Background: The effects of losartan (Los) and GW9662 on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and systemic inflammation were examined. Methods: Mice were administered saline or LPS (0.250 mg/kg) for seven days and were treated with Los (1 mg/kg), GW9662 (1 mg/kg), or their combination for ten days (n=7 per group). Total and differential white blood cells (WBC) in the blood and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), oxidant and anti-oxidant markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels were measured in serum, the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) in the BALF, and lung histopathological changes were assessed. Results: In the LPS group, SOD, CAT, and thiol in serum, and TGF-β1 and IFN-γ levels and INF-γ/IL-4 ratio in the BALF were decreased, but WBC count in the blood and BALF, and serum MDA, BALF IL-4 level and lung pathological changes were significantly increased. Most variables were improved in the LPS group treated with Los or its combination with GW9662. Treatment with GW9662 alone did not change any variable. Conclusion: Although the preventive effect of Los may not be entirely mediated through the PPAR-γ receptor, the results indicate that the Los effect is partially reversed with GW9662 treatment, suggesting at least a partial involvement of the PPAR-γ pathway.

Mangiferin is a xanthone glycoside that can be found abundantly in different parts of plants, with fruits like figs containing significant amounts. This study aimed to examine the immunomodulatory effects of Mangiferin on helper T lymphocytes. They were exposed to different concentrations of Mangiferin (10, 30, and 100 μM) and dexamethasone (0.1 mM) in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The levels of cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) were determined using biochemical techniques. In addition, the levels of messenger RNA for interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10 were measured through real-time PCR. The values for IFN-γ/IL-4 (Th1/Th2), IFN-γ/IL-10 (Th1/Treg), and IL-4/IL-10 (Th2/Treg) ratios were calculated by dividing their respective values. In the PHA-stimulated group, there was a notable decrease in IFN-γ/IL-4 and GSH levels, while other factors showed a significant increase compared to the control. Mangiferin significantly reduced cell proliferation, MDA/GSH ratio, MDA, and NO production. Additionally, Mangiferin demonstrated a concentration-dependent decrease in IFN-γ and IL-4 levels and an increase in IL-10 levels compared to the PHA group. The two higher concentrations of Mangiferin notably decreased the IFN-γ, IFN-γ/IL-10, and IL-4/IL-10 ratio values. Mangiferin exhibits more specific anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities compared to dexamethasone.

Several pharmacological effects were described for

Paraquat (PQ) is an herbicide toxin that induces injury in different organs. The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects of carvacrol were reported previously. The effects of carvacrol and pioglitazone (Pio) alone and their combination on inhaled PQ‐induced systemic and lung oxidative stress and inflammation as well as behavioral changes were examined in rats. In this study, animals were exposed to saline (control [Ctrl]) or PQ (PQ groups) aerosols. PQ‐exposed animals were treated with 0.03 mg/kg/day dexamethasone (Dexa), 20 and 80 mg/kg/day carvacrol (C‐L and C‐H), 5 mg/kg/day Pio, and Pio+C‐L for 16 days. Inhaled PQ markedly enhanced total and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts, nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels but decreased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and thiol levels both in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood and increased interferon‐gamma (INF‐ γ ) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) levels in the BALF ( p < 0.001 for all cases) except lymphocyte count in blood which was not significantly changed. The escape latency and traveled distance were increased in the PQ group. However, the time spent in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze (MWM) test and the duration of time latency in the dark room in the shuttle box test were reduced after receiving an electrical shock ( p < 0.05– p < 0.001). Inhaled PQ‐induced changes were significantly improved in carvacrol, Pio, Dexa, and especially in the combination of the Pio+C‐L treated groups ( p < 0.05– p < 0.001). Carvacrol and Pio improved PQ‐induced changes similar to Dexa, but ameliorative effects produced by combination treatments of Pio+C‐L were more prominent than Pio and C‐L alone, suggesting a potentiating effect for the combination of the two agents.

Crocus sativus L. was used for the treatment of a wide range of disorders in traditional medicine. Due to the extensive protective and treatment properties of C. sativus and its constituents in various diseases, the purpose of this review is to collect a summary of its effects, on experimental studies, both in vitro and in vivo. Databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus were explored until January 2023 by employing suitable keywords. Several investigations have indicated that the therapeutic properties of C. sativus may be due to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, and respiratory systems. Further research has shown that its petals also have anticonvulsant properties. Pharmacological studies have shown that crocetin and safranal have anti-oxidant properties and through inhibiting the release of free radicals lead to the prevention of disorders such as tumor cell proliferation, atherosclerosis, hepatotoxicity, bladder toxicity, and ethanol induced hippocampal disorders. Numerous studies have been performed on the effect of C. sativus and its constituents in laboratory animal models under in vitro and in vivo conditions on various disorders. This is necessary but not enough and more clinical trials are needed to investigate unknown aspects of the therapeutic properties of C. sativus and its main constituents in different disorders.

BackgroundAnimal and human studies have demonstrated that the saffron and the active components of saffron, including crocin, crocetin, and safranal, possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. In this meta-analysis, the preclinical evidence and potential mechanism of saffron were explored in an animal model of ovalbumin-induced asthma.MethodsStudies related to saffron and its constituents in an animal model of ovalbumin-induced asthma from the beginning to March 2024 were searched from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the 15-item CAMARADES checklist. Data analysis was performed using STATA software version 17.ResultsThirteen studies with 536 animals (268 animals in the intervention group and 268 animals in the ovalbumin-induced group) were analyzed. The meta-analysis findings demonstrated that saffron and its constituents played a significant role in reducing total WBC, eosinophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts. Moreover, saffron showed a significant decrease in the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE, histamine, endothelin, nitric oxide, and nitrite. Moreover, saffron was found to elevate EC50 thresholds and lower maximum response rates in experimental animals. The analysis revealed a significant identification of modulation in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers and miRNAs pathways.ConclusionSaffron and its components may impact ovalbumin-induced asthma model in animals through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory pathways, as well as improving pulmonary function and modulating ER stress markers and miRNAs pathways. As a result, saffron should be considered for further clinical trials in individuals suffering from asthma.

Several pharmacological effects were described for Nigella sativa (N. sativa) seed and it has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. In this review article, the updated and comprehensive anti-oxidant effects of N. sativa and its main constituent, thymoquinone (TQ), on various disorders are described. The relevant articles were retrieved through PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus up to December 31, 2023. Various extracts and essential oils of N. sativa showed anti-oxidant effects on cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal and liver, neurologic, respiratory, and urogenital diseases by decreasing and increasing various oxidant and anti-oxidant marketers, respectively. The main constituent of the plant, TQ, also showed similar anti-oxidant effects as the plant itself. The anti-oxidant effects of different extracts and essential oils of N. sativa were demonstrated in various studies which were perhaps due to the main constituent of the plant, TQ. The findings of this review article suggest the possible therapeutic effect of N. sativa and TQ in oxidative stress disorders.

Objective:Species of the genus Achillea (from the family Compositae or Asteraceae) are widely used for their numerous pharmacological properties. The present paper reviews pharmacological actions and their possible underlying molecular mechanisms reported for various species of Achillea. Materials and Methods:Various databases including PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus were used. Results:Immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects were shown for these plants. In addition, it was shown that these plants pose wound-healing properties and antimicrobial effects on various bacteria as well as antitumor effects on different cell lines. Achillea species showed anti-arrhythmic, anti-thrombotic, vasorelaxant, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hypertensive, hepatoprotective and gastroprotective effects. In addition, the plants showed different endocrine effects such as anti-diabetic, estrogenic and anti-spermatogenic properties. Neurological effects of the plants also included anti-nociceptive and anti-anxiety actions. Clinical studies also indicated therapeutic effect of A. millefolium on multiple sclerosis, chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in cancer patients, and dysmenorrhea but did not affect atopic dermatitis. Conclusion:Achillea species could be of therapeutic potential for treating of a wide range of diseases but further investigations are needed regarding the other properties of Achillea plants.

Crocetin is a natural carotenoid dicarboxylic acid derived from Crocus sativus. It has been utilized as natural biomedicine with healing effects. The immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties may cause the biological activities of crocetin. Nevertheless, it is not still clear how this compound acts and causes an immune-modulatory impact on human lymphocytes. The effects of three concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μM) of crocetin or dexamethasone (0.1 mM) were assessed on gene expression and secretion of cytokines, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) level, and nitric oxide (NO) production in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated and non-stimulated lymphocytes. By incubation with PHA, gene expression and cytokine concentration comprising interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-10, and IL-4 were increased, along with NF-κB concentration and NO production (all, p < 0.001). In comparison with the controls, an alteration occurred in the T-helper (Th)2/Th1 and Th17/Treg balance in the stimulated lymphocyte toward a Th2 and Th17 response. In stimulated cells, crocetin and dexamethasone decreased pro-inflammatory significantly and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines and related gene expression, respectively. Moreover, Th17/Treg and Th1/Th2 balance was changed toward Treg and Th1 significantly reducing NF-κB and NO levels (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Promoting effects were represented by crocetin on T-cell subsets to Treg and Th1. Hence, it can have therapeutic value for treating predominant diseases of Th2 or Th17 cells.

Portulaca oleracea L. (P. oleracea) or purslane is a plant from the Portulacaceae family, which is used as food and traditional medicine for various diseases. This review article provides comprehensive information on the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties of P. oleracea and its constituents. The literature survey of the different databases until the end of June 2023 was explored based on the keywords including the "P. oleracea, purslane, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties." The plant contains flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and some other compounds. The results indicated that P. oleracea and its constituents showed anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties through reduction of inflammatory mediators including interferon gama (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nitric oxide. Improvement in cytokines' serum levels (IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-4) and increased IgG and IgM serum levels, as well as reduction of IgE, phospholipase A2, and total protein were demonstrated for P. oleracea. The plant and its constituents also improved oxidative stress by reduction of oxidant and increase of antioxidant markers. P. oleracea could be considered as an effective remedy for various inflammatory and immune diseases.

In recent years, growing evidence has been accumulated indicating the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. Recently, interest has increased considerably in finding naturally occurring antioxidants for use in foods or medicinal materials to replace synthetic antioxidants, which are being restricted due to their side effects such as carcinogenicity. Therefore, in this chapter, the antioxidant properties of medicinal plant polysaccharides were reviewed. Various databases such Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched regarding the antioxidant effects of polysaccharides derived from various plants. Polysaccharides are widely distributed in plants, animals, algae, and microorganisms, with potent capabilities of scavenging free radicals or raising antioxidant enzymes activities, exhibiting unique biological activities, such as antioxidant activity. Therefore, research on antioxidants, especially exploration of potent natural compounds with low cytotoxicity from plants, has become an important branch of biomedicine. In this chapter, the natural sources, structural properties, and biological actions of several common plant polysaccharides are discussed in detail, with emphasis on their signaling pathways. This chapter has provided evidence that polysaccharides from medicinal plants can play a vital role in bioactivities as a potent scavenger.

The most common type of cancer in the world is lung cancer. Traditional treatments have an important role in cancer therapy. In the present review, the most recent findings on the effects of medicinal plants and their constituents or natural products (NP) in treating lung cancer are discussed. Empirical studies until the end of March 2022 were searched using the appropriate keywords through the databases PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. The extracts and essential oils tested were all shown to effect lung cancer by several mechanisms including decreased tumour weight and volume, cell viability and modulation of cytokine. Some plant constituents increased expression of apoptotic proteins, the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase and subG0/G1 phase, and Cyt c levels. Also, natural products (NP) activate apoptotic pathways in lung cancer cell including p‐JNK, Akt/mTOR, PI3/ AKT\ and Bax, Bcl2, but suppressed AXL phosphorylation. Plant‐derived substances altered the cell morphology, reduced cell migration and metastasis, oxidative marker production, p‐eIF2α and GRP78, IgG, IgM levels and reduced leukocyte counts, LDH, GGT, 5′NT and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Therefore, medicinal plant extracts and their constituents could have promising therapeutic value for lung cancer, especially if used in combination with ordinary anti‐cancer drugs.

The harmful effects of various noxious agents (NA) are well-known and there are reports regarding the induction of various lung disorders due to exposure to these agents both in animal and human studies. In addition, various studies have shown the effects of natural products (NP) on NA-induced lung disorders. The effects of various NP, including medicinal plants and their derivatives, on lung injury induced by NA, were reviewed in this study. The improving effects of various NP including medicinal plants, such as Aloe vera, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Avena sativa, Crocus sativus, Curcuma longa, Dioscorea batatas, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gentiana veitchiorum, Gentiopicroside, Houttuynia cordata, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Hochu-ekki-to, Hippophae rhamnoides, Juglans regia, Melanocarpa fruit juice, Mikania glomerata, Mikania laevigata, Moringa oleifera, Myrtus communis L., Lamiaceae, Myrtle, Mosla scabra leaves, Nectandra leucantha, Nigella sativa, Origanum vulgare L, Pulicaria petiolaris, Paulownia tomentosa, Pomegranate seed oil, Raphanus sativus L. var niger, Rosa canina, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Thymus vulgaris, Taraxacum mongolicum, Tribulus Terrestris, Telfairia occidentalis, Taraxacum officinale, TADIOS, Xuebijing, Viola yedoensis, Zataria multiflora, Zingiber officinale, Yin-Chiao-San , and their derivatives, on lung injury induced by NA were shown by their effects on lung inflammatory cells and mediators, oxidative stress markers, immune responses, and pathological changes in the experimental studies. Some clinical studies also showed the therapeutic effects of NP on respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function tests (PFT), and inflammatory markers. Therefore, the results of this study showed the possible therapeutic effects of various NP on NA-induced lung disorders by the amelioration of various features of lung injury. However, further clinical studies are needed to support the therapeutic effects of NP on NA-induced lung disorders for clinical practice purposes.

Aims: The association between asthma and obesity has been shown but its accurate mechanism is unknown. In the current study, we sought to investigate the gene expression levels of IL-17/TRAF6/MAPK/USP25 axis and pro-inflammatory cytokine level (IL-6, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha) in obese Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized female and male Wistar rats lung tissue. Main methods: Animals in both males and females were divided into eight groups (four groups in each sex) based on diet and OVA-sensitization: normal diet, a normal diet with OVA-sensitization, high-fat diet (HFD), and OVA-sensitization with an HFD. Key findings: In both sexes, obese OVA-sensitized rats, the methacholine concentration-response curve shifted to the left and EC50 methacholine decreased. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as elevated IL-17/TRAF6/MAPK axis genes and decreased USP25 gene expression were identified in obese OVA-sensitized groups. Significance: The results indicate that in obese OVA-sensitized rats, the IL-17 axis were involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and can be considered as a therapeutic target in subjects with obesity-related asthma.

Background and Objectives: ti ves: Due to the prevalence of corona disease worldwide and the lack of definitive ti ve and known treatment for it, the ability of patients ti ents to take care of themselves and adherence to maintaining health is the best known way to prevent. Therefore, this study aims to investigate ti gate the correlation ti on between health literacy and self-care behaviors among patients ti ents with COVID-19 in Rafsanjan, Iran. Materials and methods: This descriptive ti ve study was performed in the form Jan 2020 to Jun 2020 on patients ti ents with COVID-19 infection ti on who referred to health centers in Rafsanjan. Samples were selected by census method. The Health Literacy Questionnaire ti onnaire (HELIA) and the researcher-made self-care questionnaire ti onnaire were electronically used and completed. Results: One hundred and one eligible COVID-19 patients ti ents were enrolled; total health literacy was (THL) was lower than 132 in 44.6% of participations. ti cipa ti ons. Self- care behaviors was a significantly weak, and it positively ti vely correlated just with Understand skill. Conclusion: The results showed that health literacy had a significant weak correlation ti on with self-care behaviors n patients ti ents with COVID-19, therefore patients ti ents need proper knowledge and attitude tti tude to successfully develop self-care ability in order to successfully control their disease and prevent transmission to others.

Common barberry, or Berberis vulgaris (Berberidaceae), has been shown to possess multiple pharmacological activities. The present study evaluated the relaxant effect of a hydroalcoholic extract of B. vulgaris on rat tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) as well as possible molecular mechanisms. TSM samples were stimulated by 10 ??M methacholine or 60 mM potassium chloride (KCl), and the effects of cumulative concentrations of the extract (0.1, 0.4, 1.6, 6.5 mg/mL) and of theophylline (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mM) were examined. To assess the possible mechanism(s) of the plant relaxant effect, this effect was also examined on tissue incubated with atropine, chlorpheniramine, propranolol, diltiazem, glibenclamide, indomethacin, w-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and papaverine. The results showed concentration-dependent relaxant effects of B. vulgaris on non-incubated TSM contracted by KCl and methacholine (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the relaxant effects of B. vulgaris between non-incubated tissue and tissue incubated with chlorpheniramine, propranolol, indomethacin, diltiazem, glibenclamide or papaverine. However, the relaxant effects of 1.6 and 6.5 mg/mL of B. vulgaris on tissue incubated with L-NAME and of 6.5 mg/mL of the extract on tissue incubated with atropine were significantly lower than on non-incubated tissue (P < 0.05). The EC50 value of B. vulgaris on tissue incubated with chlorpheniramine was significantly higher than the non-incubated TSM (P < 0.05). A relatively effective relaxant effect of B. vulgaris comparable to that of theophylline was shown. Muscarinic receptor blockade and nitric oxide production have been suggested as possible mechanisms for the relaxant effect. ?? 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

In rad models of allergic asthma, hyperlipidemia and asthma-hyperlipidemia, the therapeutic effect of rosuvastatin was examined. Control (C), asthmatic (A), hyperlipidemic (H), asthmatic-hyperlipidemic (AH), rosuvastatin (40 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally, for 3 weeks)-treated asthmatic (AR), rosuvastatin-treated hyperlipidemic (HR) and rosuvastatin-treated asthmatic-hyperlipidemic (AHR) groups (n=6 in each group). The BALF level of IL-4 in A, H and AH groups, and IL-17A in A and AH groups were significantly higher than that in C group (p<0.05 to p<0.001). IFN-γ level and Th1/Th2 balance (IFN‑γ/IL-4 ratio) in A and AH groups were significantly decreased (p<0.05 to p<0.01). Inflammatory cells infiltration, muscle hypertrophy and emphysema were also observed in A and AH groups. The BALF levels of IL-4 in AR, HR and AHR groups, IFN-γ level in HR group, and IL-17A level in AR and AHR groups showed a significant improvement compared to that of A, H and AH groups (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Rosuvastatin treatment increased Th1/Th2 balance in all treated groups (p<0.05 to p<0.01), decreased total WBC counts, neutrophilia, eosinophilia and lung inflammation in AR and AHR groups, and improved muscle hypertrophy and emphysema in AHR group. Rosuvastatin improved lung pathological changes by suppression of Th2 and Th17-mediated cytokines which was unrelated to its lipid-lowering activity indicating, rosuvastatin might be a candidate immunomodulatory drug for treatment allergic asthma.

Anti-inflammatory effects have been shown for losartan and GW9662 (a PPARγ-selective antagonist). The effect of losartan and GW9662 alone or in combination on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced lung injury and systemic inflammation were examined. Male BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally administered saline or LPS for seven days. Animals were treated with losartan or GW9662 or the combination of two drugs in both saline and LPS administered groups for three days before and during the saline or LPS injection (tn=7 in each group). In the LPS group, thiol, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the serum, and TGF-β1 and IFN-γ levels and INF-γ/IL-4 ratio in the BALF were decreased, but total and differential white blood cells (WBC) count in the blood and the BALF, and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and BALF IL-4 levels as well as lung pathological changes were significantly increased compared to the control group (p<0.001 for all cases). Treatment of LPS group with losartan or combination of losartan+GW significantly improved most of those pathological changes compared to the LPS group (p<0.05-p<0.001), but treatment with GW alone did not change any variable. The results showed the preventive effect of losartan on LPS-induced lung injury and systemic inflammation which might be partially mediated through PPAR-γ-receptor

Various pharmacological effects were shown for Nigella sativa (N. sativa), including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. The plant also has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. In this chapter, the effects of N. sativa and its constituents in allergic and immunologic disorders based on the experimental and clinical studies are provided. Articles published on the effect of N. sativa and its constituents on allergic and immunologic disorders in the experimental and clinical studies were searched until July 2020. For this purpose, keywords including; Nigella sativa, black seed, thymoquinone, alphahederin, carvacrol, allergic disorders, and immunology disorders were searched in different databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Experimental studies showed various immunologic effects of N. sativa extracts and their constituents, including their effects on Th1/Th2/ balance. Treating patients with N. sativa seed, alleviate symptoms of allergic rhinitis and decrease the body temperature in allergic patients which is due to immunomodulatory properties of the plant. Treatment of Vitiligo patients with N. sativa also reduced the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI). Various studies showed that N. sativa and its constituents showed significant effects on allergic and immunologic disorders. Therefore, N. sativa and its constituents could be good candidate drugs for treating allergic and immunologic disorders.

Camel milk (CM) has been found to have several health benefits, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-tumor, anti-fungal, antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and anti-cancer activities. In addition, CM can counter signs of aging and may be a useful naturopathic treatment for autoimmune diseases. The composition of CM varies with geographic origin, feeding conditions, seasonal and physiological changes, genetics and camel health status. In the present review, we collate the diverse scientific literature studying antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of CM and its bioactive compounds. The databases Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched until the end of September 2021 using the keywords: camel milk, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of CM in various inflammatory disorders was consistently reported to be through modulating inflammatory cells and mediators. The common anti-inflammatory bioactive components of CM seem to be lactoferrin. The antioxidant effects of α-lactalbumin, β-caseins and vitamin C of CM work by reducing or inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anions and peroxyl radicals, likely alleviating oxidative stress. Higher levels of protective proteins such as lysozyme, IgG and secretory IgA compared to cow’s milk, and insulin-like protein activity of CM on ß cells appear to be responsible for the immunomodulatory properties of CM. The evidence indicates that CM and its bioactive components has the potential to be a therapeutic value for diseases that are caused by inflammation, oxidative stress and/or immune-dysregulation.