The article analyzes the phenomenon of adult digital literacy and assesses the impact of digital literacy on adult lifelong learning. A high level of digital literacy is an important condition for effective continuing education of adults. The research method was a representative questionnaire survey of the able-bodied population of the Tyumen and Sverdlovsk regions (n = 1 500). The research hypothesis stated that in the present context, a high level of digital literacy provides an opportunity to maximize the benefits of participation in continuing education among the adult population. The analysis of the obtained empirical data confirms the influence of the level of digital literacy on the activity of adults' participation in lifelong learning and the existing differences in the ways of acquiring new knowledge among adults with different levels of digital literacy. More than a half of respondents have a high level of digital literacy (according to self-assessment). The peak indicator is observed among 25-34 year olds. Involvement of adults with a high level of digital literacy in educational practices is 1.5 times higher than in other categories. The most popular among the educational practices of adults are: training using audio and video recordings, online broadcasts of lectures / performances, webinars and open master classes. The differentiation of reasons for obtaining additional professional education by adults with different levels of digital literacy was revealed. For respondents with a medium and high level of digital literacy,the key reasons for obtaining additional professional education are associated on the tactics of "gett-ing ahead" ("gaining new knowledge" and "achieving high performance results"). On the other hand, for adults with a low level of digital literacy, the "catching-up" motive ("obligation to participate in training") is a significant priority.
The article was written on the eve of the 115th anniversary of the birth of the founder of the modern sociology of science, R.K. Merton. In the seventies of the twentieth century, Merton formulated nine normative principles of a permanently ambivalent scientific ethos, each of which contains an internal contradiction. A half of a century after the publication of Merton's essay, this article offers a modern interpretation of the ambivalent pairs of the ethos of science. It is shown how a scientist builds the trajectory of his intellectual search, resolving the inevitable contradictory configurations within the framework of professional activity. The ambivalence of the scientist is realized against the background of the dialectic of freedom of choice and freedom of action (O.V. Aksenova). It is established that the researcher-sociologist largely lacks freedom of choice, simply because he is not free to choose the historical period and the social conditions in which he lives and works. At the same time, he has freedom of action: in the field of given dichotomies, the actions of a scientist express his attitude to science, ethics and modernity. The following systemic antinomies of a scientist's professional activity are revealed: identity - originality, solidarity - protest, habitus - reflection, past - future, life world - science, value - truth, theory - practice, virtue - sin, erudition and inspiration. It is concluded that ambivalence is not a matter of choice, it is an immanent characteristic of the activity of a "normal" (in the terminology of I.T. Kasavin) scientist. Avoiding ambivalence produces either moralizing or scientism. In conclusion, it is suggested that, in relation to the dichotomous nature of the scientific ethos, new ambivalent pairs may be identified and justified in the future. In particular, the dichotomy of migration and settlement in the activity of a scientist is already waiting for its justification.
Open access has a positive effect on the dissemination of research results, and altmetric functionality has a positive effect on the speed of assessing their significance. The subject of this article is Russian open access journals. The study analyzed the functionality of journal sites for collecting altmetric data. The results are presented using the example of an assessment of 94 Russian open access journals in the social sciences from the DOAJ list. Based on the data obtained, key altmetric indicators were identified that journal publishers pay attention to when collecting altmetrics: views, uploads, downloads, the most popular publications of the journal, the most read publications of the author. Some sites collect citation data, but there are problems with how quickly it can be updated. It was noted that the collection of social metrics on the platforms of Russian open access journals is not carried out; as an alternative, it is possible to only share the publication on social networks or through media channels. The functionality of the popular aggregators Altmetric.com and Plum Analytics is used as altmetric data aggregators. A significant part of Russian publishers of open access journals collect altmetrics, placing appropriate functionality for assessing attention to scientific results published in the pages of the journal and posted on its website. Such a policy of publishers regarding altmetrics and its functionality makes it possible to improve the visibility of publications and attract attention to them (the most viewed, downloaded, read, cited), which in turn can become a catalyst for increasing the impact factor of this journal. Currently, 41.5% of open access journal sites do not collect altmetric
The article is based on archival documents and newspaper publications put into circulation for the first time. It shows how in Leningrad in the 1950s-1960s, as changes occurred in the urban space with the development of technology and an increase in the urban population, certain practices were shaped to combat various types of noise. In recent historiography, great attention is paid to solving the problems of reducing the risks of urban life (street cleaning, sanitary control) in Soviet society during the implementation of large-scale programs. At the same time, the problem of sounds turning into noise and creating discomfort for citizens remains understudied. A study of documents on the problem of noise pollution in urban space shows that new sources of noise significantly influenced many aspects of urban life. Complaints from citizens and responses to them from various organizations show how the cooperation of citizens with government officials and specialized research institutes could solve the problems of reducing noise pollution. Ultimately, a huge stream of noise complaints in Leningrad in 1950-1965 led to the adoption of regulatory acts that standardized the presence of noise in city life. Successfully found solutions partially reduced noise pollution and improved living conditions and optimized production processes. At the same time, the problem of reducing noise pollution has not been fully resolved due to the replacement of some types of noise by others.
The transition from "deficit" to "dialogue" in science communication has led to the proliferation of dialogue media projects, whose curators seek new ways to talk about science with publics. Yet, the research on the dialogue of such projects and on their publics reveals a few challenges. The author attempts to address these challenges and to contribute to the understanding of dialogue in media-science communication projects by exploring the processes oftheirpublics shaping and transformation, drawing on the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) approach. To achieve this, the author: 1) analyzes the research on the publics in the dialogue of media-science communication, identifying its problems; 2) describes how ANT can address these problems; 3) presents findings from an empirical study of the publics shaping and transformation processes in a dialogue media project, these processes being described in terms of figuration. The key empirical findings are as follows. While organizing dialogue, the creators of a dialogue media project strive to practically and materially implement a number of transformations of their publics: the general public -> visitors -> engaged listeners -> disciplined interlocutors -> convinced allies of the project's science. These efforts are influenced by diverse social worlds, such as the media, institutions supporting the project, and science. Such cross-locality of the project forces actors to pursue difficult work of balancing conflicting requirements. At the same time, the processes of publics' figuration within the above-mentioned transformations suggest variability that requires further study. The author concludes by reflecting on the significance of the findings and proposing questions for future research.
& Acy; jurist A.F. Koni is one of the most authoritative representatives of Russian justice at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. This famous scientist was associated with the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1896, Anatoly Fedorovich became an honorary member of the Academy, in 1900 he was elected to the Honorary Academicians in the category of fine literature. He was awarded a prestigious academic Akhmatova Prize, awarded the title of champion of the Academy medal. At that time, the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences with all seriousness and responsibility approached the issue of choosing worthy scholars to grant them the status of its honorary members and honorary academicians. The history of relations between the Academy of Sciences and A.F. Koni is, in our opinion, a vivid and convincing example of successful solution of this task.
The article reconstructs the jubilee celebrations dedicated to the 250(th) anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences, held in Leningrad on October 10-12, 1975, based on the analysis of a photo collection prepared by the Leningrad branch of LAFOKI of the USSR Academy of Sciences and materials from the Sector of the History of the Academy of Sciences of IHST RAS. The program of events, including ceremonial meetings, memorial ceremonies, visits to scientific institutions and exhibitions, is examined. Special attention is paid to the role of Leningrad as a historical center of academic science, the participation of the USSR Academy of Sciences leadership, leading Soviet scientists, and foreign guests in the celebrations. The preparatory work of the Sector of the History of the Academy of Sciences, which determined the historical component of the jubilee events, is analyzed.
Nowadays, there is an accelerated development of technology, which requires a more rapid collection of science and technology data to track the dynamics of change, monitor results and identify promising areas of development. Systematic structure of existing and developing areas of research and technology is impossible without detailed classifications of the scientific and technological sphere. These classifications play a vital role as the main tools for collecting and analyzing statistical information in accordance with the established structure and hierarchy. The purpose of the article is to create a new classifier for statistical accounting of technologies. This work is based on the analysis of existing classifiers of the scientific and technological sphere, their advantages and disadvantages. In this paper a typology of classifiers in the scientific and technological sphere has been developed, which was previously absent in the research field. This typology plays an important role in creating a new classification system for statistical accounting of new technologies, since it defines various parameters such as coverage of areas, purposes of using classifiers, etc. It is also necessary for collecting and analyzing statistical data on science and technology, developing the information retrieval systems and preparation strategies in this area.
The study of technics and technology of industrial production, including metallurgical production, was one of the priority areas in Soviet historical science. A large contribution to the development of the topic was made by female researchers. However, their cumulative scientific heritage, personal and official biography have never become the subject of a special historical, economic and prosopographic study. The article reflects the application of a gender approach to the study of the historiography of the national history of metallurgy. The first "female" research in the field of industrial history was the work of D.I. Devyatisilnaya, published in 1917. Subsequently, research on this topic was carried out in institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences and universities. The article analyzes the works on the history of industry by E.I. Zaozerskaya, S.M. Levidova, O.V. Vasilievskaya, A.P. Glagoleva, K.N. Serbina, N.N. Stoskova, P.A. Vagina, T.K. Guskova and A.S. Cherkasova. Summarizing the historiographical material on the history of heavy industry, in particular, the metallurgical industry of Russia, created by women historians in the period up to the end of the 1970s, supplementing it with archival material, the authors revised some of the prevailing ideas about the development of domestic historiography of this topic. After tracing the change in the degree of scientific involvement of women in the study of the history of domestic industry, the authors pointed out some factors that influenced the result of their scientific work. The published work also contains biographical facts that are significant for the topic, reveals the professional connections of the heroines, examines influences and continuity. In conclusion, the work gives an overall assessment of the scholarly contribution of women to the study of the history of the mining and metallurgical industry in Russia.
In summer 1934, according to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars adopted on April 25, 1934, the transfer from Leningrad to Moscow of the academic institutions and their specialized libraries, which were the part of Leningrad academic library network, has begun. By autumn 1934, for coordination of the removed libraries with the Library of the Academy of Sciences which remained in Leningrad there was organized a temporary library post in Moscow. Z.N. Gayderova, a deputy director of the library in 1933-1934, played an important role in this temporary decision and its realization and even in propaganda of usefulness of the library transfer. Before the revolution of 1917, she graduated from Moscow University, and joined the communist party. Her r & eacute;sum & eacute; includes several places of employment including newly founded communist universities in Moscow and Petrograd and Leningrad State University. Working in the Library of the Academy of Sciences, she managed to organize an optimal communication between Moscow libraries and the Library administration in Leningrad. The first production council in Moscow temporary library post appeared to be the sign of this communication. In addition, Z.N. Gayderova organized a "circulation" of library books between the two cities as a new actual form of library service. At the end of 1934 Z.N. Gayderova was arrested for participating in the "left opposition" and shot in 1937. As a result, her name has been out of the history of the library and the history of the academic transfer for a longtime. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate measures taken under the direct control of Z.N. Gayderova to preserve the unity of the library fond and to provide scholars with scientific literature during the transfer of the specialized libraries to Moscow.
Science of science (SS) is the result of the efforts of representatives of natural sciences, sociohumanities and technical sciences from different countries. Therefore, it is advisable to identify the "disciplinary" and "national" components in its history. This study is devoted to the search for the chemical roots of Russian SS. One of the pioneers SS, along with A. Decandol and F. Galton, is a German scientist, Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry W. Ostwald. The origins of SS lie in the emergence of professional interest of scientists in themselves and their scientific activities. Thus, for Galton this was manifested in the study of the phenomenon of talent, the search for its biological (hereditary), psychological, social and physical characteristics; for De & scy;andol - in the consideration of factors (social, economic, cultural, political and religious) influencing the existence of this talent in society. For Ostwald and his followers, experimental science becomes the object of SS and there is a need to study the mechanisms of the creative process associated with discoveries and inventions. An ideology of scientific creativity is emerging, a concept of the effectiveness of scientific activity is being created and a springboard for the development of theoretical and applied directions in SS is emerging. The article traces the "chemical relay race" from Ostwald to P. Walden and M.A. Blokh, and then to B.M. Kedrov and the staff of the IHST RAS (USSR) - N.I. Rodny, S.G. Kara-Murza and A.N. Rodny. The main features of the scientific and scientific-organizational activities of these scientists are considered and the problematic field of their scientific research is revealed. A genetic link has been traced in the activities of Russian scientists from the IHST based on historical and chemical research. It is noted that the arrival domestic scientists with a chemical background in the 60-80s of the 20th century in SS was caused by the growth of interest in the sociology of science and especially scientometrics. This work sets the vector for further study of disciplinary communities in the history of science. So, it is possible to identify the "biological roots" of Russian SS, taking Decandol as a starting point, and stretching the line of development in the IHST to S.R. Mikulinsky.
In Russia, formal scientometric approaches to assess the performance of scientists have been widely introduced in practice, replacing or supplementing expert evaluations. The scientometric analysis also allows us to obtain a lot of information directly about the development of different areas of science and to highlight scientific priorities. In this article, scientometric indicators are used to assess the scientific activity of soil scientists in Russia. The object of research included the indicators calculated on the basis of the Russian Index of Scientific Citations database on the Elibrary platform in August, 2024. The scientometric profile of soil scientists was based on 13 indicators, which were grouped into 3 groups: indicators of publication activity, indicators of publication quality, indicators of publication demand, and Hirsch index. For each indicator, a range of the most common values (norm) was identified, on the basis of which the scientometric image of a Russian soil scientist was determined. Variants of deviations of indicator values from the norm and their possible causes were analyzed by experts, and their conjugate analysis was carried out. An attempt was made to divide soil scientists into groups taking into account their publication activity, quality of publications and demand for them. The approach used made it possible to rank all soil scientists in Russia according to their scientometric indicators, to assess the quality and demand for their works, which can be used to evaluate their activities. It has been found that scientific indicators do not allow to take into account in full measure the specifics of each scientist's work, his narrow area of interest. Such approaches can be useful only for assessing the activity of scientists engaged in basic science. It seems, that assessment of applied scientists should be based on completely different principles.
One of the most important problems for historians of science is the question of the publication activity of scientists and scholars in various historical periods. This article, using the example of Soviet historians of the ancient world, will touch upon the issue of the transition from the military mode of publication activity to the peacetime mode. In 1943-1944 publications of Soviet historians of antiquity were journalistic in nature and were aimed at emphasizing the achievements of Russian scholarship and combating Nazi ideology and practice. In 1945-1946 there was a restructuring of the Soviet studies of antiquity, which was expressed in a departure from the journalistic in favor of a more rigorous academic approach. This was facilitated by the policy of the leadership of scientific journals ("Questions of History", which replaced the "Historical Journal", "Journal of Ancient history"). The scientific articles of 1945 and 1946 were characterized by a lower degree of ideologization than before. However, the spread of "pure" science had its limits: Soviet classical philologists, despite pronounced corporate solidarity and support from the president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, failed to achieve the founding of the journal "Antiquity" and the revival of the "science of antiquity" (Altertumswissenschaft) in the USSR. The ideological campaigns of late Stalinism, which were felt at the end of 1946 only in the editorials, soon made significant changes in the scholarly works and speeches of Soviet historians of antiquity.
The social capital of & acy; scientific community as an important component of public social capital plays a significant role in the effectiveness of scientific activity. Internal and external structural components of social capital act as catalysts for the formation of a favorable professional environment, stimulating research processes and ensuring positive social interaction between scientists. The purpose of this study was to analyze the social capital of the scientific community at the regional level. The social capital of science and scientific community of the Republic of Bashkortostan was considered through the synthesis of components and factors affecting the formation and realization of social capital of science and scientific community. The empirical basis for the study of the social capital of the scientific community was a sociological study conducted among researchers of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (UFRC RAS) "Adaptation strategies of scientists of the UFIC RAS in the context of institutional changes in science," which was conducted at the Institute of Socio-Economic Research of the UFRC and to the results of secondary studies. The results of the study demonstrate that the social capital of the scientific community, determined by professional communicative ties, status and academic reputation, is an important factor in the performance of scientific activity. It was found that modern information and communication technologies and digital platforms of social networks form new paradigms of academic interaction that require researchers to improve their professional competencies and adapt to transformation processes. The results obtained expand scholarly ideas about the social capital of & acy; scientific community and create a methodological basis for the development of strategies to improve the efficiency of research activities.
The article deals with the history of the State Institute of Public Health Protection (Russian abbreviation is GINZ) of the People's Commissariat of Public Health Protection (Russian abbreviation is NKZ) in Soviet Russia. The article focuses on the aspect of staffing issue of the GINZ in the early period of its work in 1919-1924. GINZ was founded as central research and practical institution, which would develop a program for the prevention of epidemic threat. In that case, the Institute required a significant number of scientists who studied issues of bacteriology, microbiology etc. However, the work of the Institute was complicated by terms of economic and social crisis that had burst out in the country. Also, the GINZ faced such difficulties as insufficient funding that did not cover all its needs. Thus, a large part of the Institute's staff consisted of supernumerary researchers that did not get paid for their work. This aspect of the GINZ's history is illustrated by the archival documents that are stored in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russian abbreviation is ARAN) and in the State Archive of Russian Federation (Russian abbreviation is GARF).
Due to the active development of artificial intelligence (hereinafter referred to as AI), legal relations arise that require regulation at the legislative level. However, due to objective reasons, legislation cannot keep up with the dynamic technological development - new legal relations appear following the emerging ones, which requires prompt amendments to the proposed bills. This, in turn, takes time, while technologies do not cease to improve and pose new challenges. In this regard, in order to ensure the effective development of AI and legislation in the field of regulating relations in this area, attention should be paid to standardization as a guarantee of AI development, thanks to which it is possible to clearly define the conceptual apparatus and requirements for the use of AI, as well as to set the vector of development of the industry as a whole.
Despite the fact that popular science has been a part of the science world for a longtime, it is constantly evolving and adapting to the rapidly changing modern world. New communication methods, such as the Internet, have greatly expanded the ability of scientists to make science accessible to the general public. Popular science films, however, have appeared relatively recently, so this type of popular science is still finding its approaches to a potential audience. The goal of this article is to analyze the representation of models of science communication in popular science cinema. To achieve this goal, a series of interviews has been conducted with experts who are currently engaged in the creation and distribution of popular science films. Among these experts there were organizers of popular science film festivals and directors of popular science films. As a result, we can say that the deficit model is represented by popular science films themselves, while the dialogue model is represented by discussions between filmmakers and their audience during popular science film festivals. The participation model is currently not present in the sphere of popular science cinema due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure. In the future, there are opportunities to continue research of the sphere of popular science cinema from the creators and distributors of popular science films, as well as from the viewers of those.
The examination of technical projects aimed at flood protection in St. Petersburg during the late 1820s to 1830s reveals significant advancements in hydrological measurements and engineering responses to natural disasters. Following the catastrophic flood of 1824, a variety of proposals emerged, reflecting a shift in societal attitudes towards natural calamities, characterized by a growing belief in the power of technology to mitigate such events. These projects led to the early measurements of the Neva River's flow velocity and discharge, which were one of the first measurements of this kind in Europe. The milieu that produced the projects was marked by collaboration among engineers, architects, and policymakers who recognized the need for effective flood management strategies. The response to the 1824 flood exemplifies an early instance of modern disaster management, where societal confidence in technology began to reshape responses to environmental challenges, highlighting the interplay between natural disasters and technological innovation.
The paper provides sociological analysis of values and norms, which are core components of sociocultural bases of the functioning of scientific organizations. Scientific organizations are the main structural element of the social institution of science as a social way of organizing and realizing fundamental and applied cognitive activities of a special socio-professional group of scientists regulated by sociocultural values and norms and aimed at obtaining new reliable and substantiated knowledge about the world. The value-normative bases of activities of scientific organizations are researched at three levels: basic (terminal values), labor and professional (instrumental values). The normative component of scientific organizations includes institutional imperatives and norms, as well as norms regulating labor relations in the field of scientific activity. Based on the results of empirical sociological research of scientific organizations in the academic sector of Belarusian science, the system of values and norms of scientists was explicated, their comparative analysis was carried out depending on the gender and age characteristics of respondents, recommendations were developed for optimizing the process of their formation and development.
The life goals of clinical residents who have higher medical or higher pharmaceutical education and meet the qualification requirements for medical and pharmaceutical workers are investigated. The main method is a survey in the form of a questionnaire with open questions about the short, medium and long-term life plans of respondents. The goals related to the currently received education and training, with further scientific or pedagogical activities, with issues of self-development have been studied. Goals in employment and work, family creation and material problems, as well as those related to physical and mental health and psychological well-being are described and illustrated by the data obtained. There was a slight predisposition to move permanently to another region of Russia or to emigrate.
