The present study was conducted to investigate an acute gastroenteritis outbreak in an unorganized pig farm in the North Eastern Hilly Region of India. Fecal samples were collected from 20 pigs including 5 piglets, which were suffering from acute gastroenteritis and were processed for detection of E. coli, Salmonella , Clostridium sp., Rotavirus , Picobirnavirus as well as parasitic eggs and larvae by standard laboratory techniques. Virulence genes for pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella were detected by specific PCR assays. A total of 77 E. coli were isolated, all of which were found to be negative for any putative virulence genes of STEC/VTEC, ETEC, EHEC and EPEC pathotype by PCR. A total of 5 salmonellae were also isolated from 5 affected piglets, of which 1 and 4 were recorded as Salmonella daarle and Salmonella hiduddify, respectively. All the Salmonellae were positive for enterotoxin ( stn ) and invasion ( invA ) genes by PCR. In conclusion it may be stated that this is the first report of S. daarle and S. hiduddify associated with piglet diarrhoea and also first report from India with any type of enteric infection in man and animals Microbes and Health, December 2016, 5(1): 1-3
The aim of this longitudinal study was to verify the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in cattle reared on Bathan and intensive farming system in Bangladesh. Fecal materials originated from recto anal junction (RAJ) of 100 cattle used for primary screening on MacConkey agar. The diversities among the pink color colony producing isolates on MacConkey agar were verified by conventional cultural methods and biochemical tests. Phenotypically positive E. coli isolates were further investigated for the variations in the antimicrobial resistance profiles to 10 selected antibiotics, by the disk-diffusion method. This study revealed that the overall prevalence of E. coli was 70% of in the rectal swab sample of cattle. However, the prevalence of E. coli was found significantly higher (p= 0.002) in cattle under intensive farming (84%) than cattle on Bathan (56%). Antibiotic susceptibility pattern shows that among the tested isolates 83%, 73%, 68% and 64% were sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin, respectively. On the other hand, all the 70 (100%) E. coli isolates were found resistant to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. A high antibiotic resistance profile was also found against amoxicillin (90%), ampicillin (87%), nalidixic acid (86%) and erythromycin (83%). In total, 24 (34%) isolates were resistant against ?2 antimicrobials. The result clearly shows that antibiotic resistant E. coli isolates are commonly present in cattle of different management systems (intensive and Bathan). Therefore, careful selection of appropriate antibiotics with optimal doses might be ensured to prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria.Microbes and Health, June 2017, 6(1): 1-4
The present work aims to study the biological activity of Anastatica hierochuntica L., against four bacterial strains considered as toxigenic responsible for food-borne infection. The plant was collected from Tindouf region (Far Southwest of Algeria). In this study we performed a phytochemical screening and evaluation of antibacterial activity of three macerates of two vegetative parts (seeds and stems) by two methods (disk and wells diffusion method). The yield of aqueous, methanolic and etheric macerates of the seeds and stems were (5.1; 3.8), (5; 1.4) and (2; 0.95)% respectively. Also, it appears that macerates obtained were rich in bioactive phyto-constituents particularly the seed of the plant. They showed the presence of ten large chemical groups. The antibiotic resistance profile of the bacterial strains tested showed an increased resistance to several families of antibiotics. The evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the extracts showed that methanolic and aqueous macerates of the seed were more active against Gram positive bacteria. The methanolic macerate of the stems was less active. However, other macerates were ineffective. The results obtained show that the plant has an average antibacterial activity and that depends on extract concentration used. Microbes and Health, June 2017, 6(1): 5-8
Multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria are most the common causes of diseases in commercial poultry, and antibiotic resistance of these organisms is often plasmid mediated. In Bangladesh such types of data are very much scarce. In this study, the antibiogram profile of Salmonella spp and E. coli isolates from 20 either clinically affected or dead laying chicken obtained from 10 commercial layer farms was performed. And MDR pattern was determined by using 7 common antimicrobials followed by isolation of plasmids to correlate between plasmids and drug resistance. Of these tested samples, 70-100% of both Salmonella Spp and E. coli were resistant to ?-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin, and penicillin) cephalexin and cotrimoxazole while 60-90% isolates of both species were susceptible to both ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Both Salmonella spp and E. coli isolates contain plasmids above 10 kbp size which might contain MDR genes. This is the first report on the characterization of plasmids found in both Salmonella spp and E. coli isolates obtained from a significant number of commercial layer farms (N=10) in Chittagong District, Bangladesh. The gathered information furthers our understanding of the mechanisms of drug resistance in specific region related to other parts of the country and world. The large plasmids might be potential factors for dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes regionallyMicrobes and Health, December 2016, 5(1): 4-6
Leaf blight of mango in nurseries of major mango growing areas in Bangladesh viz. Rajshahi, Chapai Nawabganj and Dinajpur were investigated. A total of 56 varieties of mango (43, 17 and 17 in Rajshahi, Chapai Nawabganj and Dinajpur respectively) were surveyed, where the mean of % plant infection, % incidence and % severity in Rajshahi were from 3.33 to 33.06, 4.10 to 23.18 and 6.60 to 17.85, respectively. In Chapai Nawabgonj, the % plant infection was 11.11 to 23.33, the % incidence was 10.67 to 23.67 and % severity was 13.89 to 15.29. In Dinajpur, 6.19 to 12.14% plant infection, 6.00 to 15.85% incidence and 5.00 to 13.50% severity were recorded. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that most of the isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae collected from mango were sensitive to Gentamycin and Erythromycin. Under the net house condition, six different treatments (i) 0.05 % Gentamycin (ii) 0.05 % Erythromycin, (iii) 0.05 % Doxycycline (iv) 0.05 % copper sulphate (v) 2 % BAU-biofungicide and (vi) Control) were used for controlling bacterial leaf blight of mango (Variety: Amropali). BAU-biofungicide was found superior in controlling bacterial leaf blight of mango that increased 8.76% plant height and 47.45% branch but reduced 54.14% disease incidence and 53.13% disease severity over control when applied as foliar spray at 2% followed by 0.05 % copper sulphate and 0.05 % erythromycin.Microbes and Health, January 2015. 4(1): 29-35
The main objective of the study is to find out the knowledge, practice and use of Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) among workers of cement factory limited located at Mirchaiya, Siraha, Nepal. We have tried to identify the various sources of information regarding occupational hazards, frequency of health visit in case of health problems or illness, hygiene practices among factory workers and socio-demographic characteristics like age, sex, marital status, income among the workers of cement factory. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study containing both qualitative and quantitative data. The primary data has been collected through semi-structured questionnaire assisted by researcher. Non-purposive sampling technique was used during the collection of data. Nearly three fourths of the respondents had satisfactory knowledge about occupational hazards. 86% workers responded as Tuberculosis to be the disease caused during work in cement factories. All the workers had some basic knowledge about PPE but only 33% of workers said that mask, gloves, boot and clothes fall under PPE. More than three fourths had knowledge regarding the effectiveness of the PPE. 96% of the total respondents used PPE during their working time. About 31% workers had been suffering from illness. 72% workers had a trend to visit doctor only in case of illness or if required. Only 82% workers had a trend to wash eyes with water only in case of dust present in eye. Similarly, only 78% workers had a practice of hand washing with water. And, only 4% of the co-workers had information regarding occupational hazards and use of PPE. We conclude that the variables having significant influence on the knowledge and practice of workers about occupational hazards were education, receiving information about the job-associated hazards, and attending a training course about occupational health and safety. These variables should be taken into consideration in any program addressing occupational health and safety issues in Nepal.
The present study was conducted on unvaccinated native ducks of different age groups to determine specific antibody titer level against Avian Influenza virus (AIV) by indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) and to detect avian influenza type A virus antigen by rapid AIV antigen test kit at Netrokona district of Bangladesh. This study showed that AIV specific antibody positive cases were 78 out of 90 blood serum samples and the highest antibody titer was 2323 and lowest antibody titer was 256. The total 86.67% sera samples were showed positive result. The study showed that 66.66% sera sample were positive against AIV at 3-4 month of aged group and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 1428, 256 and 906.3 respectively. On the other hand 78% sera sample were positive against AIV at 5-6 month aged group and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 1675 , 451 and 1083.6 respectively. The sera sample collected from 7-8 month aged group showed 88.9% positive and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 1857, 578 and 1285.5 respectively. The sera sample collected from 9-10 month of aged group showed 100% positive against AIV and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 197l, 638 and 1571.5 respectively .The sera sample collected from duck of ?11 month aged group were 100% positive against AIV and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 2323, 1423 and 1813.7 respectively. Tracheal and cloacal swabs from ducks with antibody titer more than 1813.778 were tested for the avian influenza type A antigen by Anigen Rapid AIV Ag test kit. The above sample showed 20% positive result. In conclusion it is evident that Avian influenza virus-specific antibody was successfully detected through commercially available Avian influenza virus antibody test kit (ELISA Kit) and the virus induced a significant antibody titer indicating the affecting virus was absolutely AIV.
This study focused on the analysis of twenty-four samples of camel raw milk commercialized at the market of Bechar city. Sample analysis of raw milk was performed by measuring of some physicochemical parameters which the average results obtained have a slightly acidic pH (5.67), high titratable acidity (4.49g/l). Density, total dry extract and fat content were low (1.0268; 89g/l and 29.87g/l respectively), a lactose content of (28.18 g/l). The microbiological examination has several microbial quality attributes such as total bacteria, thermo tolerant coliforms, fecal Streptococci, Sulphite-reducing clostridia and fungal flora with average obtained 3.1 x 107 cfu/ml, 4.9 x 104 cfu/ml, 1.16 x 10 germ/ml, less than 5 spore/20ml and 2.36 x 103 uf/ml respectively. In addition, the analysis revealed the presence of coagulase positive Staphylococci for two samples, however, all samples are free of Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. 58% of the samples were of satisfactory quality, 8.33% are acceptable and 33.33% are unacceptable.Microbes and Health, January 2015. 4(1): 14-18
The present study was conducted for the determination of bacterial loads of ice cream. A total of nine samples of three brands-Igloo, Polar and Kwality were collected from local market from Dinajpur during the period from July to December, 2012. Thereafter, microbiological attribute were analyzed and studied comparatively. Total viable count (TVC), total Escherichia coli counts (TEC) and total Staphylococcal counts (TSC) were performed according to the American Public Health Association, using plate count agar medium for TVC and Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar media for total E. coli count and Staphylococcus agar no. 110 for total Staphylococcal count. The average TVC counts/ml of Igloo, Polar and Kwality were 1.19 x 104 CFU/ml (log 4.1), 1.39 x 104 CFU/ml (log 4.1) and 8.53 x 103 CFU/ml (log 3.9) respectively. It was found that the highest extent of microbial contamination and proliferation of viable bacteria occurred in Polar ice cream The average E. coli counts obtained from the study was in Igloo 9.26 x 103 CFU/ml (log 4.0), in Polar 1.14 x 103 CFU/ml (log 3.0) and in Kwality 7.95 x 102 CFU/ml (log 2.9). The presence of numbers of E. coli in Igloo ice cream was little bit high indicated the poor hygienic practices during manufacture, post process contamination and unsatisfactory transportation. Statistically the E. coli were more closely related to total viable counts than the Staphylococcal counts. The average Staphylococcal counts in the samples of Igloo, Polar and Kwality were 2.60 x 103 CFU/ml (log 3.4), 0.0 CFU/ml (log 0.0), and 0.0 CFU/ml (log 0.0), respectively. The results demonstrated that kwality ice creams are of the superior quality product in respect of sanitary condition.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria produce hydrogen sulfide which is toxic and carcinogenic for intestinal epithelial cells and can cause the development of the inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis in the humans and animals. Enzyme O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase, localized in Escherichia coli genome, use sulfide as substrate in the cysteine synthesis pathway. In this paper, the molecular cloning cysK gene from E. coli, its genetic transferring in the intestinal sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio piger Vib-7 and the expression analysis of the enzyme was studied. Cysteine synthesis from hydrogen sulfide as substrate in the D. piger Vib-7 strain at the first time was demonstrated and characterized. The bacterial growth, sulfate and lactate consumption, accumulation of sulfide, acetate and cysteine synthesis in both D. piger Vib-7 wild-type and mutant-type were tested. The mutant-strain consumed much faster sulfate and lactate producing cysteine in the cultivation medium. The expression of the cysK gene in the mutant-type was studied by the formation of the final reaction product (cysteine) and the activity of O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase enzyme. Cysteine level was directly proportional to consumption of sulfate in the mutant-type and accumulation of sulfide in the wild-type. The D. piger Vib-7 mutant-type completely used sulfate the 48th hour of cultivation, thereafter additional sulfite and sulfide doses from the medium were also consumed and converted to cysteine. The obtained genetically constructed mutant strain bacterium D. piger Vib-7 for therapeutic strategy could be applied as a probiotic substance for subjects with inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis. This strain can compete with other intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria, actively growth consuming sulfate and lactate much faster, and converting the toxic sulfide to untoxic cysteine in the gut.Microbes and Health, January 2015. 4(1): 19-24
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of chronic enteric disease of ruminant known as paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). The disease causes considerable economic losses worldwide due to reduced milk production and eventually, diarrhoea, weight loss and death. Johne's disease (JD) has some pathological similarities with Crohn's disease (CD) in humans, and the role of MAP in the causation of CD has been under investigation for last 100 years. Animals infected with JD shed viable MAP in the blood, and tissues. Consequently, transmission to humans may occur via consumption of animal derived foods. In developing countries, limited information is available on the occurrence of MAP infection in animals and humans. MAP infection has been established in animals and humans may get the MAP exposure through food chain or contaminated environment. Presently, MAP is of great public health significance because it is speculated to be involved in Crohn's disease in humans. The present review summarizes the information primarily on the nature of MAP in animals and humans, economic losses and morbidity and mortality due to JD and CD at global level. Current concept on the possible relationship between MAP and Crohn's disease has also been reviewed.Microbes and Health, January 2015. 4(1): 4-13
Microbes and Health, January 2015. 4(1): 1-3
Vaccination is usually practiced to prevent and control anthrax in Bangladesh. For this purpose, vaccine prepared from Sterne F-24 strain ofBacillus anthracisby Livestock Research Institute (LRI), Mohakhali, Dhakahas long been used in this country. However, in some cases anthrax occurred in vaccinated animals in Bangladesh. A total of 100 cattle at LalTeer Livestock Research and Development Farm, LalTeerLivestock Limited, Bangladesh, aging between 3-6 years and weighing between 250-400 kg were randomly selected for vaccination purpose. Blood samples (n=100) were collected before the vaccination for collecting pre-vaccination serum, andthe animals were vaccinated (at 1 mL/animal; 1x107 spores/mL) with the anthrax vaccine produced by LRI. All blood samples from the vaccinated animals were collected on day 7, 28, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 270, 300, 330, and 360 of post-vaccination, and serum samples were prepared. The antibody levels in the serum samples against anthrax were monitored using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Over the course of 12 months, the antibody titers were found at the level higher than the reference value. Though there were reports on anthrax suspected cases in this farm, no such cases were reported during the study period. Thus, the vaccine appears to induce adequate antibody response against anthrax in Bangladesh.Microbes and Health, January 2015. 4(1): 36-38
Escherichia coli O157 was serologically identified from isolated E. coli of bovine origin in Jessore, Bangladesh. Pre-enrichment and enrichment media were used in isolating the enteric bacteria and swip off transient soil microbes. Differential and selective culrure techniques were used and biochemical tests were performed to identify E. coli strains. Slide agglutination test with antisera against O157 anigens were performed on biochemically identified E. coli strains. A total of 15 samples consisting freshly deficated cowdung, compost and soil near cow shed were assessed and among them 24 isolates were identified as E. coli. Twelve E. coli isolates isolated from eight samples gave agglutination with anti O157 antisera. Presence of E. coli O157 isolates was higher in composts and soils compared to fresh cowdung. This result indicates the strains adaptive and survival potential in environmental condition and raises potential public health concerns in handling such animal waste and its derivatives.Microbes and Health, January 2015. 4(1): 25-28
An investigation was conducted for isolation, identification and determination of antibiotic sensitivity of Avibacterium paragallinarun, the causal agent of infectious coryza, from layer chickens. A total of 21 samples with characteristic symptoms of the disease were collected from a Hatchery of Gazipur. Tissue specimens obtained aseptically from swollen infra orbital sinus and tracheal swab were processed, of which, 3 were found positive while the rest 18 were negative. Isolation of bacteria was performed by first putting the specimen in Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) enriched phosphate buffer broth, anaerobically incubated for 24 hours followed by culturing loopful of broth on Blood agar (BA) and Chocolate agar (CA) plates enriched with NAD and streaked with feeder organism of Staphylococcus. aureus. On 24 hours of anaerobic incubation (candle jar method), dew drop satellite colonies of A. paragallinarum were visible on the culture plates. Cultural characteristics of bacteria as well as their staining, morphological, motility and biochemical properties such as sugar fermentation, MR and V-P tests, Indole production and catalase tests were recorded for identification. Further, antibiogram study revealed that the isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin but resistant to Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin and Sulphamethoxazole. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v3i1.19769 Microbes and Health, June 2014. 3(1): 9-11
Fish is known to harbour bacteria of public health importance. Aquatic environments of ponds are known to influence the bacterial loads of the harvested fish. The present work was undertaken to determine total viable count (TVC) and isolation and identification of bacteria from Koi fish, mud and water samples of two selected ponds managed and owned by the Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) and two ponds located at Muktagacha, Mymensingh, managed by private owners. Fish (n=16), mud (n=16) and water (n=16) samples were collected from all 4 ponds. Samples were cultured on plate count agar to determine TVC. Fish harvested from Muktagacha ponds had statistically higher bacterial count (8.44 ± 0.04 log10 CFU/ml) when compared to BFRI ponds (7.92±0.17 log10 CFU/ml) (p? 0.05). Similarly, highest TVC was found in mud and water samples of Muktagacha ponds (6.87±0.73 and 7.41±0.04 log10 CFU/ml, respectively) compared to mud and water samples of BFRI ponds (5.04 ±0.07 and 5.40±0.09 log10 CFU/ml, respectively). Samples were inoculated onto appropriate selective media for isolation of bacteria. Total 257 bacterial isolates representing five genera were identified: Pseudomonas spp. (21.40%), Aeromonas spp. (33.46%), Vibrio spp. (14.78%), Salmonella spp. (21.40%) and E. coli (8.94%). Antibiotic sensitivity assay showed multidrug resistant profiles of Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Salmonella sp. and E. coli. These bacteria are known to cause food borne illness in humans and spoilage of fish. Microbes and Health, June 2013, 2(1): 8-11DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v2i1.17255
Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease of humans and animals caused by Gram negative bacteria of the genus Brucella. The study was conducted to determine the sero-prevalence of brucellosis and its associated risk factors in cattle and buffalo in greater Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. Blood samples were collected from cattle (n=150) and buffalo (n=60). Sera were tested for Brucella specific antibody by the rose Bengal plate test (RBPT). Overall prevalence of brucellosis was 15.33% in cattle and 13.33% in buffalo. Higher prevalence was recorded in cattle and buffalo of over 4 years age (18% and 15.68%, respectively). Female animals showed higher brucellosis prevalence (cattle 19.54%, buffalo 13.46%) than male ( cattle 8.21%, buffalo 12.5%). Pregnant cows showed higher prevalence of brucellosis (13.33%) as compare to non pregnant cows (10%). The prevalence of brucellosis was 10% in aborted cows, 4% in the case of retained placenta and 2.85% in repeat breeder cows. The study suggests that brucellosis is prevalent in the cattle and buffalo and its prevalence is affected by the animals age, sex, pregnancy status and reproductive disorders. Microbes and Health, June 2013, 2(1): 12-14DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v2i1.17256
To determine prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli in pigeon a total of 112 samples such as cloacal swabs (n=36), foot pads (n=36) and feces (n=40) were collected from pigeon aseptically. Samples were enriched in nutrient broth and then streaked onto eosine methylene blue agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar, MacConkey agar and blood agar. The cultural and biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates of pigeon were indicative of E. coli. The prevalence of E. coli in cloacal swabs, foot pads and feces samples were 86.11%, 44.44% and 77.50%, respectively. The overall prevalence of E. coli in pigeon was 69.64% (78 of 122 samples were found positive for E. coli). The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that E. coli isolates were sensitive to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid and resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline and sulphamethaxazole. It may be concluded that pigeons from Mymensingh locality in Bangladesh carry multidrug resistant E. coli. Data of this study will be helpful in creating public health awareness among people and help controlling transmission of drug resistant E. coli by undertaking effective sanitary and hygienic measures. Microbes and Health, June 2013, 2(1): 5-7DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v2i1.17254
A cross sectional study was performed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in sheep and goat on the farms, Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), and animal slaughter house of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Sera were prepared after collecting blood samples from sheep (n=101) and goat (n=113). Risk factors relating to brucellosis were determined considering the variables generated from a questionnaire. These variables included animals age, sex, pregnancy, and husbandry system. The sera were tested by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) for the detection of Brucella abortus specific antibodies in sheep and goat. The results revealed that 5.94% (n=6/101) sera of sheep, and 6.19% (n=7/113) sera of goat were positive for brucellosis. Higher prevalence of brucellosis was recorded in female sheep (7.54%) and goat (6.49%) as compared to male sheep (4.16%) and goat (5.50%), respectively. The sheep and goat above two years of age showed higher prevalence of brucellosis (8.69% and 6.45%) as compared to other ages. No risk factor was found to be statistically significant (p>0.05). Data of this study suggest that sheep and goat could be the reservoir hosts of brucellosis that might constitute a hurdle in the controlling of bovine and human brucellosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v3i1.19778 Microbes and Health, June 2014. 3(1): 25-28
Naturally diseased climbing perch Anabas testudineus was confirmed to be caused by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria by aeromonas isolation medium (AIM), 0/129 vibriostatic agent and esculin hydrolysis. Such naturally diseased koi fish weretreated with four antibiotics: captor (chlortetracycline hydrochloride BP 45%), renamox 15% -Vet (amoxicillin trihydrate BP), oxy-Dox-F (oxytetracycline 20% and + doxycycline 10%), renaquine 20% -Vet (flumequine) at lower, recommended and higher doses were performed to examine the efficacy of the drugs. Captor was given at doses of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 g/3 litres of water separately. Doses of renamox 15% -Vet were given at 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 g/litre of water. Doses of oxy-Dox-F were 0.8, 1.0 and 1.5 g/Kg body weight and doses of renaquine were 10, 12, and 15 mg/Kg body weight. Among the four antibiotics, effect of captor and renaquine at recommended dose showed the best result where 100% fish were recovered. However, renamox and oxy-Dox-F showed best result at higher dose. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v3i1.19770 Microbes and Health, June 2014. 3(1): 7-8
