The use of adequate plant densities can be a key and important factor to increasing rice productivity (Oryza sativa L.). Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of four population densities (DP) on the growth and agricultural production of rice. The INCA-LP-5 cultivar was managed between April and August 2016. The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, with four population densities (250,000, 350,000, 450,000 and 550,000 plants ha-1) and five replications. The effects of the PD were verified by observing the following parameters: evaluated the following indicators, plant height (cm), tiller number per hill, number of panicles per m2, number of grains per panicle, panicle length (cm), 1000 grains weight (g) and grain yield (t ha-1). The results indicated that the DP of 450,000 plant ha-1 showed the best results in rice productivity. These results were possible because the DP of 450,000 plants ha-1 increased the morphological and productive parameters in relation to the other densities studied. The findings of this study indicated that the use of optimal plant densities plays a fundamental role in the growth and productivity of rice, which leads to a sustainable development of the crop.
This work was carried out in the urban farm "Las Mercedes" in the municipality of Matanzas, Cuba, with the objective of evaluating the current use and management of soil resources to avoid its degradation and increase sustainable food production. The main agro-productive limitations of edaphic character were determined, and the fields were georeferenced. A field diagnosis was carried out to evaluate the effective depth, maximum slope, stoniness and presence of carbonates in order to establish the agrological class of the crop fields. The inadequacies in the use of the soils according to their suitability were established and the conservationist use and management of the fields was recommended in order to control soil degradation and achieve sustainable agricultural development. It was proposed to improve the current use and management of seven fields with agrological class IV, to work and arrange the furrows in contour in three fields with a 5-7 % slope, to change the use of two fields with agrological class VI and to subdivide two fields with different agrological classes. In addition, it was proposed to develop a rehabilitation project to improve the current use of a field with susceptibility to flooding and surface and internal drainage problems, whose diagnosis was limited in magnitude and quality in the present study.
Cuban forests are an important source of non-timber forest products, with a historical tradition of consumption, mainly among peasants. However, there is currently a trend towards the loss of the traditional use of plants. With the objective of disseminating knowledge about the potential use of these forest products, little diffused among current generations, a characterization of some groups of ethnobotanical interest present in the living collections of plants of the Villa Clara Botanical Garden is presented, as a tool for environmental education. The ethnobotanical information was obtained from the bibliographic review, mainly from published works on case studies in Cuba. The groups of utilities defined in the study were: food, handicraft, source of fats and oils, exudates and extracts. The forest products as a source of resources for handicrafts with ten examples, followed by those that constitute a source of food (8), extracts (7), exudates (4), and fats and oils (2), are the ones that resulted among the little diffused at present. These constitute a highly valuable collection in the Botanical Garden to maintain the patrimonial legacy for current and future generations. The application of these results is materialized through the talks incorporated into the tours with visitors.
With the objective of determining the response of the production and quality of maize forage inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their association with canavalia, an experiment was carried out at Centro Universitario Municipal of Cumanayagua, in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications: maize + Funneliformis mosseae, maize + F. mosseae + Canavalia ensiformis, maize + C. ensiformis, maize + NPK and maize on grayish brown soil. Polyethylene bags with a capacity of 2 kg of soil were used. At planting, the maize was inoculated with F. mosseae by the seed coating method. Fifteen days after emergence, the canavalia was planted. At 60 days, stem diameter was measured and at 75 days, biomass production and crude protein percentage of maize, canavalia and their association were determined. The highest growth and production of maize was found in the presence of mineral fertilization. Biomass production and gross protein of forage responded positively to mycorrhizal inoculation of maize and the association with canavalia, with the greatest benefits in the application of both practices. In the association forage, biomass and gross protein production increased by 24.6 and 15.03 %, and 29.8 and 23.4 %, respectively, relative to maize forage alone. It was higher when maize was inoculated with mycorrhiza. The inferior performance of coapplication with respect to mineral fertilization suggests the need to supplement it with low doses of fertilizers to optimize its benefits.
The aim of this work was to characterize morphologically, physiologically and molecularly endophytic endospore-forming bacteria associated to Theobroma cacao (cv. Criollo type National) in Quininde canton, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador. The bacteria were characterized from the cultural, morphological and physiological point of view according to methodologies collected in the scientific literature. The confirmation of the identity of the bacteria was made from the sequencing of the gene encoding 16S rRNA. As results, all the strains showed cultural, morphological and physiological characteristics similar to the Bacillus genus. The sequencing confirmed the previous criteria and the main species identified were Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus cereus with 99 % similarity; while other strains did not produce an optimal consensus sequence, remaining as Bacillus sp.
At the beginning of the physiological growth of tobacco plants, there may be competition with weeds for light, moisture and soil nutrients, which slows down the development of the crop, raises management costs and in some cases, causes losses to the farmer. The objective of this work was to determine the persistence of weeds under chemical control before and after the transplantation of tobacco seedlings, for which a study was carried out in Campoalegre (Huila), at a height of 522 masl. A first sampling was carried out using the methodology by linear transects with 180 quadrants of 0.5 x 0.5 m, in 1.9 ha; later the application of herbicides was carried out and after the transplant a second sampling was implemented. Before transplantation, 16 botanical families with 23 species were identified and later 15 families with 19 species, without the presence of new records. Before transplanting, the highest index of importance value was of the Poaceae and the Cyperus rotundus species, but later the greatest value was presented again by the same family, although Rottboellia cochinchinensis stood out. Likewise, previously transplantation, the greatest diversity was of C. rotundus, dominance of Cleome spinosa and uniformity of Spermacoce assurgens. After transplanting, the greatest diversity and dominance was R. cochinchinensis and the greatest uniformity was Kallstroemia maxima. The survival capacity of the weeds is highlighted before a chemical control where only four species of those initially listed stopped appearing.
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with epidemic potential. It is emerging as a public health problem, in tropical and subtropical countries, affecting populations that are more vulnerable. The disease affects different risk groups such as fishermen, mine and drain workers, garbage collectors, personnel working in rice fields and slaughterhouse workers. The objective of the work was to identify potential risk factors for porcine leptospirosis as zoonosis in pig farmers and slaughterhouse workers from the Portoviejo canton, Manabi, Ecuador. A descriptive observational analysis of the influence of climatic variables on the occurrence of human leptospirosis was carried out in the period from January 2014 to December 2017. An epidemiological survey was applied to assess knowledge about the disease and identify potential factors risk in pig farmers and slaughterhouse workers. Human leptospirosis showed a higher occurrence in the rainy season and there was a positive correlation between the occurrence of cases and the climatic parameters, mean temperature and maximum relative humidity. The potential risk factors identified constitute a significant danger alert for pig farmers and slaughterhouse workers exposed to animal reservoirs or environments contaminated with Leptospira.
Plant growth promoting bacteria in plants are a group of different microorganisms that can increase the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. In order to evaluate the agronomic response of the rice crop to inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria, an experiment was carried out in the experimental field "La Maria", belonging to the State Technical University of Quevedo. The seeds were sown in polystyrene trays, 21 days after sowing the seedlings were transplanted to the field at a distance of 0.25 x 0.25 m between plants and rows, respectively. The treatments consist of a control treatment (without bacterial inoculant), inoculation of two bacterial strains at two concentrations (Azotobacter sp. 1x10(3) CFU mL(-1) and 1x10(9) CFU mL(-1); Azospirillum brasilense 1x10(3) CFU mL(-1) and 1x10(9) CFU mL(-1)). Inoculation was carried out before transplantation by immersing the seedlings in the bacterial solutions for 20 min. The variables under study were: plant height, days to flowering, number of grains per spike, weight of 1000 grains and yield. The plants inoculated with Azotobacter sp. 1x10(9) CFU mL-1 were early, obtained the highest plant heights, reached the highest number of grains per spike, weight of 1000 grains and yields.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the bioproducts Ecomic (R) (Mycorrhizae), Azofert F (R) (Rhizobia) and QuitoMax (R) (chitosan) on tomato yield when applied to seeds prior to sowing. Treated seeds were sown in a traditional seedbed under a completely randomized design. Plants were planted at 0.90 m and 0.30 m apart. During the reproductive stage of the crop, the variables number of flowers and number of fruits were counted. At the third harvest, polar diameter, equatorial diameter, fruit mass and yield were evaluated. The bioproducts applied produced variations in the variables evaluated, obtaining the best results when the seeds were embedded with QuitoMax (R), Azofert (R) and Ecomic (R), with a yield of 35 t ha(-1), 30 t ha(-1), 28 t ha(-1), respectively, and 25 t ha(-1) in the control treatment.
The present work evaluates the effect of mineral, organic and biological fertilization on the yield and quality of blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.) fruit, without thorns, at the productive stage. The study was carried out in the municipality of Guacari, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, during the period July-December 2020. For this purpose, 14 treatments were evaluated, distributed in randomized blocks in divided plots, as a result of the combination of fertilization (large plot) and biofertilization (subplot) factors. Yield response, fruit number, fruit diameter, fruit length and total soluble solids were quantified. The combination of organic-mineral fertilization and biofertilizer was the treatment that showed the best results in the different variables evaluated, with monthly yields of 4 527 kg ha(-1), 339 fruits ha(-1), diameter of 1.9 cm, fruit length of 2.5 cm, and total soluble solids of 7.2 degrees Brix.
The productivity of common bean cultivars is highly dependent on seed quality. In the present study, the agronomic response and seed quality with basic category of 13 commercial cultivars of common bean was determined in a carbonated fluffy brown soil. The work was carried out in Placetas municipality, Villa Clara province, between November and March of the 2020-2021 cycle. Agricultural yield and its components were determined, as well as seed quality parameters. The cultivars 'CUFIG 48' and 'BAT-93' presented significantly higher values than the rest of the cultivars in agricultural yield, number of legumes and seeds per plant. Analyses carried out at the Seed Testing and Plant Health Laboratories of Villa Clara province indicated that the seeds of all cultivars meet the quality specifications for the basic category.
The production of fig (Ficus carica L.) in Mexico has become very important in recent years, due to the growing demand in the international market. The state of Morelos stands out as the main fig producer nationwide. The municipalities of Villa de Ayala, Tepalcingo and Axochiapan concentrate the highest productivity, however, serious affectations by some diseases such as rust caused by Cerotelium fici (Butler) Arthur have caused losses in crop yield. The objective of the work was to determine the incidence and severity of this disease, in two periods during the crop cycle. Representative samples with symptoms were taken in commercial plots of three municipalities in the state of Morelos. The incidence of the fungus and its severity were evaluated using a visual estimation scale, during February-March and August-October 2019. Six evaluations were made with weekly frequency during the cycle. The fungus was morphologically identified using taxonomic keys. The presence of C. fici uredospores was confirmed and it was determined that rust was present in both periods, with a higher incidence in the months of February and March (dry period). The municipalities of Villa de Ayala and Axochiapan, had the greatest affectations with 45 to 70 % severity
The current socio-economic changes in Cuba and its territories require essential knowledge management processes at the local level to strengthen agricultural innovation. Knowledge grows over time so it is vital to take advantage of it and transmit it from the multi-stakeholder management platforms (PMG), for this purpose the Agricultural Innovation Systems are encouraged by promoting Local Development in Cuba. In Villa Clara, central province of Cuba, the knowledge management processes promoted by the Local Agricultural Innovation Project (PIAL) have been aimed at identifying the actors and knowledge that are generated in agricultural processes. The present article aims to: Characterize the knowledge management in the PMG in Villa Clara. The participant observation and the survey support the diagnosis in six of the seven municipalities that are part of the PMG of this province. The results reveal gaps that slow down the knowledge management process, the scarce use of innovative, practical and participatory actions for the transmission of knowledge, scarce use of fast and efficient knowledge discussion channels that allow greater interconnection between the PMG actors, in turn ratify PIAL as a dynamic agent of knowledge at the local level.
Agriculture during COVID-19 has been affected internationally, affecting food security. This article presents how COVID-19 has impacted on the system that makes up the activity of agriculture, this being the main source of food that supplies the population, generating income for small farmers and their families, which contribute to food security of the different countries of the world. The present study is a descriptive systematic review, based on theoretical contributions, the objective was to analyze the current situation of agriculture in relation to COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology consisted in the compilation of scientific articles and official publications in the public domain of academic, technological, scientific and governmental institutions. The results focused on: the impacts of COVID-19 on agriculture, concern for food security, social impacts on agriculture, and government commitment. Finally, it is considered that COVID-19 would generate impacts on agriculture and food security, this would bring a food crisis, and it is still rash to affirm the above because the pandemic has not yet ended.
The quality of coffee seedlings obtained in nurseries is a determining factor in the achievement of highly productive plantations. Was carried out an experiment in Tope de Collantes, with the objective to evaluate the effect of FitoMas-E and two proportions of organic matter in the substrate on the growth of coffee seedlings in the nursery stage. Was evaluated the effectiveness of four dose concentrations of FitoMas-E (0, 2, 4 and 6 ml L-1), and two soil proportions - organic matter (bovine manure) in the substrate (3:1 and 5:1), about the growth of the seedlings, with an experimental design totally randomized with bifactorial arrangement. The height of the plant, diameter of the shaft, foliar area and total dry mass of the seedlings to the were evaluated seven months after seeds were set down. The results evidence that the application of FitoMas-E it influences positively in the growth of the coffee seedlings, with increments of their efficiency, in the measure that the doses are increased independently of the conformation of the substrate. The dose of 6 ml L-1 was the most efficient and it was evidenced that with the application of the bioprepared it is possible to diminish the levels of organic matter in the substrate, without affecting the quality of the coffee seedling.
The use of adequate plant densities can be a key and important factor to increasing rice productivity (Oryza sativa L.). Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of four population densities (DP) on the growth and agricultural production of rice. The INCA-LP-5 cultivar was managed between April and August 2016. The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, with four population densities (250,000, 350,000, 450,000 and 550,000 plants ha(-1)) and five replications. The effects of the PD were verified by observing the following parameters: evaluated the following indicators, plant height (cm), tiller number per hill, number of panicles per m(2), number of grains per panicle, panicle length (cm), 1000 grains weight (g) and grain yield (t ha(-1)). The results indicated that the DP of 450,000 plant ha(-1) showed the best results in rice productivity. These results were possible because the DP of 450,000 plants ha(-1) increased the morphological and productive parameters in relation to the other densities studied. The findings of this study indicated that the use of optimal plant densities plays a fundamental role in the growth and productivity of rice, which leads to a sustainable development of the crop.
The objective of this work was to analyze the scientific production obtained by the research and specialist of South West Sugarcane Research Center during the period 2010-2017, through the use of bibliometrics indicators of production, collaboration, and consumption. The database in the evaluated period were analyzed 127 articles and 1432 bibliographical references, in this stage an average of 16 articles were published per year, with a predominance of the Spanish language in 96.85 % of the publications. The 1.8 % were large producers with a productivity overall index of 2.1. The references used in the articles presented a Price index of 23.5 with a decreasing trend.
This research article proposes the use of aloe gel as an adjunct in the control of weeds: Baccharis medullosa, Melochia villosa, Morphospecies, Mimosa pudica, and Cyperus rotundus sampled in the establishment of Brachiaria decumbens grass. This study was conducted in the municipality of Yopal Casanare, Colombia. A randomized block design was used, with 3 repetitions; the treatments had glyphosate concentrations T1:0.3 ml/L, T2: 0.5 ml/L and T3: 0.7 ml/L. The data were analyzed and statistically processed, normality tests were performed, Anova, Levene's and Tukey's test, by days of observation. It was determined that, in most of the species to be evaluated, the best treatment was T3, which contained a concentration of 0.7 ml/L of aloe gel as an adjuvant.
