Nitrogen-containing heterocycles exhibit a diverse range of biological activities and are widely explored and utilized by the pharmaceutical industry for drug discovery. There are a lot of synthesized N-Containing heterocyclic compounds that showed antiallergic/antihistamine activities. A series of imidazole derivatives (Such as cimetidine), benzimidazole derivatives (Such as Astemizole, Bilastine, Emedastine, Mizolastine, and Clemizole), and 2-methylpropanamide and benzamide derivatives of carboxyterfenadine are synthesized and evaluated as H1 antihistamine activity. Quinazolinone derivatives, pteridinones related compounds, and piperidine derivatives (such as Fexofenadine) also have strong antihistamine activity with a low sedative effect. Antihistaminic activity of the synthesized compounds was studied on the histamine-induced contractions of guinea-pig ileum tissues.
Aspirin, known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is one of the most commonly used medications. Available as over-the-counter medicine, ASA is prescribed as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet drug and has the potential to decrease pain and fever. ASA is also considered as a first-line drug for the treatment of some cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery diseases (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). Subsequently, it has been demonstrated to reduce the morbidity and mortality rate of these diseases. Besides the beneficial effects, ASA has the potential to provoke some allergic reactions, particularly in patients with CAD. According to previous reports, in 1.5-2.6% of the subjects with CVD treated with ASA, aspirinexacerbated respiratory disease or chronic idiopathic urticaria were observed. In this book chapter, we aimed to summarize all-new achievements and novel findings of recent clinical advances related to the desensitization approaches following aspirin consumption in patients with CADs
Various pharmacological effects were shown for Nigella sativa (N. sativa), including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. The plant also has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In this chapter, the effects of N. sativa and its constituents in allergic and immunologic disorders based on the experimental and clinical studies are provided. Articles published on the effect of N. sativa and its constituents on allergic and immunologic disorders in the experimental and clinical studies were searched until July 2020. For this purpose, keywords including; Nigella sativa, black seed, thymoquinone, alphahederin, carvacrol, allergic disorders, and immunology disorders were searched in different databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Experimental studies showed various immunologic effects of N. sativa extracts and their constituents, including their effects on Th1/Th2/ balance. Treating patients with N. sativa seed, alleviate symptoms of allergic rhinitis and decrease the body temperature in allergic patients which is due to immunomodulatory properties of the plant. Treatment of Vitiligo patients with N. sativa also reduced the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI). Various studies showed that N. sativa and its constituents showed significant effects on allergic and immunologic disorders. Therefore, N. sativa and its constituents could be good candidate drugs for treating allergic and immunologic disorders.
Resistin is a cytokine that has gained popularity over the last decade for its roles in allergic and inflammatory reactions. It is a cysteine-rich protein secreted mostly by macrophages in humans and adipocytes in mice. It was first identified as a small molecule that mediates insulin resistance in rodents. Following the discovery of resistin, many researchers have started investigating its activity in a wide range of pathological conditions where inflammation is present. Findings from these studies have revealed that resistin serves a major function in almost all inflammatory diseases. Elevated serum resistin levels have been associated with allergic contact dermatitis, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, obesity, neurological and cognitive disorders, and cancer. Therefore, it is critically important to understand the exact role of resistin in these pathological conditions to develop an effective therapeutic approach. So far, four receptors are known to interact with resistin. Two of these receptors, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1), are present on the membrane of human macrophages. The other two receptors, receptor tyrosine kinaselike orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) and decorin (DCN), are found in mice. Even though it is possible that ROR1 exists in humans, too, there is still an open question regarding other receptors that interact with resistin in humans. However, accumulated data suggest that resistin is involved in multiple signaling pathways via binding to TLR4 and CAP1. This chapter aims to elaborate on the multi-faceted roles of resistin in cellular events as well as its contribution to allergic and inflammatory diseases with a focus on cancer formation based on the current and most recent findings.
Asthma is among the world's most common severe lung disorders, affecting one-third of the world's population with incidence ranging from 4.9% to 12.7%. Around 3.5 million people die annually due to the worse health effects of asthma. Men (6.2%) have been seen to be less prevalent than women (10.4%) internationally. As a product of inflammation and super sensitivity, asthma is a multifactorial condition with symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest pain. There are a number of agents that may be responsible for the development of asthma.This includes air pollution, obesity, bacteria, viruses, fungi, flu germs, dust, pollen, tobacco, smoking, exercise, depression, anxiety, allergic agents, physical and emotional stress. Depending on the susceptibility of the individual, asthma showed mild to serious results. For a deeper understanding of disease pathogenicity, mechanistic mechanisms should concentrate on a number of aspects like metabolic abnormalities, molecular genetics, inflammatory asthma complexity, etc. Commensal micro biota is one of the main factors that cures disease and has a major role in balancing the immune system in the gut and lung. In addition to the foregoing, potential indicators include serum IgE, a number of bloodstream eosinophil or levels of sputum eosinophil, FeNO (fractional exhaled nitric oxide), and serum periostin are presently employed in the asthma diagnosis. The two key therapies available on the basis of disease severity for patients are oral corticosteroids and bronchodilators. However, steroid-based therapy has certain side effects, such as elevated BP, adrenal suppression, and bone weakening. Due to this, we should target non-steroid medications, including anti-cholinergic medication (Tiotropium) and biological therapy. For serious asthma patients, various new medications (such as Anti-IL-4, Anti-IL-5, Anti-IL-13, and Anti-IgE therapy) have been used and found effectiveTo select the right medication and system for a better treatment plan, asthma patient requires proper review such as guidance, constancy, advice, drug alert, refill warning, notification warning, etc.
