Fathali Akhundzade emerged as a preeminent figure among Muslim intellectuals and modernists of the nineteenth century, whose intellectual legacy profoundly impacted societies in Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkey. For the first time, he proposed various concepts and ideas, including Islamic Protestantism, alphabet reform and modern education, as well as nationalism, ideas that are still controversial. Among his ideas, those regarding religion and patriotism have been more controversial than others, so that many scholars have offered conflicting interpretations of his ideas. For example, many in Iran consider him the founder of Persian nationalism, while others primarily in Azerbaijan and Turkey portray him as one of the earliest Turkic nationalists. This is largely due to a selective examination of his works. This article applies the conceptual history approach to focus on Akhundzade's ideas on nation, nationalism, and patriotism and by examining all his works, it challenges claims that he is the founder of Persian (sometimes Turkish) nationalism. The mentioned method analyses the content by focusing on the central concepts within the content and considering the social context surrounding the text and idea. According to the findings of the research, although some of his thoughts about pre-Islamic Iran allow a nationalist interpretation of him, he is not looking for a single-ethnic modern nationalism, but a pluralistic patriotism. Furthermore, his fundamental issue is the application of western modernity to offset the backwardness of Muslims. Patriotism is also one of the components of this modernity and Akhundzade proposes it for all the "peoples" of the "Islamic nation".
Starting from the beginning of the 19th century, Azerbaijan became the battlefield of two great powers, Russia and the Qajar Empire. After 30 years of intermittent war, the territory of Azerbaijan was occupied and divided by these two states. The Russo-Iranian war also resulted in the division of the historical territory of Azerbaijan into two parts. As the result, the concepts of North and South Azerbaijan were created. Since 1828, eleven Azerbaijani khanates located in the south of the Aras River fell under Qajar rule. However, in spite of this, in the 80 years of their existence, these khanates implemented an independent internal and foreign policy and had political weight in the region. The economic, political and cultural life of the khanates has been the subject of research at different times. Various sources, including foreign ones, were used in these studies. Russian sources stand out among these sources. Thus, a valuable document base has been collected in the archives of the Russian Empire, which began military expansion in the region from the beginning of the 18th century. Among these archives, the Russian state military-historical archive stands out. Since the archive specializes in the protection of military documents, the documents of military operations carried out by Russia in the Caucasus are preserved here. Documents also contain information about the Southern khanates of Azerbaijan. This information is mainly about the political, economic, geographical, cultural and social life of the khanates. The article is dedicated to researching the history of Southern khanates based on these materials.
Entrepreneurship, which means taking action to do something, is becoming more and more important in the field of Social Sciences every day. There is a need for individuals who are willing to take opportunities, responsible for what they do, able to take risks, and do not hesitate to add new perspectives to the field. This study examines the entrepreneurship levels of the students studying in the department of Translation and Interpreting at Sel & ccedil;uk University in terms of personal and social variables. The personal and social variables taken into consideration in this study give an insight about what a successful translator-to-be and/or an interpreter-to-be should be like. The research is conducted by taking into consideration the junior and senior students of the department. In order to examine the entrepreneurship levels of the students, a 51-item measurement tool named "Entrepreneurship Scale for Students of Foreign Languages" is used, and some additional information about the students' personal and social characteristics are collected in the research. The study finds that there is no significant difference in the entrepreneurship levels of the students studying in the department of translation and interpreting at Sel & ccedil;uk University when other variables are taken into account, except for the gender variable. When the gender variable is analyzed, it is noteworthy that a significant difference in entrepreneurship levels has been detected between male and female students: female students are more entrepreneurial than male students. The reason why female students are more entrepreneurial than male students may be related to the fact that women tend to be more intuitive and self-regulated, which are still found to be some of the most important factors for university students' entrepreneurial activities.
This study examines the English and Turkish subtitles of the German Netflix film Was Wir Wollten based on its dubbed version. In the film, main characters Alice and Niklas speak German, a distinct dialect, with her husband Romed and their children. To highlight cultural contrasts between the families, Saran Digital Studios, responsible for the Turkish subtitles and dubbing, made a notable localization decision: they replaced South Tyrolean German with Aegean Turkish in the dubbed version. According to interviews with Saran Digital Studios and Netflix officials, various Turkish dialects, including the Black Sea accent, were considered before finalizing the dubbing by the officials. The Aegean dialect was, however, chosen for its comprehensibility, as many Turkish viewers might be unfamiliar with regional dialects. As known, the Aegean dialect is closely associated with comedy in T & uuml;rkiye, potentially creating a mismatch since Was Wir Wollten is a drama. This study explores how these localization choices affect Turkish audiences' interpretation of the film's themes. It investigates whether the use of the Aegean dialect leads viewers to perceive the drama as comedic, how effectively the film's message is conveyed in Turkish dubbing, and whether Eastern or Southeastern dialects might have better preserved the original dramatic tone providing that they were chosen by the officials. The research aims to contribute to audiovisual translation studies, examining the role of dialects in localization and audience reception.
The effectiveness of satirical political cartoons, especially in times of strict censorship, may be explained through their use of linguistic quips that complement the brevity and immediacy of the visual medium well. Several techniques within linguistic quips may be understood through the theories of Henri Bergson and Arthur Koestler that are drawn upon in this paper. However, it is through an analysis of the subjects and objects of these linguistic quips that we understand the subversive nature of the laughter produced through these quips. Linguistic quips, in addition to providing at least a minor, though inconsistent, protection from censorious authorities play a more vital role of exposing social and political hierarchies of power in the society. This paper locates the subversive potential of political cartoons and specifically of linguistic quips in exposing these hierarchies. The subversive laughter with its pin-pointed target, often asks for the participation of the readers/viewers in such a way as to create a space for the degradation of the target and vindication of the participant viewer. This paper demonstrates these ideas through an exploration of the cartoons of Abu Abraham during the Emergency Years in India (1975-77) when major restrictions were imposed on the freedom of the press by the government. In doing so, the paper tangentially comments on the role that satirical political cartoons play in the public sphere.
Due to the use of energy in regions and regionalism contexts began in the 20th century, the concept of energy regionalism has emerged as a new and significant field of study. This paper, which analyses the SCO established on an energy region in the post-Cold War period within the context of energy regionalism, will theoretically contribute to the literature by both theoretically explaining the concept of energy regionalism through utilising different evaluations of the concept and examining the SCO as a pioneering case in the energy regionalism context. The paper hypotheses that energy issues constitute the most significant agenda among the partners of the SCO and that an energy region has been established through the agency of the organisation. In this paper, the SCO has been analysed within the context of energy regionalism based on Hancock's three criteria: driving forces, institutional structuring, and the effects of the decisions made and the activities carried out on energy regionalism. The analysis concludes that the SCO can be considered a comprehensive model of energy regionalism within the aforementioned three criteria.
This study examined the mediating role of the sense of coherence in the relationship between positive childhood experiences and alexithymia. The research was conducted with a total of 507 participants, including 259 women and 248 men aged over 18, selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Positive Childhood Experiences Scale, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Sense of Coherence Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25 and the PROCESS macro. The results indicated that positive childhood experiences significantly and positively predicted levels of sense of coherence, while they significantly and negatively predicted alexithymia. Furthermore, the sense of coherence was found to significantly and negatively predict alexithymia. It was also found that the sense of coherence mediated the relationship between positive childhood experiences and alexithymia.
Considering its geographical location, strategic importance, and geopolitical depth, Türkiye’s NATO membership plays a significant role in current regional and international developments. Besides, Türkiye's military and economic strength, trained human resources, geographical location, and extensive maritime and land borders represent a strategic potential to contribute to NATO's efforts in maintaining regional security and stability. Nevertheless, Türkiye’s membership in NATO is discussed by some allied countries. Türkiye's national security policies are also not always in line with other NATO member countries. This causes relations to fluctuate. The course of relations also influences Turkish public perceptions of NATO's organizational image. The primary purpose of this research is to disclose how NATO has an image in Turkish society as an intergovernmental military alliance. Since quantitative data are taken as the basis of the research, a questionnaire was employed as a data collection method. For the research, 1436 participants from different regions of Türkiye were accessed via a simple random sampling method. Based on the findings obtained as a result of the research, it is apparent that a large part of the participants does not have a clear view regarding NATO. In terms of demographic data, it was understood that female, single, 18-25 years of age and student-weighted participants had higher positive, negative, andgeneral NATO perceptions than the others. Besides, it was observed that the group thatperceived NATO as the most negative educational situation was those who had graduatedfrom elementary school. As a result, about half of the participants believe that Türkiye shouldremain in the NATO, but in the event of any war, NATO will leave Türkiye alone. Thissituation indicates that NATO membership is strategically crucial, but it also gives theimpression that the Turkish people are worried about trust. According to the findings of thestudy, the majority of the participants consider the USA as the main threat against Türkiye,on the other hand Azerbaijan is regarded as Türkiye's most important partner and friend inthe international arena.
This article provides a comparative analysis of the foreign policies of T & uuml;rkiye, Germany, and Iran with regard to the changing global political landscape. While all three countries have endeavored to safeguard their national interests through a balance of power strategy, T & uuml;rkiye has emerged as a more assertive actor in this regard. T & uuml;rkiye has benefited from the rising influence of Asia and growing competition with the West, while Iran has faced challenges from US sanctions and Germany's balance of power approach has been tested by the conflict in Ukraine. Utilizing economic, foreign policy, and military spending data, this article elucidates how these actors respond to global shifts to carve their independent spheres. Ultimately, the article posits that T & uuml;rkiye has made greater strides in expanding the scope of its foreign policy compared to Germany and Iran over the past two decades
Human's destructive behaviors toward the environment also harm animals. Fyodor Abramov's story, “ What Do The Horses Cry About” focuses on this issue. While this story reflects the world through the eyes of an animal, it reveals people's changing behaviors towards animals. The study tries to read the changing attitude of man toward nature in the modern age on the axis of Fyodor Abramov's story called “What Do The Horses Cry About”. On the other hand, it tries to understand how the relationship between the human and other living things has penetrated the fiction of the story. It shall be emphasized that transformation of nature by humans according to their wishes threatens the existence of the whole planet; and for a habitable world separation between human and non-human must be ended. Thus, the study aims to direct people to ecocriticism and contribute to growing more environmentally conscious individuals for a planet where ecological balance prevails. The first condition of a sustainable environment is human education. The people we will raise will shape the environment in which we will live in the future.
The study assessed the needs of diploma theology students' English language sub-skills and tasks in their academic and professional areas. The study is a descriptive survey that makes use of a mixed method approach. The data were collected using a questionnaire, interview, and content analysis. The participants of the study were first and second year diploma theology students, the former theology students, theology instructors, and EFL teachers. Additionally, one unit of the teaching material contents were evaluated using the checklist. For the evaluation of the unit, the researcher prepared checklists which were adapted from the literature and gave them to the two coders. Then, based on that, they evaluated the sample unit. In this line, the researcher collected quantitative data using a questionnaire and coding form, and he collected qualitative data using interviews. The data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The study indicated that the most needed sub-skills for theology students were identified according to their order of importance: speaking (1.284), listening (1.494), reading (1.95), writing (2.191), vocabulary (2.23), and grammar (2.513). Based on the findings, the ELT materials hardly meet the needs and interests of diploma theology students. Finally, the researcher recommended that the teaching material has to be revised as it lacks the sub-skills that are perceived by diploma theology students as the most needed.
Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Volume 27 No 2 2024,84-99 © Khazar University Press 2024 DOI: 10.5782/2223-2621.2024.27.2.84 84 Exceptionality of Space: Sexual Violence in “The Camp. A Little Girl from Karabakh” by Gunel Movlud Eva LennartzNazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstaneva.lennartz@nu.edu.kzAbstractIn the autobiographical novel “The Camp. A Little Girl from Karabakh” the Azerbaijani author Gunel Movlud describes her experiences of living in a refugee camp in the Sabirabad region of Azerbaijan. Movlud was forced to flee her home town in the Nagorno-Karabakh region during the First Karabakh War (1988-1994). For five years, she lived in the tent camp. In the novel, Movlud describes the hardships of the life in the camp and different characters from her personal perspective. What is striking from her observations is the amount of sexual violence apparent in the camp and the seemingly tacit acceptance of the camp inhabitants. This paper seeks to find a theoretical explanation for the violence encountered in the camp. The analysis is based on the novel itself as well as an interview conducted with the author. It is found that Agamben’s ideaof the exceptionality of space and Bourdieu’s notion of symbolic violence can help explain the violence encountered in the camp. In the author’s view it was women in the end who appeared stronger than men and who held the social fabric of the camp together.
The recent regional events and the geopolitical consequences of the Russo-Ukrainian war have had a profound impact on the dynamics among Türkiye, Azerbaijan, and the Central Asian Turkic states (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan). This shifting geopolitical landscape has been the catalyst of collaboration and integration for these countries under the Organization of Turkic States (OTS), an intergovernmental organization that aims to foster cooperation among Turkic-speaking nations. Being established in 2009, this emerging bloc has pursued a relatively low-profile policy on geopolitical issues in the past decade. However, after years of relatively little activity, things have started to change drastically due to the global situation that is being shaped by wider geopolitical factors. The OTS steadily began to pursue a more ambitious agenda and eventually helped bolster relations and stimulate regional socio-economic development efforts during the last four years, focusing on building stronger regional cooperation through ethnocultural links. The article examines how the Turkic alliance has stimulated functional cooperation through the facilitation of trade, investment, and economic cooperation among its members and observer states.
The issue of the projection of the desire and fear model in literature is analyzed from different perspectives in this research. Desire and fear along with forming a dichotomy together, complement each other. Sometimes the feeling of fear turns into a barrier in front of the feeling of desire, whereas, the feeling of fear sometimes saves him (her) from taking some wrong steps. Humans are born as biological beings, but they are formed as social beings. Each person is formed through the relationship between the individual and society; he acts taking into account the stereotypes of the society - the public opinion. This, very fact, forms the balance of desire and fear within each person. When the balance of desire and fear is disturbed, it sometimes leads to tragedy for the individual. In the analysis of a work of art, the psychological basis of the tragedy is called post-traumatic syndrome.One of the ways to determine the character of images in literature is the model of desire and fear. Throughout the work, as a result of the desires and fears of the characters, taking wrong and right steps, the reader forms an opinion about whether they are positive or negative characters. The main focus of the prose works of Ramiz Rovshan and Isa Huseynov, which we have chosen for research, is the human and his psychological state against the background of war, and the existence of this state was revealed in the archetype model of desire and fear. We analyze this existence with deixis theory as a research method.
People do not use humour just for the sake of entertainment, it is a part of everyday communication and information processing system. Since it touches many areas of human life, translators will be tasked with translating jokes at the end of the day. However, translating a joke is not a simple task. Maintaining the spirit of jokes requires translator’s proper and special skills. The main purpose of the paper is to identify which kinds of jokes are translatable or untranslatable from English into Azerbaijani. The researchers made an attempt to classify jokes according to their translatability extent and translation difficulties. Theoretical information is supported by practical examples. The study reveals that jokes that present unique perspectives can be easily translated; however, the ones that are based on linguistic ambiguity, namely lexical-semantic, structural-syntactic and phonological ambiguity pose essential difficulties for the translator.
Along with its own component of the plot, the symbol can be considered as one of the active components in its construction, development and illuminating (clearing). The symbol, which initially acts as an image, realizes the dynamic development of the artistic text, the process of bringing the language components together and realizing the idea. In the article, the role of the symbol, which has a multifaceted and complex function within the plot, in the construction of the literary text, in revealing thoughts and ideas, and the author’s object and purpose is considered. At the same time, image-symbol relations, the function of the symbol in the literary text, and its relationship with other poetic categories are widely studied and analyzed.The artistic text manifests not only its poetic aspects, but also the historical and social conditions and the demands of the time. A symbol, as an artistic system, can be changed and get renewed from time to time in terms of idea-artistic vision in relation to time. In this, the symbolic function is performed by various means. One of the main means of determining the dynamic development in the process of establishing plot-symbol relations in a literary text is natural manifestations, events and objects. They are symbolized within the text; the construction of the plot allows the author’s position and idea to be revealed.In the research work, diverse function of the symbol in the formation of the plot is followed by referring to many theories and concepts, and based on the application of the scientific-theoretical literature available in this field to the artistic material, the main leading function of the symbol in the artistic text is revealed.In the article, with reference to the theoretical views of scientists V.F.Hegel, A.F. Losev, A. Potebnya, Y. M. Lotman, A.Auer, A. Avarentsev, A.V.Korpenko, P.D.Minichkin and others, analyzes are conducted by applying comparative-analysis, generalization research methods, and finally our thoughts and opinions are summarized.
This paper examines the role of climate and disease as a major factor resulting in disruption and upheaval in the Turkic world in the 14th-15th centuries. The first issue the paper addresses is the beginning of the climatic downturn in circa 1280, which will ultimately culminate in the Little Ice Age of the late 15th-18th centuries. The paper cites recent work on the role of climate in the history of Iran. While the author has explored this issue in detail for the history of the Golden Horde, the impact of climate change on Iran in the 14th-15th centuries is a topic which has yet to be investigated adequately by historians. More importantly, climate change is associated with the spread of the Black Death, both in the original point of its spread and especially in the lower Volga River delta. The paper addresses the role of the Black Death (1346- ) as a disruptive factor in the history of the Golden Horde and the Chağatay Khanate. Citing recent research, it also considers legacy of the Black Death in the political, socio-economic, and cultural history of the Il-Khanate and what it meant for the rise of the Aqqoyunlu state. In the Golden Horde, Central Asia, and the Ottoman Empire, the Black Death led to a decline or disappearance in the earlier Islamic Turkic literary language. The earlier archair literary language was replaced by a newer literary language closer to the vernacular or spoken language of the people. There is also evidence of cultural responses to plague written in the new language.
Some of the Turkmen polities that arose in the wake of the waning Chinggisid power in Western Asia sought legitimation by emphasizing their connections with the myths and traditions of Oghuz Khan, perhaps in emulation of the powerful ascriptive claims of the Chinggisid Golden Family (Altan Urūgh) itself. This was particularly true of such groupings (ulūs) as the Qarāquyūnlū and Āqquyūnlū. The latter, the Āqquyūnlū, framed an elaborate genealogy in which they claimed to belong to the lineage of Bāyandur Khan, who was, according to some historians, a grandson of Oghuz Khan and whose descendants were distinguished by specific designs or brands (tamghā). The Āqquyūnlū or Bāyanduriya rulers utilized these designs on coinage, documents, architectural monuments, and banners in appealing to these Oghuz traditions. In doing so, they seemed to have been primarily concerned with competition with their Turkmen rivals. Figure 1 shows the use of the Bāyandur tamghā on a coin of Ūzūn Ḥasan’s Grandfather Qarā ʿUsmān (ruled 780-839/1378-1435); Figure 2, the heading of a document issued by the chancellery of Ūzūn Ḥasan and dated 876/1471.The rise of Tīmūr and the evolution of the Timurid polity in Transoxiana and Khurasan had a significant impact not only on the balance of military and political power throughout Western Asia and the Caucasus region, but also exerted a strong influence on the manner in which later state formations fashioned structures of political legitimacy. Some of these notions, while not originating with Tīmūr and his successors, nevertheless gained great importance as a result of Tīmūr’s conquests and his legacy as it took shape under his son Shāhrukh. As noted by Christopher Markiewicz in the quotation at the beginning of this essay, Ṣāḥib-Qirān and Mujaddidare two of the most important concepts that became increasingly common in the political and religio-political discourse of the ninth-tenth/fifteenth-sixteenth centuries. Both terms will now be discussed in connection with the career of Ūzūn Ḥasan Bāyandur.
Islamic architecture consists of religion, politics, philosophy, and aesthetics. The religious expression of symbols in Islamic architecture is also extremely important in architecture. These religious symbols, which are used in palace buildings and generally in administrative places in the Islamic world, are shaped depending on the function of the buildings. In this period, the palace complexes were considered to be the most important structures representing state politics and economy. In this study, the purposes and methods of use of religious symbols used in many palace complexes of Islamic architecture were investigated. While investigating the main source and usage rules of these symbols in palace architecture, the Quran, which is the foundation of Islam, was examined and the dependence of these symbols on numbers was tried to be revealed with examples.
Each year, Azerbaijani universities strive to attract the best candidates for graduate degrees within the academic hierarchy. Since 2005, one-third of undergraduates have been applying for master's programs. The admission decisions primarily depend on the State Examination Center exam scores. This quantitative research mainly discusses the predictors of graduate university admission based on numerous factors using multiple linear regression. This study statistically measured four independent variables to predict university graduate admission scores in 2021 (GAS21). Significant differences were found between the average graduate admission scores of 2021 and those of 2020 (GAS20) and the percentage of students who scored >86%. There was no evidence of a connection between graduate and undergraduate admission scores and undergraduate enrollment. There is a need for more theoretical and descriptive studies to verify whether universities/institutions lose their prestige after the undergraduate degree.
