Introduction: Oral disintegrating tablets (ODTs) improve patient compliance, especially in pediatric, geriatric, and dysphagic populations. Enalapril Maleate, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor with poor water solubility, was selected as a model drug to evaluate the efficiency of synthetic and natural superdisintegrants in ODT formulations. Method: ODTs of Enalapril Maleate were prepared by direct compression using synthetic superdisintegrants (Croscarmellose Sodium, Sodium Starch Glycolate) and a natural disintegrant (Plantago ovata mucilage). Eight formulations were developed and evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters, in vitro disintegration, dissolution, drug content uniformity studies. Results: All formulations complied with pharmacopoeial specifications. Among synthetic batches, CCS3 exhibited the shortest wetting time (8.55 s), disintegration time (17.64 s), and rapid dissolution (99.24%at20 min). The natural formulation PO2 (20 mg Plantago ovata mucilage) showed comparable performance with disintegration time of similar to 12-14 sand nearly complete drug release (99.98% at 20 min). Conclusions: Both natural and synthetic superdisintegrants effectively produced ODTs of Enalapril Maleate with rapid disintegration and dissolution. Plantago ovata mucilage demonstrated comparable efficiency to synthetic disintegrants, supporting its potential as a cost-effective, sustainable, and eco-friendly alternative for ODT formulations.

Introduction: The present study was aimed at formulating and optimizing rapid dissolving films (RDFs) of fluoxetine hydrochloride to enhance patient compliance, particularly for pediatric, geriatric, and dysphagic populations, while providing rapid therapeutic onset in depressive conditions. Fluoxetine hydrochloride, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is widely used in the management of major depressive disorder and related conditions, but its conventional dosage forms often pose administration challenges. Rapid dissolving films, capable of disintegrating within seconds in the oral cavity without water, offer a convenient and effective alternative. Method: The films were prepared using a solvent casting method with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 5 centipoise (HPMC 5cps) as the film-forming polymer, propylene glycol as a plasticizer, and suitable sweeteners and flavoring agents. A 32 factorial design was employed to investigate the effects of polymer and plasticizer concentrations on tensile strength and in vitro disintegration time. Results: The optimized formulation exhibited desirable mechanical properties, excellent flexibility, uniform drug content, and rapid disintegration in simulated salivary conditions. Drug release studies confirmed an immediate and complete release profile, ensuring prompt therapeutic action. Conclusions: The study successfully demonstrates the potential of fluoxetine hydrochloride RDFs as a fast, effective, and patient-friendly alternative to conventional dosage forms

Introduction: Selexipag, a selective prostacyclin receptor(IP) agonist used in pulmonary arterial hypertension, suffers from poor aqueous solubility, limiting its oral bioavailability. Cyclodextrin complexation is a widely accepted technique to improve solubility and dissolution properties of hydrophobic drugs. This study aimed to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of Selexipag by forming inclusion complexes with (3-cyclodextrin. Methods: Inclusion complexes of Selexipag were prepared using three techniques: physical mixing, kneading, and solvent evaporation, each in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios with (3-cyclodextrin. Phase solubility studies were performed to determine the stability constant. The prepared complexes were evaluated for drug content and in vitro dissolution using UV spectrophotometry and paddle method, USP Type II apparatus in 0.1 N HCl. Results: The phase solubility diagram exhibited an AL-type profile with a 1:1 stoichiometry and a stability constant of 164.56 M-1. All formulations demonstrated acceptable drug content (98.3-102.2 %). Among the tested complexes, the kneading method at a 1:2 ratio (SK2) showed the highest drug release, achieving 94.2 % dissolution in 60 minutes, compared to 29.63 % for pure Selexipag. This enhancement is attributed to increased wettability, amorphization, and reduced crystallinity of the drug. Conclusion: Inclusion complexation of Selexipag with (3-cyclodextrin markedly improved its solubility and dissolution rate. The kneading method with a 1:2 molar ratio proved most effective, offering a promising strategy for improving the oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key biological process that enables cancer cells to acquire invasive, migratory, and therapy-resistant properties, driving metastasis and poor clinical outcomes. Traditional tissue biopsies, while informative, provide only static and localized snapshots of tumors, limiting their ability to capture dynamic changes like EMT. Liquid biopsy has emerged as a powerful, minimally invasive tool to monitor tumor evolution in real time by analyzing circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) from body fluids. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms that govern EMT, including transcriptional, signaling, and epigenetic regulation, and discusses how EMT-associated alterations can be detected through liquid biopsy. We explore the clinical applications of EMT monitoring via liquid biopsy for early detection of metastasis, prognostic assessment, therapy selection, and monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD). Despite current challenges such as the biological complexity of EMT, detection sensitivity, and the need for standardization, technological advances and emerging computational tools are paving the way for the integration of liquid biopsy into precision oncology. Understanding and decoding EMT through liquid biopsy represents a promising frontier for improving cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies, offering hope for more personalized and effective cancer management in the future.

Traditional nutraceutical therapy is a promising approach in the management of inflammatory disorders. Fenugreek, bottle gourd, and betel leaf are rich sources of polyphenolic secondary metabolites. They are abundantly found in the Indian subcontinent for the preparation of healthy traditional functional food. Traditional evidence recommended that these herbs could control inflammation. The study was conducted with those herbs to validate their protective role against inflammatory mediators of arthritis and asthma through in-silico and in-vitro models. Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of flavonoids, amino acids, polyphenols, and saponins. Molecular docking was performed against six potential inflammatory bio-marker proteins, like, LOX-5, 15-LOX, PLA2, IL-6, TNFR1 & TNF-alpha with the phyto-marker compounds of test herbs and found satisfactory binding scores against inflammatory bio-markers. Extended studies with Fenugreek and betel leaf aqueous fractions showcased 87 % and 91 % inhibition of protein denaturation at 200 mu g/ml. Bottle-gourd and betel-leaf demonstrated 96 % and 98 % inhibition against 15-Lipoxygenase at 100 mu g/ml. TNF-alpha and IL-6 were dropped significantly by 49 % and 36 % upon treatment of betel leaf at 200 mu g/ml from the LPS-stimulated PBMC cultured cells. Findings may recommend the development of commercial anti-inflammatory polyherbal phytopharmaceuticals for controlling polyarthritis and inflammatory complications subject to preclinical in-vivo and clinical investigation.

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs), originating from various microbes, and mushrooms, excel in their conventional role in bioremediation to showcase diverse applications emphasizing nanobiotechnology including nano-drug carriers, nano-excipients, medication and/or cell encapsulation, gene delivery, tissue engineering, diagnostics, and associated treatments. Acknowledged for contributions to adsorption, nutrition, and biomedicine, EPSs are emerging as appealing alternatives to traditional polymers, for biodegradability and biocompatibility. This article shifts away from the conventional utility to delve deeply into the expansive landscape of EPS applications, particularly highlighting their integration into cutting-edge nanobiotechnological methods. Exploring EPS synthesis, extraction, composition, and properties, the discussion emphasizes their structural diversity with molecular weight and heteropolymer compositions. Their role as raw materials for value-added products takes center stage, with critical insights into recent applications in nanobiotechnology. The multifaceted potential, biological relevance, and commercial applicability of EPSs in contemporary research and industry align with the nanotechnological advancements coupled with biotechnological nano-cleansing agents are highlighted. EPS-based nanostructures for biological applications have a bright future ahead of them. Providing crucial information for present and future practices, this review sheds light on how eco-friendly EPSs derived from microbial biomass of terrestrial and aquatic environments can be used to better understand contemporary nanobiotechnology for the benefit of society.

Cyanobacteria are ideally suited for developing sustainable biological products but are underdeveloped due to a lack of genetic tools. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is one of the essential bioproducts with widespread industrial applications. Despite their unique structural characteristics associated with distinct biological and physicochemical aspects, EPS from cyanobacteria has been underexplored. However, it is expected to accelerate in the near future due to the utilization of low-cost cyanobacterial platforms and readily available information on the structural data and specific features of these biopolymers. In recent years, cyanobacterial EPSs have attracted growing scientific attention due to their simple renewability, rheological characteristics, massive production, and potential uses in several biotechnology domains. This review focuses on the most recent research on potential new EPS producers and their distinct compositions responsible for novel biological activities. Additionally, nutritional and process parameters discovered recently for enhancing EPS production and engineering strategies applied currently to control the biosynthetic pathway for enhanced EPS production are critically highlighted. The process intensification of previously developed EPS extraction and purification processes from cyanobacterial biomass is also extensively explained. Furthermore, the newly reported biotechnological applications of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides are also discussed.

The goal of the research was to formulate floating microsponges of Olmesartan medoxomil by 32 factorial design to enhance bioavailability in the gastric region. The quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method was used to prepare gastroretentive floating microsponges. In this study, the concentration of Eudragit L-100 (X1) and the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (X2) were chosen as independent factors at three distinct levels using Design-Expert (R) software (trial version 13.1.0, Stat-Ease). The dependent variables chosen were the % Buoyancy (Y1) and % cumulative drug release (Y2). The percent yield, particle size, bulk density, % buoyancy, % entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, the kinetics of drug release, variation of the model, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies, and stability studies for the optimized formulation were conducted. From the design expert, the optimized formula was found to be OLM-MSG7. The magnitude of the coefficient of both X1 and X2 showed a positive effect on the buoyancy of the floating microsponges. As the concentration of eudragit L-100, the buoyancy of the microsponges increased. The reason for the buoyancy due to the high concentration of eudragit L-100 may be attributed to the low density of the polymer. However, an antagonistic linear effect of PVA was observed. X1 and X2 i.e., polymer concentration and PVA had a positive effect on % CDR of microsponges which indicates that the higher amount of eudragit L-100 contributes to an increase in % CDR. FTIR studies show there is no chemical interaction between the drug and the polymer in the formulation.

Astaxanthin is a red-colored secondary metabolite with excellent antioxidant properties, typically finds application as foods, feed, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and medications. Astaxanthin is usually produced synthetically using chemicals and costs less as compared to the natural astaxanthin obtained from fish, shrimps, and microorganisms. Over the decades, astaxanthin has been naturally synthesized from Haematococcus pluvialis in commercial scales and remains exceptional, attributed to its higher bioactive properties as compared to synthetic astaxanthin. However, the production cost of algal astaxanthin is still high due to several bottlenecks prevailing in the upstream and downstream processes. To that end, the present study intends to review the recent trends and advancements in astaxanthin production from microalgae. The structure of astaxanthin, sources, production strategies of microalgal astaxanthin, and factors influencing the synthesis of microalgal astaxanthin were discussed while detailing the pathway involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis. The study also discusses the relevant downstream process used in commercial scales and details the applications of astaxanthin in various health related issues.

The current study focuses at the adsorptive evacuation of enrofloxacin (ENF) using acid-activated carbon generated from green Cocos nucifera shells by penetrating the bio-char with 85

Sustainable supply of food is an essential issue in current global scenario. Exponential increase in universal human population, depletion of cultivable agricultural landscape, and massive diminution of natural resources are the most pivotal key factors which hinder to attain the current demand of sustainable food supply. One of the most sustainable and green revolutionary approach is implementation of algae based biofertilizers to control over need of food supply. Chemical fertilizers have been applied since last several decades. However, Chemical fertilizers are not ecologically and environmentally benign. Algae are one of most promising outlet as potential biofertilizers which biologically transform the solar energy and various gases (i.e., carbon dioxide and nitrogen) into high value added chemical products (i.e., biofertilizers) through large scale biomass generation. Therefore, algal biofertilizers can substitute the traditional chemical biofertilizers considering omnipresence, accelerated metabolic flux, short span of generation time, and constitutional capabilities to transform biologically benign nitrogen gas towards plant accessible soluble nitrogenous derivatives through nitrogen fixation along with carbon dioxide sequestration and accessibilities of phosphorous‑potassium. To this end, aforementioned naive features of algae, economical feasibility, technical acceptability and environmental benefits defecate algal biomass as a most promising and demanding bioresource for sustainable green agricultural technology in near future. Hence, the current chapter emphasizes on current trends and progresses on algae based biofertilizers generations and its potent applications for ameliorating current agricultural technology to support increasing demand of food supply.

Green tea extract has many potent antioxidants known for their beneficial health effects. One such compound is epigallocatechin-3-gallate, which exhibits chemotherapeutic properties and can reduce cholesterol levels in blood. Since the topical delivery of drugs is difficult, nanogels have great potential due to their reduced particle size and structural properties. The present study investigated the impact of independent variables such as carbopol and triethanolamine (TEA) concentrations on nanogel pH, viscosity, and in vitro diffusion. All formulations were generated by Box-Behnken design and followed the nanoprecipitation technique to prepare nanogel. Formulations were tested for pH, homogeneity, spreadability, viscosity, drug content, particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency (EE) and characterized for surface morphology. The prepared chitosan nanoparticle designated F5 was seen to show an encapsulation efficiency of 94.11% with a practical yield of 94.41%. Also, after GTE loading, the nanogel formulation NG15 showed optimal drug content of 99.87%. Besides, the nanogel was also characterized based on F5 showing the best results. From surface plots, the varying effects of interacting parameters could be elucidated, and ANOVA studies showed that all designed models were significant with acceptable values for the statistical parameters. Conclusively, GTE-loaded nanogel seems to be robust and therefore could be used with a promising potential for topical drug delivery.

An increase in the human population has challenged the agricultural field for the productivity of required food with restricted accessible assets, vitality, and without representing any danger to the environment. Keeping in view, the challenges regarding agro-ecosystem and the environment, the recent traits in biotechnology gives an extra dependable strategy to tackle the food protection for future generations and unravel the complex environmental problems. Existing agricultural methodologies and practices received by the farmers had improved yield, which is not sustainable for a longer time and created environmental pollution problems. A quest for alternative methodologies with non-invasive, financially savvy, and naturally agreeable choices should have been presented in agricultural practices. Research studies indicate that cyanobacteria are one of the emerging potential candidates to address the requirements of increased food production, energy, bio-fertilizers, and secondary metabolites of nutritional value, cosmetics, and medicinal products. Cyanobacteria farming helps enhancement of soil fertility, decrease the level of greenhouse gas, i.e., CO2, and it can likewise be utilized for eliminating different contaminants from water and soil. The utilization of this green growth biomass had improved the physical and chemical characteristics of soil, such as mineral, nutrient composition, and water holding capacity of the degraded and polluted terrains. Cyanobacteria can be produced within a limited time and capable of fixing the atmospheric nitrogen. They are utilizing different genetic engineering techniques with alteration of genes in cyanobacterial biomass leading to the generation of economically sustainable biofuels. However, the utilization of cyanobacteria for resolving the above-mentioned problems is subject to economic viability. This review provides details on the recent advances & developmental aspects of cyanobacterial species in accomplishing agricultural and environmental sustainability.

In this study, Oscillatoria sp. BTA-170 was grown in a photobioreactor for 15 days, yielding 3.1 g/L of biomass. During the composition analysis of biomass, the moisture, protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and ash contents were found to be 83.27, 6.36, 5.48, 3.79, and 1.1% on a wet basis (w.b), respectively. The tray drying properties of cyanobacterial biomass were investigated at temperatures of 40, 60, and 80 degrees C with constant air velocity of 0.6 m/s. To reduce the moisture content of biomass from 83.27% to <10%, drying time required 2, 12, and 30 hr at 80, 60, and 40 degrees C, respectively. The calculated effective moisture diffusivity of biomass was 5.10 x 10(-9), 6.34 x 10(-8), and 2.30 x 10(-7) m(2)/s at 40, 60, and 80 degrees C, respectively, and the activation energy was found to be 28.01, 31.04, and 33.27 kJ/mol at 40, 60, and 80 degrees C, respectively. The logarithmic and Henderson and Pabis models showed the highest R-2 values of 0.997 and 0.996 at 80 degrees C, respectively, and were thus employed to explain biomass drying characteristics. The drying constant value grew with increasing temperature, with the highest value obtained using the logarithmic model at 80 degrees C being 0.523 (hr(-1)). The bulk density of biomass powder dried at 80 degrees C was 598.21 kg/m(3) and the tapped density was 652.80 kg/m(3), with Hausner ratio and Carr index of 1.091 and 8.363, respectively, showing that biomass powder had excellent flow qualities. The dried cyanobacterial biomass is a great source of protein, according to FTIR measurements. Similarly, after selecting four models based on the sorption isotherm, the GAB model was shown to be the best fit to represent the sorption behavior of Oscillatoria sp. BTA-170 powder. Practical Applications The drying characteristics of Oscillatoria sp. BTA-170 biomass were evaluated using thin-layer drying models. The primary goal of drying biomass is to remove water from the solids to a point where microorganisms and degradation chemical processes are considerably reduced. The analysis of drying properties aids in the development of a cost-effective dryer. By hastening the manufacture of biomass powder, the effective design of the drying process helps to decrease time and processing costs. After the drying process, an FTIR analysis can be used to determine the presence of macromolecules. Similarly, sorption isotherm studies were performed to evaluate the safe moisture content of items and to estimate shelf life at a specific temperature and relative humidity.

Nutraceuticals and food industries are opening to a tremendously upcoming technology in the field of "Nano science". A new prospect has been defined by nanotechnology by conferring modified properties of nanomaterials and its application in the development of nanoformulations, nutritional supplements and food industry. Nanomaterials reveal exclusive properties because of their small size and high surface/volume ratio; thus, they have a complete application in nutraceuticals and food sector. In the existent review article, we obligate to present a comprehensive outline of the application of nanomaterials in development of advanced nano-based nutraceuticals with enhanced bioavailability, solubility, improved encapsulation efficiency, increased stability, sustained and targeted drug delivery, protection against degradation and microbial contamination and with improved pharmacological activity. It also highlights the importance of nanomaterials as nanosensors/nano-bio sensors for encapsulating peptides, antibodies, enzymes, etc. and in the food packaging industry and its future application. Thus, the review aims to focus on the benefits and new dimensions provided by nanomaterials and nanotechnology in health sectors by improving treatment strategies and quality of life.

Three Dimensional (3D) printing is a promising method for quick prototyping and manufacturing of any material. It is similar to photocopy or printing, where the new materials are formed on layers (3D) like their mother component. Following its growth and advancement in the 1980s, its application in pharmaceuticals is still limited. It has become one of the most innovative and influential tools serving as a technology for developing dosage forms from the last decade. The potential of 3D printing to produce drugs for precise measurement customized to specific patients' needs has shown the possibility of developing personalized medicines to novel dosage forms. The breakthrough allows the clear perception of the dosage structures on different shapes, sizes, surfaces and the associated challenges in delivering them by using such designed conditions. There are different difficulties related to the correct utilization of 3D imprinting in the pharmaceuticals, which have a strong impact on the scope of this technology. Recent advancements in the field of 3D printing technology used in the pharmaceutical industry mainly focused on different techniques for the fabrication of different dosage forms. The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) recent approval of the first 3D prescription highlights possibilities for 3D printing innovation in the field of pharmaceutical drug supply. This analysis assesses 3D printing advancement possibilities, particularly in the area of custom prescriptions. This technology can be regarded as the future produced on demand, low-cost solid dosage forms and helps minimize side effects due to overdose.

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are natural colourants and antioxidants derived from cyanobacteria. The purity indexes of extracted C-phycocyanin (C-PC), allophycocyanin (A-PC), and phycoerythrin (PE) were 0.98-1.23, 0.78-0.0.96, and 0.85-0.99, respectively. To investigate thermodynamic characteristics, degradation kinetics, colour, and antioxidant capabilities of Oscillatoria sp. (BTA-170) extract powder, the PBPs were thermally treated with various monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, glucose, and lactose. In comparison to other monosaccharides that can stabilize the degradation of C-PC, A-PC, and PE at higher temperatures, glucose was found to be the most essential supplement. At 85 degrees C, glucose enhanced the half-life of C-PC from 2.09 to 5.37 h, whereas glucose increased the half-life of A-PC from 4.9 to 13.51 h and PE from 5.57 to 15.77 h. While glucose was added, entropy (S) for C-PC was reduced from -177.82 to -183.25 J/Mol K, for A-PC from -178.24 to -169.61 J/Mol K, and for PE from -176.28 to -170.97 J/Mol K. However, the value of enthalpy (H) was enhanced from 52.37 to 53.20 KJ/Mol, while the values of A-PC and PE were raised from 40.63 to 40.56 KJ/Mol and 40.32 to 41.43 KJ/Mol, respectively. Gibbs free energy (G*) was found in the range of 111.48-118.81KJ/Mol for C-PC, 94.49-101.28 KJ/Mol for A-PC, and 95.79-102.63 KJ/Mol for PE when glucose was added, showing a higher degree of protein stability. When fructose was added, the Delta E values of PBPs were reduced from 13.31 to 6.62 at 85 degrees C, with the least amount of colour degradation among the monosaccharides. At 85 degrees C, glucose reduced the IC50 of PBPs from 30.45 mg/ml to 17.33 mg/ml. The thermal tolerance of monosaccharides for PBPs suggested that they could be a potential source of PBP stabilization in the food industry.