Brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) contain high amounts of phlorotannins, which are bioactive compounds and can be utilized as potential sources of drug development and alternative functional foods. The main aim of this research was to measure total phlorotannin content (TPhC), evaluate phytochemical profiles (by using seven different polarity solvents), as well as determine proximate composition, for 10 species of brown seaweeds sampled along the south-eastern coast of India: three belonging to the genus Turbinaria, two from the genus Padina and five from the genus Sargassum. Proximate analysis (which included moisture, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates) were performed according to standard protocols. The collection and use of data from seven different solvent extractions (aqueous, ethanol, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane and petroleum ether) on a total of 12 different classes of phytochemicals as part of phytochemical screening. The TPhC of seaweed samples was determined using phloroglucinol as a standard with the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and phytochemicals were evaluated using hierarchical clustering. Ethyl-acetate produced fewer varieties of phytochemicals than any of the other solvent extractions, and aqueous extracts had the highest variety of phytochemicals. Hierarchical clustering was performed on chemotaxonomic separation by taxonomic family. The differences in TPhC compounds based on solvent type and specimen variation were highlighted. The highest concentration of TPhC was found in T. ornata (628.47 ± 0.45 µg PE/g) using the acetone solvent, followed by S. cristaefolium (503.19 ± 0.21 µg PE/g). Of the nonpolar solvents tested for extracting phlorotannin, acetone and ethanol showed better extraction efficiency than the polar solvents. The following data indicate that brown macroalgae from the coast of India contain a diverse range of phytochemicals, with particularly high levels of phlorotannins in S. cristaefolium and T. ornata. There is also a significant correlation between the use of specific solvents and the extraction of the desired bioactive compounds. This has implications for future bioprospecting and use in industry for previously overlooked marine organisms.
Focusing on firms in the United States, this study empirically examined the moderating role of financial technology (Fintech) in carbon emissions and corporate risk-taking using a dataset of 2012–2022 from Bloomberg. Apart from the application of ordinary least squares (OLS) for this study’s baseline model, generalised method of moments (GMM) and fixed effect panel quantile regression were also employed to strengthen the robustness of the results. The obtained results revealed that the performance of Fintech firms in terms of (lower) carbon emissions and (higher) corporate risk-taking significantly surpassed the performance of non-Fintech firms. Moreover, the presence of Fintech significantly attenuated the negative influence of carbon emissions on corporate risk-taking. This study’s findings enriched the current literature and addressed the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 on climate change. Overall, this study presented significant interdisciplinary insights on the role of Fintech in climate change, which would benefit both academicians and policymakers in the fields of corporate governance and sustainability. It is recommended for future research to further explore the moderating role of fintech in different sectors or within the global context.
Biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional physicochemical methods, offering environmental compatibility, economic viability, and scalability. In the present investigation, five plant extracts derived from Cucurbita maxima were employed as reducing and stabilizing agents for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Successful nanoparticle formation was evidenced by the development of a characteristic dark brown coloration, arising from surface plasmon resonance phenomena.Comprehensive characterization of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was performed using UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) with zeta potential analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, confirming their nanoscale dimensions, morphology, crystallinity, and functional group involvement. The antimicrobial efficacy of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated against clinically relevant bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae, and Escherichia coli. All formulations demonstrated pronounced antibacterial activity, highlighting the therapeutic potential of Cucurbita maxima–mediated silver nanoparticles. These findings underscore the promise of plant-based green synthesis routes for developing effective antimicrobial nanomaterials.
The adherence of patients with diabetes to disease management guidelines is essential for effective foot care behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate compliance of patients with diabetes mellitus II with foot care behaviour. This is a cross-sectional study including 111 patients from a General hospital. A demographics questionnaire and the Nottingham Assessment of Functional Foot Care questionnaire were used. It was found that patients who suffered from diabetes longer and had chronic somatic diseases had significantly more protective foot care behaviour (p=0.038, p=0,048, respectively). Moreover, greater compliance with therapy was significantly associated with more protective footcare behaviour (p=0.035). Continuous support of patients with Diabetes mellitus in obtaining skills and knowledge regarding their foot care is vital for their medical management. Based on the results of the present study, it is evident that patients who had suffered from diabetes longer had significantly more protective footcare behaviour; participants with a chronic somatic or psychological disease and comorbidities also had significantly more protective footcare behaviour. Additionally, greater compliance to therapy was significantly associated with more protective footcare behaviour. Increasing knowledge about diabetes management can improve diabetic self-care practice, while intensive health education on footcare to patients with DM can improve diabetic foot care behaviour. Therefore, there is a great need to provide continuous health education to patients about diabetic foot self-care in order to improve compliance with therapy, leading to effective footcare behaviour.
Oxidation is an fundamental component of aerobic life processes. Free radicals are produced when a material transfers electrons or hydrogen to an oxidizing agent during a chemical process. These very reactive free radicals then set off a series of events that cause cellular damage. The aim of this work was to study the antioxidant and protein glycation activity of Partially Purified Polysaccharides from Lentinula edodes (PLE). PLE demonstrated significant antioxidant properties via assessing radical scavenging, reducing power, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity, inhibition of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and ferrous ion-chelating ability. On other hand, Protein glycation resulted is outstanding increase in fructosamine formation, accumulation of fluorescent advanced glycation end products (AGEs), increased protein carbonyl content, and protein aggregation, alongside with a significant decrease in free thiol groups, indicating rigorous glycoxidative damage to proteins the PLE notably activity in a dose-dependent manner and the PLE at superior concentrations, the protective effects of PLE were comparable to control gruops. The results indicate that PLE provide various protective benefits through antioxidant and antiglycation mechanisms, highlighting their probable use as natural substances in the oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products.
Fly ash generated from coal-based thermal power plants contains alkaline constituents and toxic heavy metals that pose a significant threat to soil quality, particularly under tropical monsoon conditions. In rapidly industrializing regions of India, limited information is available on the combined spatial and seasonal dynamics of soil degradation around such emission sources. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the physicochemical properties and heavy metal distribution in soils surrounding the Koradi Thermal Power Plant, Maharashtra, with emphasis on seasonal variability. Surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected from eight directional locations around the plant and a background site (10 km away) during pre- and post-monsoon periods of 2023 and 2024, yielding 36 composite samples. Standard analytical methods were used for physicochemical and metal analysis. Results indicated persistently alkaline soils near the plant. Pre-monsoon concentrations showed elevated Pb (12.1 mg/kg vs 10.3 mg/kg), Cu (67.8 mg/kg vs 48.6 mg/kg), and As (0.64 mg/kg vs 0.57 mg/kg) compared to the background site, while Ni remained comparable. Seasonal variation significantly influenced metal dynamics: Pb decreased by 20–30% post-monsoon, whereas Cu increased to >70 mg/kg and As nearly doubled (0.57 to 1.04 mg/kg). Soil organic matter was notably depleted (0.60–2.40%) compared to background levels (1.36–1.75%). Elevated sodium (1.62–2.33 meq/100 g) and potassium (up to 1.99 meq/100 g) indicated nutrient imbalance and emerging sodicity stress.Overall, soil degradation around the power plant is driven by metal accumulation, nutrient imbalance, and organic matter loss. Sustainable fly ash management and soil remediation strategies are essential to mitigate long-term environmental risks.
Antibodies are essential tools in biomedical research and clinical investigations, yet variability in specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility across immunodetection platforms continues to compromise data reliability. Platform-dependent performance differences contribute significantly to reproducibility concerns in life sciences research. This study aimed to develop a standardised cross-platform validation framework for commercial monoclonal antibodies to enable objective performance comparisons and reduce the risk of reproducibility issues. Five clinically relevant protein biomarkers were evaluated using two monoclonal antibodies per target. Antibody performance was assessed across Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay platforms under controlled laboratory conditions. Six validation parameters were measured: specificity, sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, cross-reactivity, lot-to-lot consistency, and intra-assay reproducibility. A weighted scoring model was developed to generate a unified validation index. Antibody performance differed significantly between platforms. Some antibodies demonstrated high specificity in Western blot but reduced reliability in immunohistochemistry or ELISA. The weighted scoring framework enabled objective cross-platform comparison and identified antibodies with stable multi-assay reliability. A structured validation strategy improves antibody selection, reduces variability, and strengthens reproducibility in biomedical research. Importantly, this approach supports reproducibility at both experimental and institutional levels. Laboratories adopting structured validation criteria can improve antibody selection, reduce failed experiments, and increase confidence in published findings. The framework is adaptable and can be expanded to include additional validation dimensions such as genetic knockout controls or orthogonal proteomic confirmation. In conclusion, implementing a standardised cross-platform validation strategy enhances antibody reliability, reduces reproducibility risk, and supports more consistent immunodetection across biomedical research applications. Broader adoption of structured validation frameworks may contribute to improved scientific rigour and greater translational confidence in antibody-based investigations.
Juvenile delinquency is a multifaceted issue shaped by multiple factors, presenting challenges for education, society, and the justice system. This article explores the concept of delinquency, its root causes, and its different manifestations both domestically and internationally. By reviewing existing literature and statistical data, the article identifies key contributors to juvenile delinquency. Particular attention is given to the post-COVID-19 era, as the pandemic has had lasting social and behavioural effects particularly on the younger generation, which requires careful examination and intervention. In Greece, increasing delinquency rates underscore the need for timely action. School nurses are uniquely positioned to recognise deviant behaviours and respond effectively through targeted programmes and counselling for both students and educators. The present communication has shown that juvenile delinquency results from complex interactions between individual, family and social factors. Inadequate parental care, academic failure, social marginalisation and lack of meaningful integration opportunities contribute to the occurrence of delinquent behaviours. The COVID-19 pandemic has had both immediate and long-term effects on juvenile delinquency. The isolation, disruption to education, and loss of traditional socialisation during the pandemic have further damaged the emotional and social development of youth. Psychological support, strengthening the school as a place of social reintegration, and the development of digital literacy are crucial in addressing this new reality. Coordinated efforts from the state, family and school are essential, through prevention programmes, the enhancement of psychosocial skills, and the fostering of emotional resilience among youth.
Promoting lifelong learning principles, integrated with common action to improve the quality of life, through a multidisciplinary approach, is one of the important goals of interdisciplinary research in science and technology. Five decades ago, within the Polish Ecological Club, an independent NGO, we introduced the concept of creative contribution to common action in the field of circular economy and applied biology for all inhabitants. In the years following, this led to the invitation of multidisciplinary experts to collaborate according to their predispositions, interests, knowledge, and skills, representing all age groups, from kindergarten through postgraduate courses and universities. As the area of biotechnology encompasses several interdisciplinary fields, the scope is unlimited for such collaborations globally. The basic strategy of such ecosystems-mimetic activity created the concept of circular bioeconomy-driven sustainable management of the natural resources of biological significance. This has been well adapted to regional conditions by the sustainable society itself. Such knowledge-based society ( including experts in all complementary fields, all age groups members of local inhabitants, decision-makers and managers have improved the efficiency of common action in a heuristic way; using the progress of science and technology for permanent exchange of good practice, introduction of complementary experiences and innovative solutions to the problems, by lifelong learning of experts and the whole society. This article explores the decade-long established concept of circular-driven bioeconomy and its management using technological advancements in the allied fields. Focus is on the efficient management of natural resources for a better quality of life, environmental health and protection of biodiversity.
Self-management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the school environment is necessary, but often children and adolescents face difficulties and obstacles. Teachers play an important role in supporting them, but few studies are available regarding their knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards the T1D. This study aimed to explore this gap performing an online survey with 86 teachers of elementary schools in Attica Prefecture, Greece. Only 12.8% of teachers had special training on diabetes, while 65.1% of them had a satisfactory level of knowledge. The mean score of their perceptions was 6.32 (±0.96), corresponding to a moderate to higher level of positive perceptions. Teachers who worked in a private institution (p=0.059) and teachers who had a person with diabetes in their wider family or friends’ environment had more positive perceptions (p=0.029). Current teacher knowledge is insufficient to fully ensure a safe school environment for children with T1D. Improving the quality of healthcare for students with T1D within the learning environment requires: a) Increasing the number of school nurses and enhancing their training, b) Providing ongoing professional development for teachers and school staff and c) Developing detailed care plans tailored to school conditions. The presence of experienced and well-trained personnel is crucial for the effective support of students with T1D and for creating a safe and inclusive school environment. Education of teachers in diabetes can ensure a safe school environment for children.
The “gut-lung axis” plays a key role in asthma pathogenesis, yet the contribution of fungal components, particularly Candida albicans (CA), remains poorly understood. As a potent inducer of Th17/IL-17 responses, CA may promote neutrophilic inflammation associated with severe asthma. This study investigated whether intestinal CA colonization exacerbates allergic asthma via the IL-17 pathway, independent of classical Th2 immunity, and examined its impact on gut microbiota. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with antibiotics, colonized with CA, and subjected to ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma, with or without anti-IL-17A neutralizing antibody treatment. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, cytokine levels, lung histopathology, and gut microbiota composition were assessed. CA colonization significantly aggravated OVA-induced AHR, IgE production, and lung inflammation, shifting the pulmonary response toward a neutrophilic phenotype and elevating IL-17 levels without affecting Th2 cytokines. IL-17A blockade reversed these exacerbating effects and partially restored CA-induced alterations in gut bacterial microbiota structure. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that intestinal CA exacerbates allergic asthma via IL-17-driven neutrophilic inflammation—an effect reversed by IL-17 neutralization—and that CA-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis is partially restored upon IL-17 blockade, revealing a fungal-gut-lung axis and positioning IL-17 as a therapeutic target in severe asthma.
Achyranthes aspera Linn., a member of the family Amaranthaceae and commonly known as Aghada or Chirchita (Apamarga in Sanskrit), is a widely distributed medicinal weed in India. The present study evaluated the effects of Apamarga Kshara extract on the epididymis and sperm parameters of male albino rats. Animals were orally administered the extract at a dose of 1 g/kg/day for 7, 14, 21, and 40 days, while controls received normal saline. Histological analysis of the caput and cauda epididymis revealed time-dependent degenerative changes, including epithelial disruption, shortened stereocilia, vacuolization, and reduced luminal sperm content, with maximum alterations observed by day 21. Sperm motility and viability showed a significant decline during treatment, followed by partial recovery by day 40. The results demonstrated that Apamarga Kshara produces reversible, duration-dependent antifertility effects through alterations in epididymal architecture and sperm quality, highlighting its promise as a plant-derived male contraceptive. The findings also provide scientific support for the traditional application of Achyranthes aspera in male reproductive health and strengthen the link between ethnomedicine and modern biomedical research. Furthermore, the study encourages the development of affordable, socially acceptable, and reversible herbal male contraceptive options for population regulation.
Documentation of butterfly diversity offers critical baseline data for biodiversity assessment and conservation planning. The current study presents a new regional record of the Common Lascar butterfly, Pantoporia hordonia, from the Kawal Tiger Reserve, Telangana, India, a landscape from which this species had not been previously documented. The purpose of this study was to authenticate and report the occurrence of this species from the Kawal forest ecosystem. The observation was made during a routine opportunistic butterfly survey conducted on 5 November 2025 within the forest area of Udumpur village. A single adult individual was sighted in a mixed dry deciduous forest patch near natural vegetation cover. The individual was photographically documented and identified using standard taxonomic keys based on wing colouration, pattern and venation characters. Pantoporia hordonia is widely distributed across the Himalayan foothills, northeastern India and parts of central India; however, its occurrence in the Kawal Tiger Reserve landscape has not been previously reported. The present record, therefore represents a significant extension of the known geographical distribution of the species into the Deccan Plateau region. This finding highlights the ecological significance of the Kawal Tiger Reserve and emphasizes the importance of continuous lepidopteran monitoring for biodiversity documentation and conservation planning.
We are deeply saddened to write this obituary in loving memory of Prof Konrad Dabrowolski, Distinguished Professor of Animal Sciences, and a world-renowned expert in fisheries from Ohio State University, Ohio, USA, who passed away on 25th June 2025 in Ohio, USA. He was one of the best experts in innovative fisheries, who focused on introducing new efficient species of fish through biotechnology for highly efficient freshwater fish cultivation, prevention of malnutrition and improving nutritional health. Prof Konrad Dabrowolski’s contributions are highly significant and beneficial in various regions of developing countries, including inhabitants of the high mountain regions in Peru. In 1972, he obtained his Master of Science in Inland Fisheries from the Agricultural University in Olsztyn, Poland and in 1976, he earned his Ph.D. from the same university on the Utilization of On-Protein Nitrogen in Common Carp Nutrition. In 1984, he obtained his Doctor of Science from the Agricultural University in Szczecin, Poland. His postdoctoral research led him to various places, such as the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland, the National Institute of Aquaculture Laboratory of Fish Nutrition in France, the University of Fisheries in Japan, the Institute of Zoology in Austria, and finally the Ohio State University, where he joined as a professor in 1989. Prof Dabrowolski carried out his creative research activity in different European countries, Japan, and for the last many decades in the USA. He was a leading expert in the modernization of carp culture in USA, and he introduced many innovative biotechnologies very useful for the prevention of malnutrition in some regions of Latin America, Peru, Central Africa, and Asia. Prof Konrad Dabrowolski has authored over 400 quality research publications, which will be an eternal academic contribution to the scientific community for generations to benefit. Dr Dabrowolski’s contributions and highly rated scientific publications will be the source of very useful information for training experts in innovative fishing, especially for developing countries in different regions of the world. I am convinced that this information may also be useful for the scientific community at large. It will be beneficial for disseminating information about his great achievements, particularly useful for qualitative and quantitative progress in breeding fish, as the main source of food proteins in many poor regions of developing countries.
Butterflies are widely regarded as some of the most beautiful insects in nature and play a vital role as bio-indicators, helping scientists assess ecosystem health, habitat quality, and environmental changes. Their sensitivity to microclimatic variations makes them valuable for monitoring ecological stability, and therefore, their protection is essential for conserving biodiversity and maintaining environmental balance. A recent study documents a significant new distribution record of the butterfly species Monkey Puzzle (Rathinda amor) from the Kawal Tiger Project Landscape in Telangana, India. The observation was made during an opportunistic butterfly survey conducted at Chennur Urban Park near Kistampet village in Mancherial district. During the survey, a single individual of the Monkey Puzzle butterfly was sighted, carefully photographed, and identified based on its distinct morphological characteristics, which differentiate it clearly from closely related lycaenid species. Rathinda amor is primarily known from parts of the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Odisha, northeastern India, and the Amrabad Tiger Reserve in southern Telangana. It has also been recently reported from Pench and Kanha Tiger Reserves in Central India. However, until now, it had not been recorded from the Kawal Landscape. The present sighting from Chennur thus represents a notable extension of the species’ known range into the Deccan forest landscape of northern Telangana. This new record contributes valuable baseline information for future ecological and biogeographical assessments and highlights the need for continued monitoring to understand species dispersal, habitat connectivity, and conservation priorities within the region.
Semecarpus anacardium L. (marking nut tree) is a medicinally and economically important species recognized for its therapeutic potential in Ayurveda and modern pharmacology. The plant contains a wide range of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, anacardic acids, and bhilawanols that exhibit potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. However, unsustainable wild harvesting and limited organized cultivation have created a substantial demand–supply gap of nearly 55–60% in India. This scarcity has adversely affected both pharmaceutical industries and the tribal communities who depend on nut collection for livelihood, exposing them to occupational hazards due to phenolic exudates during manual seed processing. This review critically examines the in vitro strategies developed for the propagation and metabolite optimization of S. anacardium, including callus induction, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and hairy root culture. Optimized cytokinin–auxin combinations have demonstrated enhanced regeneration efficiency, while elicitors such as methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid have significantly improved secondary metabolite production by 1.8–2.3-fold. The integration of plant tissue culture, molecular tools, and metabolomic profiling offers a sustainable solution for mass propagation, genetic conservation, and commercial-scale phytochemical production. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of technology transfer, tribal training, and policy support to bridge the gap between research and field application. Strengthening biotechnological interventions through scalable, cost-effective systems can ensure the sustainable utilization and conservation of this valuable medicinal species.
The Blue-faced Malkoha Phaenicophaeus viridirostris (Jerdon 1840), a secretive member of the family Cuculidae, is considered uncommon and remains poorly documented across the Kawal Tiger Project Landscape. The species has been previously reported only once, from the Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary (present-day Telangana, formerly Andhra Pradesh). Two individuals were recorded from the waterbody near Venkatraopet village in the Mancherial district, within the broader Kawal Tiger Project Landscape, Telangana on 16 February 2025 in between 07:00 am – 10:00 am. The site comprises dry deciduous forest patches interspersed with scrub, bushes, and agricultural fields, providing suitable microhabitats for the species. Transact survey method was employed for the observation of birds and identification was confirmed through diagnostic morphological features with support from standard field guides. This record represents the second confirmed sighting of the Blue-faced Malkoha from the Kawal landscape after a gap of nearly 21 years. The documentation adds valuable information on the species’ continued persistence in the region and highlights the ecological importance of wetlands and scrub habitats within the Kawal landscape for supporting less-reported bird species. Such records are crucial for understanding distributional patterns of under-reported species and for informing future monitoring and conservation priorities within the Kawal Tiger Project Landscape.
The Tribulus terrestris L. plant has been used worldwide due to its high content of active ingredients (saponins, as well as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, phenol carboxylic acids, and alkaloids), and its frequent uses in folk medicine due to their phytopharmacological properties. The literature confirms the use of these plants for the prevention and improvement of various human conditions such as infertility, low sexual desire, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. Nowadays worldwide, numerous herbal supplements are commercialized with indications containing the desired phytochemicals percentage. Thus, in present study the Harmine- an alkaloid present in T. terrestris L. can be potentially isolated using various modified separation methods and is qualitatively and quantitatively characterised by TLC, FTIR, HPLC and HPTLC. The various chromatographic techniques play a crucial role in establishing the chemical fingerprint of natural products (NPs) during analysis, involves standardized procedures for each step, ensuring the reproducibility of results.
The present communication deals with the diversity of ants within the Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh, India, as there are no good enough statistics pertaining to the ant diversity of this place. The ants have been sampled by means of hand hand-picking method. The sampled specimens representing three species belonged to 2 genera and 1 subfamily. All through the present take a look at genera Monornorium and Crematogaster had been recorded. The species diversity of the genus Monomorium is better than genus Crematogaster. Ants, belonging to the family Formicidae, are the most diverse group within the order Hymenoptera. They serve as vital ecological indicators and ecosystem engineers, playing key roles in maintaining environmental balance. Ants benefit humans in various ways, including natural pest control by regulating insect populations. This study aims to document the ant species present in the region, offering important insights into their diversity and ecological significance. Overall, the research contributes valuable knowledge to the field of ecology, enhancing our understanding of ant communities and their impact on ecosystems.
In the age of rapid industrialization and modernization, Mother Earth is enduring escalating environmental harm driven by anthropogenic activities. Uncontrolled population growth and increasing resource demands are leading to the overexploitation of natural resources. Exploiting Mother Nature without realizing the consequences may lead to serious environmental degradation, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This systematic review study examines the role of bioremediation as a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to addressing these environmental challenges. Recent studies show that bioremediation methods such as biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioaccumulation, biosorption, phytoremediation, and rhizoremediation are effective in reducing pollutant concentrations in soil and water. Specifically, microorganisms have demonstrated the ability to either degrade or transform toxic pollutants into less harmful forms, thereby preventing bioaccumulation and reducing ecological risks. Bioremediation represents a promising, low-cost, and sustainable approach for restoring polluted environments. It plays a vital role in reducing environmental hazards and improving ecosystem health, particularly in areas impacted by industrial waste and heavy metal contamination. Future research should focus on enhancing the efficiency of microbial strains, integrating multi-omics technologies, and applying bioremediation at a larger scale to address complex and mixed pollutant scenarios effectively.
