Nanobubble-driven drip fertigation and soil conditioners are increasingly applied to enhance red chili productivity, a key Indonesian cash crop with high economic value but limited export competitiveness. This integration improves water and nutrient delivery, increases dissolved oxygen, and enhances soil properties, thereby supporting better growth, yield, and quality. This study aims to examine the synergy of nanobubble-driven drip fertigation and soil conditioners in enhancing soil chemical–biological properties, as well as the growth, yield, and quality of red chili. The experiment used a strip-plot design with two factors, namely nutrient source (NPK, drip fertigation, and drip fertigation + nanobubble) and type of soil conditioner (manure, bioameliorant, and ameliorant), each with three replications. Observed parameters included pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, phosphate -solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB), growth, yield, and fruit quality. The results showed a significant interaction between nutrients and soil conditioner on PSB populations, P availability, fruit number, fruit weight per plant, and fruit quality. The drip fertigation + nanobubble treatment increased fruit weight by 299.18 g/plant (39.77%) and fruit number by 59.25 g/plant (34.1%) compared to the NPK and manure treatment. The PSB population, plant height, and stem diameter positively contributed to fruit weight, while stem diameter, plant height, and chlorophyll content were positively related to fruit number. Furthermore, increasing soil pH correlated with an increase in the proportion of fruit quality categories A and B. Overall, the pH and organic carbon variables directly influenced the increase in good fruit quality (A+B) by 39.5%.
Organic matter is a source of slow-release nutrients, so its effects will not be exhausted in a single growing season. This study aims to determine the role of bagasse residues in the form of compost, biochar, biocompost, and NPK fertilizer on the growth, yield, and NPK uptake efficiency of shallots. The study employed a completely randomized factorial design with two factors. The first factor was bagasse residue, consisting of B1: no organic fertilizer, B2: compost, B3: biochar, and B4: biocompost (a mixture of biochar and compost). The application rate was 10 tons/ha. The second factor was A1: NPK 0%, A2: NPK 50% (recommendation) (362.5 tons/ha), and A3: NPK 100% (recommendation) (625 tons/ha). The research results show that the use of NPK 50% on compost residue (B2) and biocompost (B4) significantly increased plant height by 73.5% and 53.3%, respectively, the number of leaves by 101.8% and 104.8%, fresh tubers by 192.1% and 168. 5% compared to the Control (B1) and NPK 0% (A1), as well as nitrogen uptake efficiency of 34% and 20%, phosphorus of 18% and 10%, and potassium of 10% and 11%, respectively. The use of organic materials should be maintained to enhance sustainable fertilizer efficiency.
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important legume crop valued for its nutritional quality and ecological role in sustainable agriculture. Its productivity and seed composition can be influenced by micronutrient management, particularly boron (B), which plays a key role in reproductive development. The experiment comprised two faba bean varieties (black-seeded and brown-seeded) and five foliar B levels (0, 10, 20, 40, and 60 mg L-1 applied at the pre-flowering and pod formation stages) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The brown-seeded variety produced higher seed yield (2.32±0.04 t ha⁻¹) than the black-seeded variety (1.86±0.05 t ha-1), while among B treatments, foliar application at 60 mg L-1 produced the maximum seed yield (2.32±0.07 t ha⁻¹) and the control gave the lowest one (1.85±0.10 t ha⁻¹). Although vegetative growth parameters were not significantly affected by B, reproductive and yield traits were notably improved. The combination of brown-seeded faba bean with 60 mg L-1 B produced the highest number of branches plant-1 (3.80±0.25), pods plant⁻¹ (38.60±1.42), seeds pod⁻¹ (3.53±0.05), 1000-seed weight (228.17±3.48 g), seed yield (2.48±0.04 t ha⁻¹), stover yield (2.55±0.04 t ha⁻¹), and biological yield (5.03±0.08 t ha⁻¹). The highest seed protein content (22±0.26%) was recorded in the brown-seeded variety without B, whereas the black-seeded variety treated with 10 mg L⁻¹ B showed the highest seed fat content (2.40±0.14%). These results indicate that 60 mg L⁻¹ foliar boron application to brown-seeded faba bean effectively enhances yield traits and yield, while seed quality traits vary by genotype and boron level.
The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of electrical resistivity (ER) for monitoring soil management systems – conventional tillage (CT) and puddled no-till (PNT) throughout an irrigation cycle in a field located in El-Fayoum, Egypt. We selected a pair of adjacent fields, one dominated by CT and another with PNT. The two fields were basin irrigated and measurements of soil moisture (%, SM), salinity (EC, dS m-1), bulk density (BD, g cm-3), and ER were taken at 3, 15, and 30 days post-irrigation. Conventional tillage (CT) enabled salt to be redistributed within the soil profile, decreasing surface salt content that originated from soil disturbance. In contrast, PNT experienced its soil surface salinity level increase rapidly as salts were trapped in the compacted topsoil. By day 30, salinity in the PNT plot was 3.0-5.6 dS m-1 higher than in the CT plot, demonstrating a limitation of PNT related to excessive salt accumulation, especially under arid conditions. While the CT plot had lower BD initially and became more compacted over time, compaction increased in the PNT treatment throughout the study mostly due to its high compaction level resulting from puddling. Application of 2D Apparent Electrical Resistivity Tomography (AERT) and 1D layered resistivity models (LERM) to ER measurements revealed significant ER pattern differences between the two systems. Puddled no-till (PNT), especially in the topsoil, showed lower ER rates due to the pronounced high moisture and salinity. Conventional tillage (CT) demonstrated greater ER variation, which improved with the migration of water. The statistical analysis validated the strong positive correlation of higher moisture, salinity, and BD with lower ER values. Overall, this study showed that ER methodology could be effective in assessing soil behavior under various tillage systems quickly and non-destructively.
Soil nutrient fractionation is fundamental process in determining soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and crop productivity. Major nutrient elements, viz. carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulphur (S), exist in various forms in soil and undergo dynamic transformations due to biological, chemical, and physical processes. Factors including soil texture, pH, moisture, temperature, and microbial activity influence these nutrient transformations. Soil aggregates and microbial communities help in nutrient retention and cycling, as well as impact on plant nutrient uptake. Nutrient content may vary across different soils, like saline, acidic, and calcareous soils, which emphasizes the complexity of nutrient dynamics and the need for specific management approaches. Nowadays, researchers use different methods to determine nutrient fractions in soil. These methods help to identify nutrient pool and nutrient availability in soil. Land use and management practices including tillage, residue incorporation, and fertilization influence nutrient fractionation. Sustainable soil management practices like conservation agriculture, green manuring, and biochar application help maintain nutrient balance, improve soil health, and enhance long-term agricultural productivity. This review highlights current information on the fractionation of C, N, P, K, and S in soil, their transformations, and the role of microbes in their cycling. It also investigates the effects of land uses and management practices on nutrient fractions and soil fertility. Advancing this field requires an integrated approach that links microbial processes with multi-nutrient cycling to create predictive models for sustainable soil management. Understanding these processes is essential for developing sustainable agriculture strategies that increase nutrient availability and minimizes environmental damage.
Drought stress impact fuelled by climate change is becoming a global concern as it threatens food security in many arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs). However, planting drought-tolerant crops such as safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), in the ASALs can help ensure food security and sustainability. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted during the 2021/2022 planting season to evaluate the response of safflower genotypes to drought stress. Factors under study were stress conditions and five safflower genotypes. The results revealed that drought stress reduced the chlorophyll content, leaf relative water content (LRWC), and plant height while the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and proline content increased. This trend was observed at different stress durations under both experiments with the effects being more noticeable when stress duration increases from 10 to 30 days. To rank genotypes based on their overall superiority, the genotype by trait (GT) biplot analysis was employed based on the mean values of all studied traits for five safflower genotypes stressed for 30 days. The results showed that genotype Kenya9819 was overall superior (drought tolerant) while Gila and Turkey ranked poorly (drought sensitive). This suggested that different safflower genotypes have different degrees of tolerance to drought stress depending on the duration of stress.
This study aimed to compare the activity of synthetic phytohormones (naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) and indole-butyric acid (IBA)) and indole-3-acetic acid-producing bacteria (Bacillus stercoris B.PNR1, Bacillus stercoris B.PNR2, and Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1) to stimulate the growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) planted in used engine oil-contaminated soil. The results revealed that both synthetic phytohormones significantly stimulated mung bean growth in soil contaminated with used engine oil. Mung beans treated with IBA or NAA showed a 76.25±2.63 and 81.25±3.50% survival rate, compared to a survival rate of only 66.25% in the absence of seed treatment. Furthermore, the shoot length (20.54-20.84 cm), shoot fresh weight (0.276-0.279 g), shoot dry weight (0.025-0.025 g), and shoot dry weight per pot (0.190-0.204 g) of mung beans grown in used engine oil with seeds treated with IBA or NAA were higher than those of mung bean seedlings without seed treatment. In contrast with the shoot, NAA did not stimulate the growth of the mung bean root as much as the shoot. Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1 tended to promote root growth to the best extent because the root length (7.61±0.25 cm) of mung bean grown in used engine oil was higher than that grown with receiving other bacterial isolates or NAA and IBA; however, root dry weight per pot of mung bean with seed treated with Paenibacillus sp. BSR1-1 was not significantly different from those treated with IBA and NAA.
For efficient irrigation timing in arid land agriculture, it is essential to know the daily evapotranspiration rate of each crop (ETc) established in a specific location. ETc can be obtained from the reference evapotranspiration rate (ETr) according to the procedure of the FAO-56 method and the crop coefficient development (Kc). However, the daily rates of ETr obtained with calculated values of net radiation (Rn) and soil surface heat flux (G) may differ from those obtained when Rn and G are measured in the same automated weather station. The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference between the daily rate of ETr obtained with the FAO-56 method using calculated and measured data of net radiation and soil surface heat flux in an arid land. On an arid land of northern Mexico, a Campbell-brand automated weather station (Campell Sci., Inc. Logan, Utah, USA) was located at the center of a circular area of 12 m in diameter, with a green grass of full surface coverage 12 cm height with no soil moisture deficit, to measure at a height of 2 m (1 s scan and 30 min averaged values) the air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed and direction, incident solar radiation, barometric pressure, and rainfall. Furthermore, the net radiation over the grass and the soil surface heat flux were also measured. The data generated by the automated weather station was used to calculate the daily rate of ETr (FAO-56 method) using both calculated and measured values of net radiation and soil surface heat flux. The results of this study showed that the ETr (FAO-56 method) obtained with Rn and G measured was 17.63% higher than the ETr (FAO-56 method) determined with Rn and G calculated. The Rn measured (using a net radiometer) was 14.08% larger than the Rn calculated (FAO-56 method). G measured was 36.6% smaller than G calculated as 10% of the Rn (FAO-56 method). The daily ETr rate (FAO-56 method) using Rn and G measured in the automated weather station was higher than the ETr rate (FAO-56 method) obtained with Rn and G calculated, due to a bigger value of Rn and a lower value of G measured in the automated weather station than the values of Rn and G calculated by the FAO-56 method.
A novel colorimetric chemosensor, (E)-2-methoxy-3-((naphthalen-1-ylamino)methylene)chroman-4-one (FCNA), has been successfully developed for the selective detection of lead (Pb²⁺) ions in environmental soil samples such as those from arid land and semi-arid land. This sensor exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity, with a low detection limit of 5.24×10-10 M and an association constant of 3.22×105 M-1, confirming its strong binding affinity toward Pb²⁺ ions. Structural analysis via FTIR, NMR, and Job’s plot suggests the formation of stable 2:1 complex between FCNA and Pb²⁺, reinforcing its specificity. The ease of synthesis and robust selectivity make FCNA an ideal candidate for Pb²⁺ ions detection, particularly in environmental soil monitoring. Real sample analysis was conducted to validate its performance, demonstrating high reliability in detecting Pb²⁺ ions in complex matrices. Given its exceptional detection ability, FCNA emerges as a promising tool for heavy metal ion monitoring, supporting environmental safety assessments and pollution control efforts in soils.
Thermotolerance is the ability of an organism to survive high temperatures. An organism’s natural tolerance of heat is their basal thermotolerance. High temperatures are a common phenomenon in arid and semi -arid regions. Botswana is a semi-arid region where Jatropha curcas a plant well known for its medicinal and seed rich in oil for biodiesel uses. The study aimed to compare various J. curcas accessions’ thermotolerance in this semi-arid region with a wide range of diurnal leaf temperatures throughout the year. Four accessions located in a field in the Department of Agricultural Research, Sebele, Botswana were studied. Measurements of photosynthetic rates, stomatal conduction, leaf temperatures, internal carbon dioxide, and vapour pressure deficit were performed diurnally in spring summer and autumn from 2015 to 2017 on various J. curcas accessions. Despite the interplay of the various parameters that influenced the photosynthetic performance of the accessions the impact of temperature was greatest. As a result of their higher photosynthetic activity the Ghana and Tlokweng accessions surfaced as more thermotolerant than the Tsamaya and Thabala accessions. In conclusion, as the Ghana and Tlokweng accessions appeared more thermotolerant than the Tsamaya and Thabala accessions the study recommends them to be incorporated into breeding programmes alongside other accessions with the ultimate objective of continuing to improve their photosynthetic activity.
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient that plays a vital role in various physiological and biochemical processes in rice. Its deficiency is a common nutritional disorder in rice growing regions, often leading to impaired growth and reduced yields. To address this issue an experiment was executed to assess of zinc application on the yield ability of aromatic Boro rice cv. BRRI dhan50. The study comprised ten zinc treatment regimes, including a control (0 kg Zn/ha) of various combinations of basal, soil (SA) and foliar applications (FA) with zinc rates ranging from 1.0 to 6.0 kg Zn/ha. Results revealed a significant response of rice yield components to zinc application. The treatment involving 2.0 kg Zn/ha (basal) + 1.0 kg Zn/ha (SA at 30 DAT) + 1.0 kg Zn/ha (FA at flag leaf) produced the highest values for total tillers/hill (15.36), panicle length (23.04 cm), 1000-grain weight (20.64 g), grain (5.38 t/ha) and straw (6.56 t/ha) yields while control treatment exhibited the lowest values. The results indicate that the most effective zinc application strategy for maximizing grain yield in BRRI dhan50 is the application of 2.0 kg Zn/ha as basal, followed by 1.0 kg Zn/ha at the seedling stage (SA) and 1.0 kg Zn/ha at the flowering stage (FA), in combination with the recommended NPK fertilizers.
Water resource management in dry climates depends on an awareness of evapotranspiration variability. In this work, precipitation (Pr, mm/year) and air temperature (T °C) over Saudi Arabia (KSA) were extracted using long-term climate data (January 2000-December 2024) from the TerraClimate dataset. Three categories were used to classify both variables, therefore producing a new system of climate classification separating the Kingdom into nine different hydro-thermal groups. Using geo-spatial meteorological inputs, the Stand-Alone Remote Sensing Approach to Estimate Reference Evapotranspiration (SARE) model was employed to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for certain sites. Validation against the FAO-Penman-Monteith (FPM) model showed strong performance with correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.80 to 0.99 and Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) values between 0.08 and 0.27 across the nine classes. Whereas relative humidity revealed a strong inverse association (r as low as -0.96), Tmax and solar radiation were found as main causes of ETo fluctuation (r up to 0.98 and 0.96, respectively). Especially in cooler, humid areas, wind speed showed secondary influence. These results underline the need of climate-specific evapotranspiration models for arid areas, where customized strategies are essential to maximize water consumption and guarantee sustainable resource management.
Proper management of soil nutrients is crucial for optimizing plant growth and fruit production. This study investigates the impact of potassium foliar spraying and sheep manure application on available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) levels in soil, as well as the growth performance of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. var. Selimi) seedlings. Treatments included four potassium spray levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 g/L) and four sheep manure application rates (0, 6, 12, and 18 t/ha). Results showed that foliar spraying with 20 g/L potassium significantly enhanced soil nutrient availability (N: 68.40 mg/kg, P: 13.35 mg/kg, K: 22.35 mg/kg). This treatment also improved seedling growth, yielding the tallest main stem (106.60 cm), the highest number of leaves (321.73), the largest leaf area (1540.23 cm²), and the greatest chlorophyll content (43.30 SPAD). Additionally, the combination of 20 g/L potassium with 18 t/ha sheep manure resulted in the highest overall plant growth metrics. These findings suggest that integrating potassium foliar sprays with organic fertilization enhances soil nutrient availability and promotes vigorous growth in pomegranate seedlings.
This study was conducted in the research area of the Dicle University Faculty of Agriculture during the 2017-2018 growing season to evaluate triticale genotypes based on various agricultural traits and identify genotypes suitable for Diyarbakir ecology. The experiment was conducted under two different conditions: rainfed and supplementary irrigation. The plant materials included two commercial triticale varieties (Alperbey and Esin) and three lines (DZ9-01-02, DZ9-06, and TBT16-11) developed by the Faculty of Agriculture of Dicle University. Under rainfed conditions, drought before heading adversely affected the traits, whereas supplemental irrigation improved all examined characteristics. Among the genotypes, TBT16-11 demonstrated high yield stability and superior attributes, including earliness. Alperbey has been identified as a promising parent in breeding programs. Regression analysis revealed an inverse relationship between canopy temperature and LAI under both rainfed and irrigated conditions, with high temperatures reducing the leaf area. Additionally, the heading time had a positive influence on grain yield, while the SPAD value enhanced thousand-kernel weight and grain yield. In conclusion, supplemental irrigation significantly increased triticale yield, highlighting its resilience to adverse conditions and its positive response to favorable environmental factors.
The study examined the effects of foliar growth regulator (Cycocel) at three concentrations (0, 500, and 1000 mg L-1) and three levels of irrigation water salinity (tap water, 6 dS m-1, and 9 dS m-1) on the vegetative growth of two oleander cultivars (white and pink). The findings indicated that the white cultivar outperformed the pink in most vegetative traits. In addition, applying the highest concentration of Cycocel (1000 mg L-1) significantly boosted vegetative parameters. Conversely, irrigation with water at 9 dS m-1 led to a reduction in all measured vegetative traits, such as plant height, leaf count, leaf area, stem diameter and branch number. Notably, the combination of the pink cultivar with 1000 mg L-1 Cycocel improved leaf number and stem diameter, while the treatment pairing 1000 mg L-1 Cycocel with tap water produced the highest branch numbers. Overall, the treatment integrating the pink cultivar, 1000 mg L-1 Cycocel, and tap water achieved the best results with 123.90 leaves per plant, a stem diameter of 15.35 mm, and 7.40 branches per plant compared to the control. In summary, although the white variety excelled in most vegetative traits, the pink cultivar demonstrated enhanced characteristics, and foliar application of Cycocel was effective in boosting all measured parameters.
Information on the effect of forest stands and upland farms on soil physical properties is important for soil management. This study evaluated the effect of forest stands and upland farms on the physical properties of Andisols soils in the Mount-Merbabu National Park, Indonesia. A total of 108 soil samples were collected from each Pine, Acacia, Puspa (Schima noronhae Theaceae), Bintamin (Cupressus sp.), mixed, and upland farms at soil depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-50, 50-70 and 70-100 cm with three replications at each depth. The results showed that the sand fraction was in the range of 40.7%-73.8%, the silt fraction was in the range of 21.2%-42.6%, and the clay fraction was in the range of 3.2%-9.9%. Soil permeability shows that the value decreases with soil depth and shows different rates between forest stands and upland farms. The highest permeability in forest stands is found in Puspa stands 0-10 cm depth (7.50 cm h-1) and 20-30 cm depth (14.36 cm h-1) in the upland farms, the lowest rate is found in Pine stands 70-100 cm depth (3.07 cm h-1) and 70-100 cm (1.23 cm h-1) in the upland farms. Porosity shows a decreasing value with soil depth where the highest porosity is found in mixed stands at a depth of 10-20 cm (66.17%) and the lowest porosity in Puspa stands at a depth of 70-100 cm (44.41%). Upland farms shows a higher sand fraction content (0-100 cm depth) than forest stands, and forest stands show a higher silt fraction content (0-100 cm depth). Puspa stands have higher permeability than other forest stands (0-10 cm depth).
Since 2010, South America has been experiencing a prolonged megadrought, with a 40% reduction in annual rainfall, further intensified by climate change. This situation has led to a severe decline in water reserves, impacting agriculture and food security. To mitigate these effects, the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, such as the use of sheep wool as an organic fertilizer, has been explored. This study evaluated the impact of wool pellets on lettuce growth and soil properties across different substrates. Lettuce seedlings were cultivated in 1 L pots with various soil types (sand, clay, and peat) and different wool pellet doses: a control group (C), a group with 5 g/L (W5), and one with 10 g/L (W10). Plant growth parameters and soil properties were monitored over a period of 120 days. The addition of wool pellets improved soil moisture retention and chemical properties, with moisture levels increasing by 3% to 25% compared to the control, particularly during dry periods. An increase in nitrate (41-54%) and potassium (10-53%) concentrations was observed in both soil and lettuce leaves (1.4 times) compared to the control, particularly in sandy and clay soils. Lettuce growth was significantly enhanced under the W10 treatment, which showed the highest increases in plant weight (2.5 times), leaf number (1.4 times), and height (1.4 times) compared to the control. Wool pellets may thus serve as an effective tool for optimizing soil management in low-fertility environments, promoting more sustained and resilient plant growth under variable water availability.
Crop improvement requires an understanding of genetic diversity and the relationships between different variables that affect seed yield. The goal of this study was to characterize twenty-two mungbean genotypes in order to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advancement, and genetic diversity as well as the correlation coefficient for nine variables and the degree to which they are associated with yield. The experiment was conducted during Kharif-1 season of 2023 following a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on key yield-attributing morphological traits viz., days to first flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, pod length, number of seeds pod-1, 100-seed weight and yield plant-1 were recorded. Based on yield and traits attributed to yield, the genotypes BMX 11140, BMX 1148, BMX 11170, BMX 11111 and BARI Mung-6 were selected as promising genotypes. The highest differences between genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were observed for number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, yield plant-1, pod length and days to first flowering. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean was recorded for the traits yield plant-1, number of pods plant-1 and 100-seed weight. Yield plant-1 showed a significant positive correlation with number of pods plant-1 (0.783**) and number of seeds pod-1 (0.738**). The traits number of pods plant-1, 100-seed weight, number of seeds pod-1, number of branches plant-1, pod length, plant height, and days to maturity exerted positive direct effect on yield plant-1 whereas days to first flowering showed negative effects. Principal component analysis revealed that the first three components explained 71.66% of the total variation among the genotypes. Cluster analysis grouped twenty-two genotypes into four distinct clusters where cluster III indicated the highest yield plant-1. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters III and II (2.33). Thus, the promising genotypes viz., BMX 11140, BMX 1148, BMX 11170, BMX 11111 and BARI Mung-6 isolated from this study can be used for developing high-yielding mungbean variety.
Generally arid soils are calcareous and prone to contamination of copper due to the usage of high-intensity agriculture and copper-based pesticides which leads to toxicity of organisms present in the soil resulting in fertility loss and crop diseases. We synthesised a sensor R, having a rhodanine scaffold for sensitive and selective detection of Cu2+ ions available in the soil. The sensor exhibited characteristic UV-Visible spectral properties and fluorometric “turn-off” emission properties towards Cu2+ ions. As a practical application detection of Cu2+ ions by the Sensor R adsorbed on a test filter paper system is also reported. The UV–Vis spectrum of sensor R, exhibited an absorption band at 308 nm due to the presence of a thioamide group in the rhodanine moiety and a quantitative intensity enhancement is observed only in presence of Cu2+ ions. In the fluorescence spectra an emission band around 380 nm was observed upon the addition of copper ions and the fluorescence intensity gradually decreased with the increasing Cu2+ concentration indicating the formation of a complex. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) analysis indicated that methylene protons signal at δ 4.79 disappeared and shifted up field to appear as a broad peak at δ 3.62. Filter paper strips were dipped into the solution R and dried and subjected to FTIR analysis. On binding with Cu2+ ions the -COOH band appeared with reduced intensity whereas the carbonyl group completely disappeared. The results showed that our method would be suitable to routinely analyse the Cu2+ content in real samples.
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a prominent root vegetable cultivated throughout the world because of its nutritional and bioactive components. This study is conducted for growth performance and phytochemical investigation of four different cultivars of radish sprouts i.e., white, yellow, red, and black. Growth parameters such as shoot length, root length, and fresh weight were recorded and the results showed that the red cultivar had the highest values in all aspects, showing the highest shoot length (5.72 cm), root length (12.1 cm), and fresh weight (283.7 mg). In the black cultivar, these parameters exhibited the lowest growth. Individual glucosinolates (GSLs) and phenylpropanoid compounds were also analyzed from all the cultivars. The analysis of 10-day-old radish sprouts revealed the presence of 7 glucosinolates and 10 phenylpropanoid compounds. The individual and total content of all the compounds varied significantly within cultivars. The highest amount of total glucosinolates (87.00 μmol/g DW) was detected in red whereas the lowest total was found in the yellow cultivar (60.78 μmol/g DW). The variation of glucoraphanin content among the cultivars varied largely than any other glucosinolate showing much more in the red and white cultivars. The accumulation of glucoraphasatin content was much higher irrespective of cultivars. As for phenylpropanoids, the red cultivar exhibited the greatest amounts of chlorogenic acid (56.34 μg/g DW) and benzoic acid (42.35 μg/g DW). Among all cultivars, the white cultivar had the lowest phenylpropanoid profile, especially in terms of benzoic acid. This study reveals wide variation in growth and phytochemicals among the radish cultivars cultured on soil pots the positive traits of the red cultivar showed enhanced yield and nutraceutical compounds.
