disease that affects all aspects of the lives of those who sufferfrom it. Method: A retrospective, multidisciplinary observational study was conducted in a regional hospital. Patients treated with the injectable anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies erenumab and fremanezumab for the preventive treatment of migraine were included. Results: Thirty-eight patients were included in the study period. The majority were women, and all patients met the criteria for initiating treatment, having progressed on all previous lines of therapy. Conclusions: In this patient cohort, real-world health outcomes were observed. Both drugs are effective, safe, and well-tolerated by patients. Second-line treatments may be less effective than first-line treatments.
Introduction: The present study was aimed at formulating and optimizing rapid dissolving films (RDFs) of fluoxetine hydrochloride to enhance patient compliance, particularly for pediatric, geriatric, and dysphagic populations, while providing rapid therapeutic onset in depressive conditions. Fluoxetine hydrochloride, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is widely used in the management of major depressive disorder and related conditions, but its conventional dosage forms often pose administration challenges. Rapid dissolving films, capable of disintegrating within seconds in the oral cavity without water, offer a convenient and effective alternative. Method: The films were prepared using a solvent casting method with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 5 centipoise (HPMC 5cps) as the film-forming polymer, propylene glycol as a plasticizer, and suitable sweeteners and flavoring agents. A 32 factorial design was employed to investigate the effects of polymer and plasticizer concentrations on tensile strength and in vitro disintegration time. Results: The optimized formulation exhibited desirable mechanical properties, excellent flexibility, uniform drug content, and rapid disintegration in simulated salivary conditions. Drug release studies confirmed an immediate and complete release profile, ensuring prompt therapeutic action. Conclusions: The study successfully demonstrates the potential of fluoxetine hydrochloride RDFs as a fast, effective, and patient-friendly alternative to conventional dosage forms
Introduction: Safoof-i Sawda (SS) is a traditional Unani medicine which is used for the treatment of neurological disorders. The study has been performed to evaluate the antidepressant & anxiolytic activity of SS in animals. Method: Anti-depressant activity of SS was evaluated using forced swim test and tail suspension test. Novelty induced suppression of feeding latency test, open field exploration test, and light-dark test were performed to study the anxiolytic activity. Imipramine(10 mg/kg, p.o.) & diazepam(1 mg/kg, p.o.) were given as comparator. One way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test was used. Results: Immobility time is reduced in two lower dose group in both depression models. Feeding latency was reduced in all SS treated groups (P < 0.05; P < 0.01). In LD test model, SS reduced latency to enter light compartment at 1000 & 1500 mg/kg. Statistical evaluation of frequency to transfers between dark to light chambershowed that diazepam, SS 1000 mg/kg & SS 1500 mg/kg caused a significantly highertransferfrequency. Time spent in light chamber was significantly increased in diazepam group (P < 0.05), SS 1000 mg/kg (P < 0.05) & SS 1500 mg/kg (P < 0.01). Conclusions: SS showed significant anti-depressant activity at two lower tested doses. Anxiolytic effect of the SS was observed at all three tested doses in feeding latency model, while in light-dark test model, two higher doses of SS showed a significant anxiolytic effect. In open field exploration, despite the increase in parameters in SS group in comparison with vehicle control, none of the three tested dose of SS showed statistically significant effect.
