Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni convection represents a complex interplay of buoyancy-driven, surface tension-induced, and density gradient effects in fluid systems. This review study uses mathematical modelling techniques to give an in-depth description of the Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni convection process, distinguishing between 2D and 3D fluid surfaces. The investigation delves into the distinctive characteristics of convection patterns and flow behaviours in these two-dimensional and three-dimensional domains. Through a comprehensive literature survey, this paper examines the fundamental mechanisms of each convection type and their interactions, elucidating the underlying physics and mathematical formalisms. The review highlights key mathematical models employed to simulate Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni convection, discussing their strengths and limitations in capturing the intricacies of each dimensionality. This work also addresses how several parameters, like the Rayleigh number, Marangoni number, and others, affect the observed convection processes. The findings offer valuable insights into the nuanced behaviour of convection processes on 2D and 3D fluid surfaces, providing a foundation for future research and engineering applications involving heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and materials processing.
Emissions from aging diesel vehicles represent a major environmental and public health concern, particularly in view of the widespread use of biodiesel blends in existing fleets. This study investigates the nanoparticle emissions from an aged diesel passenger vehicle fuelled with biodiesel B7 under simulated driving conditions. The numbers and mass concentrations of the particles and their size distributions, morphology, and elemental composition are recorded at engine start-up, while driving at low (50 km/h) and high speeds (100 km/h), and after driving, using a chassis dynamometer and multiple measurement techniques. The particulate emissions are found to be dominated by ultrafine particles (<100 nm). The number concentrations vary between 1.35 × 10⁷ particles/cm³ during engine start-up and 2.60 × 10⁷ particles/cm³ during high-speed driving, with concentrations inside the exhaust pipe approximately 7.8 times higher than those measured outside. Morphological analysis reveals a transition from compact agglomerates under low-speed conditions to fractal-like, porous aggregates at high speed. Higher proportions of iron (Fe) and sulphur (S) are found during high-speed driving, suggesting influences from engine wear and lubricant-related sources. The small sizes and high reactivity of these particles allow them to penetrate into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, posing respiratory and cardiovascular health risks. Characterisation based on particle numbers and physicochemical properties is therefore preferable to mass-based emission metrics in terms of capturing the health-related features of diesel exhaust. Ultrafine particle exposure should be prioritised in environmental and occupational health risk assessments, particularly in regions with a high proportion of aging diesel vehicles.
Noise generated by industrial machinery, particularly air compressors, requires effective and sustainable control measures. This study developed and evaluated a detachable acoustic enclosure incorporating eco-friendly sound-absorbing panels fabricated from rubberwood processing by-products-sawdust and biomass bottom ash-bonded with natural rubber latex (NRL) as a bio-based binder. The optimal compositions for achieving dimensional stability, adhesion, and moldability were identified through panel fabrication experiments as sawdust–NRL composite (1:1.5) and sawdust/ash-NRL composite (0.5:0.5:1). Physical characterization showed that sawdust/ash composite panels exhibited higher bulk density due to ash-induced matrix densification. The acoustic performance of the developed materials was assessed over the 125-4,000 Hz frequency range using wooden enclosures lined with various absorptive materials, with results revealing clear frequency-dependent noise attenuation. At low frequencies (125-250 Hz), the wooden enclosure without lining provided the greatest attenuation due to resonant panel absorption. In the mid-frequency range (250-2,000 Hz), sawdust and sawdust/ash composite panels exhibited higher sound attenuation efficiency than conventional polyurethane and polystyrene foams, highlighting the role of porous biomass structures in acoustic energy dissipation. At high frequencies (2,000-4,000 Hz), the biomass-based panels outperformed the synthetic foams, with sawdust composites achieving noise reductions of up to 25 dBA, corresponding to ~95% reduction based on linear sound pressure levels. This study demonstrates the potential of biomass-based acoustic materials as practical and sustainable solutions for noise control in small-scale industrial environments, offering an effective alternative to conventional synthetic absorbers for improving occupational acoustic conditions.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder marked by inflammation, progressive joint deterioration, substantial disability, systemic manifestations, and untimely death. Destructive synovitis is a major complication of rheumatoid arthritis, and oxidative stress is a key player in this process. Carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids are some of the non-nutritional antioxidants found in broccoli (BC) (Brassica oleracea), in addition to the nutritional antioxidants like vitamin C and vitamin E. BC also contains a high concentration of polyphenols, a class of phytochemicals thought to have the diet's highest antioxidant value. By rapidly donating hydrogen atoms to free radicals, polyphenols limit lipid and other molecule oxidation; thus, they quench oxidative stress. This work presents the first description of a BC that improves the clinical outcomes of RA therapy by employing phytosomes enriched in phosphatidylcholine (PC). We effectively synthesized and comprehensively described several BC-PC phytosome compositions using the Box-Behnken design. These phytosomes were studied for factors such as PS, ZP, shape, Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and release kinetics. A transmission electron microscope was used to verify that the phytosome vesicles were round. Thermogel formulations were enhanced by adding the improved phytosome formulation after their characterization. In addition to its rheological behaviour, the tested phytosomal thermogel formulation was assessed for clarity, homogeneity, pH, and gel transformation temperature. The anti-inflammatory in vitro research was assessed. The ideal phytosomes loaded with BC-PC (F6) showed a high electrical conductivity, an Entrapment efficiency (EE) of 98.0±0.5 %, a spherical shape, a PS of 127.49±5.64 nm, a negative ZP value of (−18.0±2.06 mV), and a prolonged release profile for the bound pharmaceuticals. The anti-inflammatory effects were most pronounced in the BCPC phytosomal gel formulation when tested in vitro. An encouraging approach to RA relief is the BC-PC-loaded phytosomal gel.
Osteosarcoma is the predominant form of bone cancer, which affects mostly adolescents and young adults. Despite therapeutic options, the prognosis for patients suffering with recurrent or advanced osteosarcoma remains poor. Carica papaya, a herbaceous plant, is well-known for its medicinal properties in traditional medicine. This study explores the therapeutic potential of Carica papaya leaf and seed extracts against osteosarcoma through an integrated in silico and in vitro approach. An MTT assay was performed to evaluate the apoptotic and cytotoxic effects against Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell line which demonstrated an IC50 value of 0.91% and 0.78% for leaf and seed extract respectively. In silico validation was carried out using network pharmacology to identify the top 10 hub genes. From molecular docking studies, we identified major bioactives such as flavones and androst-4-en-3-one,17-methoxy from leaf extract with good binding affinity to SRC, and 2-methyl-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine and supraene from seed extract with ESR1, PARP1, AKT1, ERBB2. This study serves as a preliminary investigation into the anticancer property of Carica papaya against osteosarcoma and the results suggest its promise as a natural therapeutic agent for osteosarcoma.
