InfoMat

Abstract Tin (Sn) perovskites light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have achieved significant attention because of their enormous potential to replace their hazardous lead counterparts. However, the fast crystalline process leads to growth of small‐grain Sn‐based perovskite films with high‐density grain boundaries that induce Sn 2+ oxidation and severe non‐radiative recombination. In this work, we propose a large‐grain strategy to fabricate Sn‐based perovskite films, wherein penicillamine molecules are introduced to enhance coordination with Sn 2+ and I − ions. The strong binding between penicillamine and perovskite significantly slows down the crystallization process, leading to a high‐quality film with enlarged grains for efficient near‐infrared (NIR) emission. Moreover, penicillamine helps suppress partial Sn 2+ oxidation by reducing Sn 4+ formation and passivating defect sites, specifically Sn 2+ vacancies. Owing to these synergistic enhancements, effective NIR Sn‐based PeLEDs are obtained, reaching a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 17.5% at 894 nm and an operational half‐lifetime of 0.95 h under current densities of 100 mA cm −2 . This work presents a potential method to control the coordination ability with Sn 2+ and I − ions and further tune the crystallization process of Sn‐based perovskites for highly efficient PeLEDs. image

Abstract Biological visual systems with polarization sensitivity enable perception in complex environments beyond the capability of human vision. The realization of polarization‐sensitive visual devices with such integrated spatial and temporal perception and nonvolatile modulation remains challenging. Here, drawing inspiration from ocular function of mantis shrimp, we combine intrinsic anisotropy of palladium diselenide (PdSe 2 ) and interfacial ferroelectric field from Poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) to drive polarized and nonvolatile synaptic weight modulation. The proposed architecture enables high‐resolution imaging with a wide grayscale range based on underwater environment by spatially distributed polarization illumination. Polarization‐resolved imaging yields graded recognition accuracies ranging from 66.2% to 93.9% without multiframe collection or off‐chip processing, while polarization‐dependent kernels facilitate fuzzy image sharpening and feature extraction. We further demonstrate vehicular temporal‐evolved direction identification within reduced visibility and disruptive interference conditions. Owing to the specific polarized illumination and distinguishable temporal encoding, the visual system realizes high‐accuracy direction recognition of 96.3% based on in‐sensor reservoir computing (RC) and mitigates contrast loss from the foggy weather. This work advances polarization‐enhanced machine vision and provides a viable pathway toward multidimensional perceptual processing through optoelectronic systems. image

Brain‐inspired organic electronics enable adaptive sensing and power next‐generation sensory and edge computing platforms. image

Abstract Electrochemical CO 2 reduction (CO 2 R) powered with renewable electricity has been considered as a promising approach for carbon emission mitigation and sustainable production of value‐added chemicals. Developing active and selective electrocatalysts capable of achieving high multi‐carbon product selectivity at low overpotentials remains a critical challenge. In this work, we develop a lanthanum (La) doping strategy to optimize Cu‐based catalysts for enhanced CO 2 R performance. As a result, the optimized La‐modified CuO catalyst achieves a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of over 75% toward multi‐carbon products at a modest potential of approximately −0.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, achieving a practical relevant current density of over 200 mA cm −2 . This high selectivity represents a twofold enhancement over state‐of‐the‐art CuO‐based catalysts under identical conditions. Detailed kinetic assessments and mechanistic investigations reveal that La incorporation enhance *CO binding strength on Cu and facilitate COCO dimerization, thereby facilitating the production of multi‐carbon products. Overall, this work establishes an effective approach for boosting multi‐carbon production through strategic rare‐earth element modification, thereby advancing the development of efficient CO 2 R systems for sustainable chemical synthesis. image

Abstract Circularly polarized light (CPL) photodetectors are of great interest for applications in polarization imaging, information encryption, and optical communication. Chiral organic small molecules have emerged as attractive active materials due to their structural tunability, well‐defined intrinsic chirality, and solution processability. However, in most chiral organic small molecule systems, molecular‐scale effects and optical selection rules lead to mismatch in magnitude and spatial orientation between the magnetic and electric transition dipole moments, resulting in low absorption dissymmetry factors (gabs) and poor compatibility between chiroptical response and charge transport. This review summarizes the recent progress in chiral organic small molecules for CPL detection from the perspective of group theory. By comparing the representative chiral point groups such as C1, Cn, and Dn, we elucidate how point group symmetry imposes constraints on the relative arrangement of transition dipole moments, thereby governing the molecular gabs. In particular, the D2 point group can enforce both electric and magnetic transition dipole alignment along the principal molecular axes, yielding an optimal orientation (0° or 180°) and thus enabling the high gabs. Recent advances in chiral organic small molecules D2 point group demonstrate their potential to simultaneously achieve strong chiroptical responses and efficient charge transport, offering a clear structural guideline for the rational design of high‐performance CPL photodetectors based on chiral organic small molecules.

Biological vision achieves reliable perception across wide illumination ranges through dynamic photoreceptor adaptation. Inspired by this principle, we report a rhodopsin-mimetic photovoltaic dual-transistor (PVT2) photosensor cell integrating a quasi-2D perovskite photodiode with dual IGZO thin-film transistors. By electrically regulating light-induced charge accumulation and release, the PVT2 device enables adaptive operation spanning scotopic and photopic regimes. The device exhibits a responsivity of up to 139 A W-1, a photo-to-dark current ratio exceeding 107, and a tunable recovery time down to 10-3 s, relaxing the trade-offs among responsivity, photo-to-dark current ratio, and recovery dynamics. At the array level, PVT2 sensors autonomously maintain high image contrast under fluctuating ambient illumination while suppressing inter-pixel crosstalk. Beyond imaging, the light-intensity-dependent operating window functions as a reconfigurable hardware key, enabling single-band visible-light communication with accurate decoding and quantifiable per-symbol entropy. This work demonstrates a solid-state strategy for integrating adaptive vision sensing and physical-layer security, enabling scalable integration for adaptive optoelectronic systems.image

Abstract Technologies for electrochemical energy conversion play a pivotal role in mitigating global warming and facilitating the transition to a sustainable energy society. Metallophthalocyanine‐based electrocatalysts offer significant advantages due to their coordination flexibility, tunability, and electron‐deficient nature, all of which enhance electron transfer. Herein, we present a systematically designed electrocatalyst library comprising eight metallophthalocyanines, each tailored to address five key energy conversion reactions. By integrating theoretical modeling with experimental approaches, we conduct an in‐depth analysis of the electronic configurations and atomic symmetries of the catalysts. Our study elucidates not only the intrinsic catalytic efficiency but also the scalable synthesis and practical deployability of these electrocatalysts, thereby substantiating their potential for real‐world applications. Overall, we aim to accelerate the energy transition, reduce environmental impact, and enhance economic competitiveness by establishing a robust electrocatalyst library for a carbon circular economy. image

Abstract The dazzling colors of butterfly wings and hummingbird feathers are not painted with pigments, but crafted by nature's invisible hand—nanoscale structures that sculpt light itself. This biological mastery of optics has ignited a revolution in photonics, where researchers are no longer just mimicking nature, but decoding its principles to create next‐generation optical materials. We review this journey from biological blueprints to artificial metasurfaces, uncovering how natural designs for coloration, polarization control, and light confinement inspire advanced nanophotonic devices. These bio‐inspired platforms transcend the limits of conventional optics, enabling breakthroughs in imaging beyond the diffraction limit, ultra‐efficient radiative cooling, and novel polarization‐based technologies. By bridging evolutionary wisdom with nanoscale engineering, this field charts a course toward sustainable, multifunctional optical systems for sensing, communication, and energy.

Using first‐principles calculations and quantum transport simulations, we simulated multifunctional devices based on lateral graphene/MoS 2 heterostructures, including rectifiers, spin filters, and optoelectronic devices. We investigated the effects of doping, bias voltage, gate voltage, and interface configurations on the device performance. We considered two types of lateral graphene/MoS 2 heterostructures, with graphene connected to either the S edge (C‐S) or Mo edge (C‐Mo) of the MoS 2 . Our calculations show magnetic coupling at the graphene/MoS 2 interfaces even though they are composed of non‐magnetic materials, which is consistent with previous theoretical studies. The spin polarization effects degraded the rectification ratios of the graphene/MoS 2 rectifiers. However, n‐type doping of MoS 2 could significantly enhance the rectification ratio of the C‐S device to 10 5 and increase the current by an order of magnitude. The C‐Mo device was shown to be highly suitable for spin filter applications, with a spin current polarization ratio of almost 100% under bias and gate voltage modulation. For optoelectronic applications, both types of lateral graphene/MoS 2 heterostructures exhibited high photocurrent peaks across the infrared, visible, and/or ultraviolet light regions, with a maximum photocurrent of 13 μA/mm 2 and suitable bias and gate voltages. Our study reveals the magnetic multifunctional nature of lateral graphene/MoS 2 heterostructure devices, and can serve as a theoretical guide for the design and modulation of high‐performance multifunctional devices based on two‐dimensional lateral heterostructures. image

A dual‐ferroelectric gate‐tunable memristor with dipole coupling is developed, exhibiting rich temporal dynamics that enable nonlinear physical computing applications. image

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) is regarded as a promising next‐generation semiconductor material for high‐end microelectronic chips due to its excellent properties. However, due to the atomic thickness of two‐dimensional materials (2DMs), the interactions between these materials and their supporting substrates cannot be ignored, which affects the intrinsic properties of 2DMs. In this work, we investigated the influence of the substrate on the performance of MoS 2 devices. As compared to supported MoS 2 field‐effect transistors (FETs), the suspended MoS 2 FET exhibits more intrinsic properties of a threshold voltage ( V th ) shift toward 0 V and the current on/off ratio increases by 3 orders of magnitude. Moreover, by varying the trench/channel ratio in the MoS 2 FETs, we can effectively modulate the electrical performance of MoS 2 . An increase in the trench/channel ratio results in a shift of the V th from −40 to −5 V, approaching the ideal value. Concurrently, the subthreshold swing is reduced by approximately an order of magnitude to ~200 mV dec –1 (from ~3600 mV/dec), and the mobility is enhanced from ~1 to 100 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . To mitigate the effects of contact resistance and other extrinsic factors, we fabricated a suspended Hall‐bar MoS 2 device, achieving a mobility of 96.8 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , more than double the 37.0 cm 2 V −1 s −1 measured in a supported device. This work demonstrates a practical approach for enhancing the properties of 2D semiconductor devices, facilitating the development of high‐performance electronics. image

Room-temperature detection of harmful gases is essential for industrial intelligence, whereas the development of practical multigas sensors for real-world applications remains insufficient. Guided by density functional theory calculations, which reveal the superior adsorption and charge-transfer capability of the BiSI (121) facet toward both NO2 and H2S, a facet-engineered BiSI nanorod sensor was designed to achieve bifunctional sensing, exhibiting remarkable responses of 610% and -437% to 1 ppm NO2 and H2S at room temperature, respectively. Further integration of the single facet-controlled BiSI sensor with a back-propagation neural network allows for the intelligent analysis of mixed gases, achieving both distinguishing detection and concentration prediction. This systematic design effectively overcomes the limitations of high-power consumption and complex modulated operating conditions. This strategy provides a low-power and integrated generalizable framework for simultaneous multigas detection, applicable to a wide range of industrial and environmental monitoring scenarios.image

Random donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers offer exceptional mechanical compliance for flexible electronics, yet their vast compositional space makes rational optimization extremely challenging. Here, we introduce a combined side-chain self-doping and Bayesian optimization (BO) strategy that enables rapid, low-sample-count tuning of polarity in random terpolymers. Using a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based polymer (PDPPBT) as a model system, we introduced dimethylamino (NMe2) self-doping groups to modulate carrier polarity. The optimization process, navigating a non-linear structure-property landscape, converged to the optimal composition (PDPPBT-NM15.218) after a single BO iteration with only six experimental data points. The resulting polymer exhibits nearly perfectly balanced ambipolar transport (mu ave h/mu ave e = 1) in both rigid and flexible OFETs. Comprehensive characterizations reveal that BO successfully located the critical trade-off point where self-doping effectively modulates frontier orbital energies, aligns Fermi levels, and subtly reorganizes thin-film microstructures to enable balanced charge transport. This work demonstrates the power of BO in decoding complex composition-function relationships, offering a generalizable route to accelerate the discovery of high-performance functional polymers.image

Compared with three-dimensional (3D) perovskites, low-dimensional perovskites can effectively enhance device stability and reduce leakage current due to the shielding effect of A-site cations and high resistivity, thus showing broad application prospects in the field of high-energy radiation detection. In this study, high-quality lead-free A3Sb2X9 type single crystals (SCs) with large size are grown via a solution method. The manipulation mechanism of charge transport in these low-dimensional perovskite SCs by ion radius, coordination ability, and charge distribution characteristics is systematically investigated. Furthermore, the collaborative optimization mechanism of x-ray detection performance through crystal structure design and charge transport performance manipulation is elaborately revealed, which provides an important foundation for designing high-quality and low-toxicity perovskite SCs to achieve high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) x-ray detectors. Therefore, under the premise of maintaining superior stability and high resistivity, the optimized lead-free low-dimensional perovskite SCs achieve comparable detection performance to that of lead-based perovskites. Specifically, the fabricated SC x-ray detectors exhibit high resistivity (1011 Omega cm), large mu tau product (7.9 & times; 10-3 cm2 V-1), high detection sensitivity (3073 mu C Gy-1 cm-2), ultra-low detection limit (0.37 nGy s-1), and negligible dark current drift (6.8 & times; 10-8 nA cm-1 s-1 V-1). This rare combination of superior properties enables the SC detector to achieve high-resolution (7.5 lp mm-1) x-ray imaging.image

Flexible iontronic pressure sensors with high sensitivity, low hysteresis, and low detection limit are increasingly demanded for wearable electronics and intelligent robotics. However, it remains challenging to combine these sensor performances due to inherent property trade-offs in pressure-sensitive ion-conducting elastomers (ICEs), particularly among mechanical resilience, softness, and ionic conductivity. To address this issue, we propose a load-bearing and mechanically reversible network design that integrates strong covalent crosslinks for mechanical elasticity, weak sacrificial bonds for softness, and dynamic coordination interactions to facilitate ion transport. Based on this strategy, our fabricated ICEs exhibit excellent elasticity (<5% hysteresis over 1000 tensile cycles), low elastic modulus (similar to 66 kPa), intrinsic self-healing capability, and high ionic conductivity (2.57 x 10(-4) S cm(-1) at room temperature). The resulting iontronic sensor achieves high sensitivity (8.28 kPa(-1)), low detection limit (6 Pa), and minimal signal drift (similar to 0.72% capacitance change over 10 h.). Finally, the superiority of the low drift iontronic sensor is demonstrated by a robotic gripper with high reliability. Therefore, this work provides a general design principle to reconcile competing demands in ICEs and enables the development of high-performance, durable iontronic sensors for next-generation wearable and robotic applications.

All-inorganic Pb-Sn perovskites offer near-optimal bandgaps for photovoltaics but suffer from compositional inhomogeneity and limited operational stability, particularly in large-area devices. Here, we demonstrate that the film formation pathway plays a decisive role in governing the optoelectronic properties and device performance of all-inorganic CsPb0.5Sn0.5I3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs). By employing a composition pinning growth (CPG) strategy, the formation of segregation-prone crystallization states is suppressed, leading to reduced surface Sn enrichment and Sn oxidation, lower defect density, and more favorable charge-carrier dynamics. As a result, CPG-based devices achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 19.37% at the unit-cell level, among the highest of reported all-inorganic Pb-Sn PSCs, and 17.03% for 64 cm2 aperture area modules and enhanced operational stability, retaining approximately 87% of the initial efficiency after 1000 h of continuous operation at 85 degrees C and 85% relative humidity. This work establishes growth-pathway engineering as a scalable and effective strategy for achieving high-efficiency, stable all-inorganic CsPb0.5Sn0.5I3 perovskite photovoltaics.image

Bio-inspired vision systems based on curved image sensors offer a compelling imaging hardware for mobile robots by geometrically matching the image plane to the Petzval surface of single-lens optics. However, to fully exploit the advantages of biological vision systems, it is essential not only to emulate optical structures but also to integrate sensory-level processing functions into vision hardware. Here, we propose a robotic vision system that leverages the structural advantages of the human eye (compact single-lens imaging architecture) and the functional advantages of the biological receptive fields (sensory-level information pre-processing for efficient signal transmission and downstream computation). It is enabled by a bio-inspired artificial retina composed of curved perovskite photoconductors that form artificial receptive fields (ARFs). Each ARF performs multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) operations through in-sensor computing, executing sensory-level image processing functions (e.g., edge detection). As a result, the artificial retina captures compact yet information-rich edge images without external post-processing, thereby improving the speed and energy efficiency of semantic segmentation.image

Abstract Driven by advances in artificial intelligence, flexible electronics, and intelligent sensing, modern optoelectronics are moving from static single‐band detection to dynamic broad‐spectrum perception. This demands photodetectors with stable, continuous ultraviolet (UV)–short‐wave infrared (SWIR) response for multimodal fusion and high‐fidelity recognition in complex environments. Compared with conventional inorganic semiconductors, perovskites, and low‐dimensional materials, organic semiconductors are promising owing to tunable molecular structures, solution processability, and intrinsic flexibility. Given rapid progress in materials and devices, a systematic review is vital for guiding future research. Molecular engineering (donor‐acceptor (D‐A) structures, quinoidal units, end‐group functionalization) extends organic photodetector spectral response beyond 1.5 μm. Device innovations (optical microcavities, thick active layers, floating‐gate designs) enhance specific detectivity, response speed, and spectral tunability, with performance comparable to inorganic counterparts. This review summarizes recent advances in organic broad‐spectrum photodetectors, from materials to device physics, highlighting synergies of molecular design, intermolecular interactions, and device architecture. It also covers emerging applications (health monitoring, broad spectrum imaging, optical communication, organic spectroscopy), showing their progression to practicality. Prospects lie in neuromorphic devices and integrated “sensing‐memory‐computing” systems, key to adaptive, intelligent vision.

Abstract MXenes have attracted significant attention as next‐generation energy storage materials owing to their excellent physicochemical properties. Nevertheless, severe self‐stacking of MXene nanosheets substantially compromises their electrochemical performance and has emerged as a bottleneck issue in energy storage applications. Pore engineering is recognized as an effective approach to address this issue, including out‐of‐plane and in‐plane pores. Contrary to out‐of‐plane pore creation, which commonly employs physical or chemical modulation for pore formation as interlayer gaps or channel structures between adjacent nanosheets, in‐plane pore creation involves constructing nanoscale pore structures directly on MXene nanosheets, enabling simultaneous improvement of ion diffusion without compromising high packing density. However, the physicochemical properties of MXenes vary depending on their synthesis methods, thus requiring tailored in‐plane pore construction strategies. This review emphasizes the relatively underexplored area of in‐plane pore construction, systematically classifying and evaluating various strategies while elucidating the structure‐performance relationships. Furthermore, we identify key challenges in the scalable fabrication of porous MXenes, providing insightful perspectives for future research directions toward practical energy storage applications.