The presented study seeks to illuminate the nature and scope of Sino-Russian military cooperation following the onset of the war in Ukraine in 2022. The research question guiding this study is: In which military dimensions – such as technological collaboration, joint military exercises, or the provision of ammunition – does Sino-Russian cooperation manifest, and what underlying factors drive this engagement. The study revealed that the military cooperation between the two countries is very close and has been developing and deepening for a long time. The war in Ukraine has played a role in partially changing the nature of cooperation, but the continuity of cooperation itself was already set before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The war in Ukraine did not open a new area of military cooperation but rather deepened existing ties. It also highlighted the asymmetry of the partnership, which now tilts in favor of China, which is a shift from the situation prior to 2022.
The objective of this study is to analyze how emerging technologies affect the operational effectiveness and resilience of the Ukrainian Armed Forces during the ongoing conflict. To achieve this, the article develops and applies a five-dimensional analytical framework covering command and control, intelligence and situational awareness, decision-making speed, operational agility, and resilience. The methodology is qualitative and exploratory, relying on literature review, comparative analysis, and indirect observation of open-source intelligence. Findings show that the integration of artificial intelligence, unmanned aircraft systems, advanced communication infrastructures, and data-driven platforms has enhanced coordination, awareness, adaptability, and resilience. At the same time, persistent challenges remain regarding cybersecurity, logistics, and limited resources. The study concludes by contributing an original conceptual framework and by offering practical recommendations relevant for defense organizations and allied armed forces.
This study examines the perceived effectiveness of instructional activities in elementary-level military English courses from both teacher and student perspectives. Data were collected through a self-report questionnaire completed by 52 English teachers affiliated to the University of Defence Language Centre and 173 learners enrolled in Level 1 courses. Descriptive statistical analysis indicated broad agreement between teachers and learners regarding the usefulness of classroom activities. The results further suggest that teacher corrective feedback during interactive tasks substantially influences learners’ motivation and perceptions of activity effectiveness. The study contributes to the understanding of the specific needs of adult beginner learners and supports the development of evidence-based instructional strategies for military English instruction.
The article examines the possibilities of developing the competencies of the Czech Armed Forces (CAF) officers in the field of operations planning within the framework of career training. The main learning competencies for operations planning at the operational level are formulated based on a comparison of curricula of professional military education programmes and interviews with experts. These are together with the proposed assessment methods, validated in a real learning process. Different approaches to assessing learning outcomes are discussed in comparison with the current approaches applied in Czech career education, which highlights the need for an innovative approach to assessment. Based on the research results, the paper presents a proposal for an assessment standard, including methods for learning outcomes evaluation.
This article analyses the current state of international humanitarian law (IHL) considering the armed conflict in Ukraine. It explores the theoretical framework of IHL, the typology of the conflict, recent legal developments, and their practical impacts. Special attention is given to the failures of international law in protecting civilians, the limitations of legal enforcement, and proposals for improving the system's effectiveness. The aim is to contribute to scholarly debate on the future of legal regulation in armed conflicts.
