In a context of growing interest in optimizing agricultural resources for animal feed, a study was conducted on flours derived from the aerial part of two varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) grown in Sucre, Colombia. Despite the abundance of studies on the use of cassava tuber in animal nutrition, there is a gap in research on the nutritional utilization of its vegetable by-products, especially about the meals obtained from its leaves, petiole, and stem. The research focused on the proximal and elemental characterization of these flours (Manihot esculenta Crantz) following the international standard NREL TP-510-42620 with some modifications. Both analyses were carried out according to AOAC, 2012 standards to determine the possible routes of utilization of these residues, which are mostly generated at the tuber harvesting stage. The results showed that the meals could be used supplements and ingredients for products used in ruminant feed, because they have higher levels of protein, fiber, fat, ash, and essential minerals compared to unmodified fresh forage and comparable to soybean, corn, and wheat meal commonly used in animal feed, suggesting that this proximal composition resembles supplements with nutritional qualities that are used to correct and meet the nutritional requirements of these animals at different times of the year, especially in drought seasons.
The United Nations General Assembly declared 2013 as the "International Year of Quinoa", generating a peak in international demand, which seems to have been diluted. It is timely to investigate what the performance of this value chain has been ten years after the event that started the boom in this demand. The objective of this paper is to analyze the recent evolution of the quinoa value chain produced in Argentina in order to identify its main challenges and opportunities, using a qualitative methodology based on documentary sources (15) and interviews with key informants (9). The data analysis was carried out following the global value chains approach that includes six categories: input and output structure, geographic scope, governance, upgrading, institutional context and stakeholders. The results show that some of the objectives related to seed development and certification have been achieved, but challenges associated with the substitution of imported quinoa and commercialization beyond the local market remain. This research reinforces the idea that the most appropriate path for expanding quinoa production in Argentina comes from the expansion of the crop into traditionally agricultural areas, and the continuity and reinforcement of smallerscale primary production.
The cultivation of P. lunatus L. "pallar mochero" was carried out since ancient times in ancient Peru, due to its high nutritional contribution and rusticity. However, the lack of knowledge of the current population and the lack of dissemination have contributed to its cultivation being relegated to small micro plots. Given this scenario, the research objective of this systematic review was to reevaluate the knowledge and use of P. lunatus L. ecotype "pallar mochero". To do this, information was collected from repositories, indexed journals, theses and web portals, because knowledge of the aforementioned species is scarce. At the same time, information related to its ceremonial and/or magical-religious use, information regarding its cultivation, phenology, consumption and in vitro propagation was collected. Regarding its cultivation, P. lunatus has a vegetative cycle of 179 days, under conditions of 20.4 +/- 3 degrees C temperature and 81 %.5 +/- 8 % relative humidity. Throughout the vegetative cycle, the presence of: Bemicia tabaci, Empoasca kraemeri, Liriomyza sativae, Tetranychus urticae and Omiodes indicata is reported. Regarding consumption, the seeds are usually consumed in stews, after soaking and removing the shell. On the other hand, for its establishment in vitro, the use of MS (1962) is sufficient, as it is a non-demanding culture. It is concluded that P. lunatus is a potential resource from a nutritional, historical and agronomic point of view; therefore, its revaluation and insertion into the production chain will depend on further studies, designation of origin and greater dissemination at the national and international level.
El cultivo de Phaseolus lunatus L., “pallar mochero”, se realiza desde tiempos ancestrales en Perú, debido a su alto aporte nutricional y rusticidad, sin embargo, el desconocimiento por parte de la población actual y la falta de difusión de información han contribuido a que su cultivo sea relegado a pequeñas microparcelas. Ante este escenario, se propuso como objetivo de investigación de esta revisión sistemática, revalorar el conocimiento y uso de P. lunatus L., ecotipo “pallar mochero”. Para ello, se recabó información de repositorios, revistas indexadas, tesis y portales web, debido a que su información es escasa. Al tiempo, se recopiló información sobre su uso ceremonial o mágico-religioso, su cultivo, fenología, consumo y propagación in vitro. En lo que respecta a su cultivo, P. lunatus tiene un ciclo vegetativo de 179 días, bajo condiciones de 20,4 ± 3 °C de temperatura y 81,5 ± 8 % de humedad relativa. A lo largo del ciclo vegetativo, se reporta la presencia de: Bemicia tabaci, Empoasca kraemeri, Liriomyza sativae, Tetranychus urticae y Omiodes indicata. Respecto a su consumo, las semillas suelen ser preparadas en guisados, previo remojo y eliminación de la cáscara. Por otro lado, para su establecimiento in vitro, basta el empleo de medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog (ms) (1962), por ser un cultivo no exigente. Se concluye que P. lunatus es un recurso potencial desde el punto de vista nutricional, histórico y agronómico, por tanto, su revaloración e inserción a la cadena productiva dependerá de mayores estudios, denominación de origen y mayor difusión en el ámbito nacional e internacional.
Calicophoron microbothrioides is a relatively new trematode species reported in domestic ruminants in the Cajamarca Valley (Peru). This species poses a significant endemic risk to domestic ruminants in the local livestock; however, histopathological aspects of the infection remain understudied. This study aims to describe the histological ruminal lesions induced by C. microbothrioides in naturally infected Holstein cows. Ten cows were sampled, collecting 1 cm³ of rumen tissue from affected areas (rough areas without ruminal papillae) in positive cases during post-mortem inspections. Control samples were taken from the rumen tissue of cows not infected with C. microbothrioides. The samples were processed using the paraffin embedding technique and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The rumen flukes exhibited a pink and shiny color, with a curved conical shape (concave ventral region), and the anterior section slimmer than the posterior one (length 5.45 ± 2.50 mm and width 2.8 ± 0.58 mm). Histology revealed cellular degeneration, inflammation, and tissue necrosis in all affected animals. These findings highlight the impact of C. microbothrioides infection in adult cows, leading to marked histopathological alterations in the rumen wall. Given the importance of these results, there is a need for further studies on this parasite, considering its potential threat to the health and productivity of local ruminants.
la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas declaró al 2013 como el “Año Internacional de la Quinua”, generando un pico en la demanda internacional que parece haberse diluido. Resulta oportuno indagar cuál ha sido el desempeño de este cultivo a diez años del evento que inició el boom de la demanda. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo ha sido analizar la evolución reciente de la cadena de valor de la quinoa producida en Argentina, para identificar sus principales retos y oportunidades, utilizando una metodología de tipo cualitativa basada en fuentes documentales (15) y entrevistas a informantes clave (9). El análisis de datos se realizó siguiendo el enfoque de cadenas globales de valor, que comprende seis categorías: estructura de entradas y salidas, alcance geográfico, gobernanza, upgrading, contexto institucional y stakeholders. Los resultados muestran que se han alcanzado algunos retos iniciales relacionados al desarrollo y la certificación de semillas, pero aún subsisten los desafíos asociados a la sustitución de quinoa importada y comercialización, más allá del mercado local. Esta investigación refuerza la idea de que la trayectoria más indicada para expandir la producción de quinoa en Argentina viene de la mano de la expansión del cultivo hacia áreas tradicionalmente agrícolas, y la continuidad y el refuerzo de la producción primaria de menor escala.
en un contexto de creciente interés por la optimización de recursos agrícolas para la alimentación animal, se realizó un estudio sobre las harinas derivadas de la parte aérea de dos variedades de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivadas en Sucre, Colombia. A pesar de la abundancia de estudios sobre el uso del tubérculo de yuca en la nutrición animal, existe una brecha en la investigación sobre el aprovechamiento nutricional de sus subproductos vegetales, especialmente en lo que respecta a las harinas obtenidas de sus hojas, peciolo y tallo. La investigación se enfocó en la caracterización proximal y elemental de estas harinas (Manihot esculenta Crantz), siguiendo la norma internacional NREL TP-510-42620 con algunas modificaciones. Ambos análisis se realizaron de acuerdo con lo señalado en las normas AOAC International y Latimer de 2012, para determinar las posibles rutas de aprovechamiento de estos residuos, que se generan principalmente en la etapa de cosecha del tubérculo. Los resultados mostraron que las harinas de hojas, peciolo y tallo de las dos variedades podrían ser empleadas como suplementos e ingredientes para productos utilizados en la alimentación de rumiantes, debido a que poseen niveles de proteína, fibra, grasa, ceniza y minerales esenciales más altos en comparación con el forraje fresco sin modificar y comparables con harinas de soya, maíz y trigo, utilizadas comúnmente en alimentación animal, por lo que se sugiere que esta composición proximal se asemeja a suplementos con cualidades nutricionales que se emplean para corregir y satisfacer los requerimientos alimenticios de estos animales en diferentes épocas del año, especialmente en temporadas de sequía.
Coffee is one of the products in the world market that is traded based on the quality of the bean, and its physical and organoleptic characteristics. In Peru, one of the production areas is in the Leoncio Prado province of the Hu & aacute;nuco region. There is little information on the cup quality and antioxidant properties of Typica and Bourbon coffee subjected to different degrees of roasting. The objectives were to evaluate the effect of different degrees of roasting on the Typica and Bourbon coffee varieties, to determine the total polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS+), and to evaluate the quality of the coffee cup using the method reported by the Coffee Quality Institute. The green gold coffee samples were subjected to light, medium, and dark roasting. The statistical design was a 2<^>3 factorial, as well as quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the light roast in Typica and Bourbon coffees offered the highest total polyphenol content with 4.13 +/- 0.03 and 4.13 +/- 0.01 g AGE/100g and antioxidant activity against the DPPH radical (IC50 155.66 +/- 3.4 mu g/mL and 170.41 +/- 1.06 mu g/mL) and ABTS+ with 53.19 +/- 0.16 mu g/mL and 43.17 +/- 0.57 mu g/mL, while the Typica variety with light roast and the Bourbon variety with light and medium roasts offered the best sensory characteristics. The different degrees of roasting in coffee caused sensory changes, as well as variations in the content of active compounds. The light degree of roasting offers a greater quantity of active ingredients in the coffee that could be used by consumers.
Disinfection and callus induction in forest species is essential to improve genetic production. Although multiple methods exist, their application in forest plants requires further research. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of disinfection, leaf development and phytohormones on callus induction in Simarouba amara. The study was structured in two experiments. In the first experiment, the efficacy of leaflet disinfection was evaluated using a completely randomized design with three sodium hypochlorite treatments (0 %, 0.25 % and 0.5 %). The second experiment, focused on callus induction, was developed under a 3 x 6 factorial design, which included three stages of leaf development (young, intermediate and mature) and six combinations of phytohormones (BAP, TDZ, 2,4-D, BAP+TDZ, BAP+2,4-D, TDZ+2,4-D, all at 1 mg/L). The main results showed that 0.25 % sodium hypochlorite achieved 88.9 % asepsis, with a lower percentage of oxidation (17 %). It was observed that, combinations of BAP+2,4-D and TDZ+2,4-D promoted higher callus formation, increased callus area and fresh and dry matter production, especially in segments of intermediate leaf development stage. This study highlights the importance of adjusting disinfectant and phytohormones according to leaf development stage for successful callus induction in Simarouba amara.
Stayability (STAY) is defined as the probability of the cow surviving to a specific age, given the opportunity to reach that age. In Mexico, there are no current studies on STAY in dairy cattle under subtropical conditions. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the genetic and environmental factors that can affect STAY in Holstein, Brown Swiss cattle and their reciprocal crosses. The study was conducted with information collected at Las Margaritas experimental site (INIFAP, Puebla). The stayability traits analyzed were: The probability that the females had one (PP1L), two (PP2L), three (PP3L), four (PP4L) and five (PP5L) lactations given that they had a first calving. For the statistical analysis of the data, a generalized linear model was used, assuming a binomial distribution with a probit link function. Each model included the fixed effects of sire breed, dam breed, year and season of birth, and the sire x dam breed interaction. The environmental effects were not statistically significant, except for year of birth for PP3L and PP4L. The sire x dam breed interaction was significant for PP3L, PP4L, and PP5L. Both the pure cows and the crosses had a similar stayability for the second and third lactation. On the other hand, for PP4L and PP5L, the reciprocal crosses had abetter performance, which indicated a greater permanence in the herd as the number of lactations advanced. For future studies, it is recommended to include other dairy genotypes, as well as to estimate the additive and non-additive genetic components of STAY in order to determine if the implementation of crossbreeding systems is a feasible alternative to increase the permanence of cows to successive lactations.
Whey is the most abundant byproduct of the dairy industry and possesses high nutritional value, allowing it to be used as a raw material in producing food products. On the other hand, fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with their prebiotic action and acerola pulp as the main source of vitamin C can have beneficial effects on human health. This study aims to use whey to produce a refreshing beverage with fructooligosaccharides and acerola pulp (Malpighia emarginata D.C). A D-Optimal mixture design was employed, where whey (60 %70 %), acerola pulp (5 %-30 %), and FOS syrup (5 %-15%) were defined as independent variables, while the guar gum dosage (0.1 %) remained constant. Sixteen formulations were tested, with acceptability and stability as response variables. The optimized formulation proposed by the model consisted of 67.9 % whey, 20 % acerola pulp, and 12 % FOS syrup. The results of the physicochemical analysis of the beverage were within the ranges reported by other researchers. At the same time, the sensory characterization was conducted with eight trained tasters, who rated the attributes of homogeneity, color, smell, acerola flavor, and sweetness as "moderate". In contrast, viscosity and sour taste were rated as "light," and the overall quality was classified as "good." Population acceptance evaluation with 100 consumers yielded an 80 % approval rate.
The use of reproductive biotechnologies in breeding and breeding programs is aimed at obtaining superior products in terms of product characteristics. The reproductive performance of 134 cows subjected to synchronization of estrus for artificial insemination at fixed time was compared; without supplementation (T1) or with supplementation (T2) with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from 15 days priori to the start of the protocol until day 75. The following protocol of synchronization was used: day 0: estradiol benzoate with intravaginal progesterone device; day 8:removal of the device and cloprostenol; day 10:artificial insemination at fixed time and application of human chorionic gonadotropin. After insemination the cows remained with a bull. A completely randomized model was used, and the Tukey test (P < 0.05) was used to interpret the means. There was a significant difference in the size of the preovulatory follicle size (P < 0.0018), and the corpus luteum size (P < 0.007) for supplemented cows. The pregnancy rate to fixed-time insemination for T1: 34.84 %; T2: 46.26 %, being 11.42 % higher for T2 (P < 0.05). Bull pregnancy rate T1: 37.86%; T2: 25.44 % was 12.42 % higher for T1 (P < 0.05), with no difference between treatments (P > 0.05) for total pregnancy rate. Calf weight gain during the experimental period favoured the supplemented calves (T1: 19.6 kg; T2: 33.07 kg). Supplementation of breeding cows with PUFAs increased pregnancy rates to artificial fixed-time insemination and reduce the interval between births.
The Pseudosamanea guachapele (Kunth) Harms known locally as igua, is an important native species for its use in livestock and agroforest systems. However, the traits of greatest contribution in the characterization of the genetic resources are unknown. Therefore, the phenotypical variability of 97 trees (6.5 year old) of P. guachapele was evaluated by means of 34 morphological descriptors (crown, stem and leaf) at Nataima's plantation of the Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria-AGROSAVIA (El Espinal-Tolima). A principal component analysis and multiple correspondences was performed for the quantitative and qualitative variables respectively to reduce the dimensionality of the data set, complemented with a cluster analysis using the WARD algorithm, which allowed classifying the individuals of P. guachapele into five groups. The most informative variables to individual discrimination were stem straightness, branching and forking height, crown shape and density, bark type, total and crown height, wood volume, diameter at breast height and crown diameter. In the plantation of P. guachapele individuals with potential for timber use, soil conservation and livestock systems (trees in pastures or live fences) were identified. In P. guachapele for the selection of trees for shade, the variables associated with the size of the tree, the diameter and the shape of the crown are useful.
Maize is one of the most planted and consumed cereals worldwide. Environmental conditions are essential in the genotype x environment interaction and its productive potential. During the rainy season of 2016, 2017, and 2018, the agronomic, phytosanitary, productive, and adaptive potential were consecutively evaluated in 18 hybrids of yellow corn in five localities with tropical environments: Lodana, Jipijapa, and Tosagua (Manabi); Mocache (Los Rios); and Zapotillo (Loja). Analysis of variance and comparison of means with Tukey's test (p <0.05) were used to determine the effect of hybrids between and within environments. The parameters of adaptability and stability were estimated using the bi-segmented regression method. Phytosanitary characteristics correlated significantly with productive ones. Likewise, grain yield correlated significantly with cob insertion height, plants harvested per plot, number of cobs harvested, aspect of cob, and rust. The genotype x environment interaction analysis showed a differentiated hybrid response in each environment. Genotype G1 (G.I.2.10-1-1-1xL.I.4) was the best adapted to most localities, showing higher yields than the other materials. In contrast, Genotype G10 (G.I.3.39-3-11xPORT.PHAEO.1AS2.4-1-1-1) was the most responsive to favorable environments. Promising hybrids G1, G2, G3, G5, G7, G9, and G11 could be of interest for favorable environments, while G8 could be explored for unfavorable environments. Jipijapa, Tosagua, and Zapotillo had the best potential for corn production in at least two years of evaluation, with Tosagua being the most stable in producing corn hybrids in Ecuador.
la especie nativa Pseudosamanea guachapele (Kunth) Harms, conocida localmente como iguá, es importante por su uso en sistemas agroforestales y silvopastoriles; no obstante, se desconocen los rasgos de mayor aporte en la caracterización del recurso genético. Por lo anterior, en la plantación del Centro de Investigación Nataima de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), se evaluó la variabilidad fenotípica de 97 árboles de P. guachapele, por medio de 34 descriptores morfológicos cuantitativos y cualitativos de la planta (copa, fuste y hoja). Se empleó un análisis de componentes principales y correspondencias múltiples, para las variables cuantitativas y cualitativas, respectivamente, con el fin de reducir la dimensionalidad del conjunto de datos, complementados con un análisis de conglomerados, utilizando el algoritmo de WARD, el cual permitió clasificar a los individuos de P. guachapele en cinco grupos. Las variables que aportaron más información para la discriminación de los individuos fueron: rectitud del fuste, altura de la ramificación y bifurcación, forma y densidad de la copa, tipo de corteza, altura total y de copa, volumen del tronco, diámetro a la altura del pecho y diámetro de la copa. En la plantación de P. guachapele se identificaron individuos con potencial de uso maderable, conservación de suelos y uso en sistemas silvopastoriles (árboles dispersos en potreros o cercas vivas). Para la selección de árboles de P. guachapele para sombrío, son de utilidad las variables asociadas al porte del árbol, el diámetro y la forma de la copa.
Cuscuta spp. is a parasitic plant that causes losses estimated at 50 % of the yield of a wide variety of agricultural crops, including vegetables, forages, and trees. In the search for alternatives to solve this problem, small farmers are exploring the application of new technologies to food production. This paper presents a remote-sensing Cuscuta spp. classification model based on aerial images collected by UAVs to generate orthophotos showing infested areas. The proposed model segments the characteristic yellowish color of the stem of Cuscuta spp. in the HSV color space to train a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The experiments included RGB images of a Chili bell pepper (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus) crop with Cuscuta spp. In addition, we performed model 5-fold cross-validation with different datasets by using images collected during three consecutive weeks to identify the growth of the weed-affected area. According to the metrics used, ResNet architecture proved to be the best model for classifying Cuscuta spp. and non-Cuscuta. The proposed method allows smallholders to detect and locate the weed in the early stages of growth to facilitate removal and mitigation efforts.
Disinfection and callus induction in forest species is essential to improve genetic production. Although multiple methods exist, their application in forest plants requires further research. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of disinfection, leaf development and phytohormones on callus induction in Simarouba amara. The study was structured in two experiments. In the first experiment, the efficacy of leaflet disinfection was evaluated using a completely randomized design with three sodium hypochlorite treatments (0 %, 0.25 % and 0.5 %). The second experiment, focused on callus induction, was developed under a 3 x 6 factorial design, which included three stages of leaf development (young, intermediate and mature) and six combinations of phytohormones (BAP, TDZ, 2,4-D, BAP+TDZ, BAP+2,4-D, TDZ+2,4-D, all at 1 mg/L). The main results showed that 0.25 % sodium hypochlorite achieved 88.9 % asepsis, with a lower percentage of oxidation (17 %). It was observed that, combinations of BAP+2,4-D and TDZ+2,4-D promoted higher callus formation, increased callus area and fresh and dry matter production, especially in segments of intermediate leaf development stage. This study highlights the importance of adjusting disinfectant and phytohormones according to leaf development stage for successful callus induction in Simarouba amara.
The use of dipterans in the biological control of insect pests in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru has mainly involved various species of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) to control sugarcane stem borers of the genus Diatraea Guilding (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) via augmentative releases. Tachinid parasitoids also play an important role in the natural control of the solanaceous fruit borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Colombia and Ecuador and have the potential to control the American palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum L., and other species of Rhynchophorus Herbst (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) in Colombia and other countries where they are considered pests. There are no reviews on the usage of dipterans in biological control in the above countries. Besides those studies on sugarcane, the information on dipteran parasitoids in the scientific literature is scarce and composed mainly of occasional observations, checklists of natural enemies of certain cultivated crops, and biological notes in taxonomic studies. The main objective of this study is to provide a review of the species of Tachinidae used in biological control programs in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Moreover, information on other dipterans families, e.g., Cecidomyiidae, Chamaemyiidae, Phoridae, and Syrphidae, which have been reported as natural enemies of insect pests, are also briefly discussed.
La permanencia productiva (PP) se define como la probabilidad de la vaca de sobrevivir a una edad específica. En México no existen estudios actuales sobre PP en ganado lechero bajo condiciones subtropicales, por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores genéticos y ambientales que pudieran afectar la PP en ganado Holstein, Suizo Pardo y sus cruzas recíprocas. El estudio se realizó con información recopilada en el sitio experimental Las Margaritas (Inifap, Puebla). Las características de permanencia analizadas fueron: la probabilidad de que las hembras tuvieran una (PP1L), dos (PP2L), tres (PP3L), cuatro (PP4L) y cinco (PP5L) lactancias, dado que tuvieron un primer parto. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos se utilizó un modelo lineal generalizado, asumiendo una distribución binomial con una función de enlace probit. Cada modelo incluyó los efectos fijos de raza del padre y de la madre, año de nacimiento, época de nacimiento y la interacción raza del padre por raza de la madre. Los efectos ambientales no fueron estadísticamente significativos, a excepción del año de nacimiento para PP3L y PP4L. La interacción raza del padre por raza de la madre fue significativa para PP3L, PP4L y PP5L, y tanto las hembras puras como las cruzas tuvieron una permanencia productiva similar para la segunda y tercera lactancia. Por el contrario, para PP4L y PP5L, las cruzas recíprocas tuvieron un mejor desempeño, lo que indicó una mayor permanencia en el hato a medida que avanzaba el número de lactancias.
El uso de biotecnologías reproductivas en programas de selección y mejora genética busca obtener productos frente a características productivas. Para esta investigación, se comparó el desempeño reproductivo de 134 vacas sometidas a sincronización de celo para inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo, sin suplementación (T1) o con suplementación (T2) con ácidos grados poliinsaturados (AGPI), desde 15 días antes del inicio del protocolo hasta el día 75. El protocolo de sincronización usado fue: día 0: benzoato de estradiol con dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona; día 8: retiro del dispositivo y cloprostenol; día 10: inseminación a tiempo fijo y aplicación de acetato de buserelina. Después de la inseminación, las vacas permanecieron con un toro. La validación de los resultados usó un modelo completamente aleatorizado y la prueba de Tukey (P < 0,05) para interpretación de medias. Hubo una diferencia significativa en el tamaño del folículo preovulatorio (P < 0,0018) y el tamaño del cuerpo lúteo (P < 0,007) positivo para vacas suplementadas. La tasa de preñez a la inseminación a tiempo fijo fue de: T1 = 34,84 % y T2 = 46,26 %, donde el resultado fue un 11,42 % mayor para T2 (P < 0,05); la tasa de preñez del toro fue de T1 = 37,86 % y T2 = 25,44 %, y resultó ser un 12,42 % mayor para T1 (P ˂ 0,05), sin diferencia entre tratamientos (P > 0,05) para la tasa de preñez total. La ganancia de peso fue mayor en terneros hijos de vacas suplementadas (T1 = 19,6 vs. T2 = 33,07 kg) y la suplementación de vacas reproductoras con AGPI aumentó las tasas de preñez a la inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo, reduciendo el intervalo entre partos.
