The accelerating frequency of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in livestock poses a significant threat to global food security, as well as to animal and public health. While wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has advanced significantly for human health surveillance, its application to livestock production systems remains fragmented and lacks standardization. This review synthesizes current evidence on livestock wastewater-based surveillance (L-WBS) as an early-warning sentinel for emerging viral pathogens, evaluating their dynamics, economic impacts, biosecurity measures, and One Health implications. Existing studies demonstrate that L-WBS effectively detects emerging viral pathogens in agricultural effluent, swine manure, and municipal wastewater systems serving livestock regions, frequently preceding clinical outbreak recognition. We further conceptualized a multifactorial framework linking environmental drivers such as climate and ecological disruption and agricultural intensification to pathogen emergence dynamics. Economic assessments show substantial direct losses (approximately US$ 950 per H5N1-infected dairy cow and US$ 25.9 billion in African swine fever virus (ASFV)-related damages across China) alongside indirect costs from biosecurity implementation, workforce disruption, and supply-chain instability. We recommend prioritizing methodological standardization through unified sampling and extraction protocols, integration of next-generation sequencing for genomic surveillance, and cross-sectoral policy frameworks to operationalize L-WBS as a global early-warning infrastructure for mitigating zoonotic spillover and livestock-dependent community resilience.

ABSTRACT Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne pathogens has become a global public health issue. Salmonella is one of the most widespread foodborne pathogens worldwide, causing foodborne‐related hospitalizations and deaths. Multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella makes foodborne salmonellosis challenging to treat and control. Foodborne salmonellosis often follows the consumption of contaminated animal products, typically resulting from the use of infected animals in food production or contamination of carcasses or edible organs. Therefore, screening raw meats for MDR in Salmonella spp. can help identify the extent of exposure to antimicrobial resistance through food. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular identification of the isolates, as well as to screen them for the presence of three antimicrobial resistance genes: blaTEM, sul1, and sul2. Methods A total of 200 raw meat samples (beef, n = 50; goat, n = 50; buffalo, n = 50; and chicken, n = 50) were collected from five local wet markets in Chattogram city, Bangladesh. Salmonella spp. was phenotypically detected following ISO‐6579‐1 guidelines and biochemical tests. For molecular identification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using Salmonella‐specific paired primers (ST11 and ST15). The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of PCR‐positive Salmonella isolates were determined by the disk diffusion method. The isolates were also screened for three antimicrobial resistance genes: blaTEM, sul1, and sul2. Results The overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. in raw meat was 13.5% (95% CI 9.03–19.03), with the highest detection rate in poultry meat. All 27 phenotypically positive isolates were confirmed as Salmonella in the molecular screening of PCR. All the Salmonella isolates were found to be MDR with the highest resistance to sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim (100%), amoxicillin (92.6%), and ampicillin (92.6%). The most prevalent resistance genotype was blaTEM (81.5%), whereas 11.1% and 18.5% of the Salmonella isolates were of the sul1 and sul2 genotypes, respectively. Conclusion The present study revealed that a substantial proportion of Salmonella isolates from raw meat showed resistance to multiple antibiotics, posing potential public health concerns in Chattogram city, Bangladesh. One Health interventions are necessary to mitigate the spread of MDR Salmonella.

Enterobacter bugandensis (E. bugandensis) is a virulent organism, commonly associated with severe, life-threatening infections in neonates. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of multidrug-resistant E. bugandensis strains from African grey parrots in Bangladesh. These provide insights into antibiotic-resistant avian-associated isolates and highlight potential zoonotic risks from companion birds in this region.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a pathotype of E . coli associated with a wide variety of diarrhoea in neonatal calves, causing a global economic loss in the dairy industry with significant zoonotic risks via STEC and intimin-producing STEC, resulting in enteric and systemic illness, including diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis (HC), and haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. The prominence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) STEC from neonatal diarrhoeic calves is increasing public health risks and restricted treatment alternatives. The prevalence of STEC was investigated in 75 rectal swabs from diarrhoeic calves aged ≤ 12 weeks, collected before initiating antibiotic treatment. The E. coli isolation rate among diarrhoeic calves was 80% (60/75; 95% CI: 69.17–88.35). The presence of stx genes ( stx1 , stx2 ), intimin-producing eae gene, carbapenemase-producing genes ( bla NDM group and bla KPC group), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes ( bla TEM group, bla CTX−M group, and bla SHV group) was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of pathogenic E. coli was 13.33% (10/75; 95% CI: 6.5–23.1). The STEC isolates were detected in 12% (9/75, 95% CI: 5.64–21.56). Of these pathogenic E. coli isolates, the STEC with both stx genes, stx1 only, and stx2 only genotypes were present in 40% (4/10) and 10% (1/10), respectively. Intimin-producing STEC isolates ( eae -STEC) were identified in 40% (4/10) among the pathogenic isolates, with the following genotypes: stx1 + eae (2/10, 20%), stx2 + eae (1/10, 10%), and stx1 + stx2 + eae (1/10, 10%). Only one (1/10, 10%) eae- encoded non-STEC isolate was found, called enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). All STEC (100%) isolates were tested positive for either ESBL or carbapenemase or both ESBL and carbapenemase in the phenotypic assays. ESBL-producing STEC isolates were genetically identified in 6.67% (5/75) with the following combinations: three isolates coharbored stx1 - bla TEM , two had stx1 - bla SHV , and stx2 - bla TEM , respectively. All intimin-producing STEC ( eae- STEC) isolates were both ESBL and carbapenemase producers, which were identified in 5.33% (4/75), with followings genotypic expression: stx1 + stx2 + eae / bla TEM + bla CTX−M + bla NDM + bla KPC in 1.33% (1/75), stx1 + eae / bla TEM + bla KPC in 1.33% (1/75), stx1 + eae / bla TEM + bla CTX−M +bla KPC in 1.33% (1/75), and stx1 + eae / bla TEM + bla CTX−M +bla KPC in 1.33% (1/75). ESBL and carbapenemase-producing eae -STEC isolates were more likely to be multidrug-resistant (MDR) than ESBL-STEC and EPEC isolates. The highest antimicrobial resistance rates were observed in ciprofloxacin and meropenem (100%), nitrofurantoin and cefoxitin (90%), ampicillin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (80%), chloramphenicol (70%), and doxycycline, tetracycline, and cefotaxime (60%). In contrast, the lowest resistance rates were found in gentamycin (20%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (40%). In terms of pathogenicity, only STEC isolates induced mild to moderate non-bloody diarrhoea, whereas intimin-producing STEC caused severe bloody diarrhoea with 100% mortality (4/4) ( p < 0.05) in neonatal calves. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on ESBL and carbapenemase-producing MDR STEC from diarrhoeic calves in Bangladesh.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a pathotype of E. coli associated with a wide variety of diarrhoea in neonatal calves, causing a global economic loss in the dairy industry with significant zoonotic risks via STEC and intimin-producing STEC, resulting in enteric and systemic illness, including diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis (HC), and haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. The presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) STEC in neonatal diarrhoeic calves represents a significant public health concern and limits available therapeutic options. This study investigated the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing STEC isolates and their genotypic combinations of virulence and resistance genes in diarrhoeal calves. A total of 75 rectal swabs from diarrhoeic calves aged ≤ 12 weeks were sampled from three districts of Bangladesh, screened using selective culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility profiling and phenotypic and genotypic screening for ESBL- and carbapenemase-production. The E. coli isolation rate among diarrhoeic calves was 80

Escherichia albertii (E. albertii) is an emergent enteropathogen genetically identical to Escherichia coli (E. coli), often confused as E. coli phenotypically during routine diagnostic procedures. This pathogen possesses cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) responsible for the invasion and persistent colonization of this bacterium in the gut leading to enteric infections in humans and other animals. The present study attempted to explore the occurrence and antibiotic resistance profile of E. albertii derived from faeces of pet dogs and cats in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Faecal samples were collected aseptically from pet dogs (n=31) and cats (n=23) using sterile cotton swabs and stored in sterile buffered peptone water. After overnight enrichment in buffered peptone water, a loopful of the enriched broth was inoculated onto a selective media (XR-MacConkey) to isolate E. albertii.XR-MacConkey agar was prepared by supplementing MacConkey agar with D (+) Xylose and L (+) Rhamnose monohydrate. Inoculated samples on XR-MacConkey agar were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The visible white colonies were finally verified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplifying the gene fragments of E. albertii specific cytolethal distending toxin (Eacdt).E. albertii isolates were then tested for antimicrobial resistance against 12 selected antimicrobials by disk diffusion method. Two E. albertii isolates were positively identified in dog samples, while none of the cat samples were positive for E. albertii. Both E. albertii isolates from dogs showed multidrug resistance (MDR). The present study suggests that pet dogs may harbour E. albertii, which mightbe transmitted to humans in study areas.

Objectives The Bengal tiger Panthera tigris tigris, is an emblematic animal for Bangladesh. Despite being the apex predator in the wild, their number is decreasing due to anthropogenic activities such as hunting, urbanization, expansion of agriculture and deforestation. By contrast, captive tigers are flourishing due to practical conservation efforts. Breeding within the small captive population can produce inbreeding depression and genetic bottlenecks, which may limit the success of conservation efforts. Despite past decades of research, a comprehensive database on genetic variation in the captive and wild Bengal tigers in Bangladesh still needs to be included. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the White Bengal tiger genome to create a resource for future studies to understand variation underlying important functional traits.Data description Blood samples from Chattogram Zoo were collected for three white Bengal tigers. Genomic DNA for all collected samples were extracted using a commercial DNA extraction kit. Whole genome sequencing was performed using a DNBseq platform. We generated 77 Gb of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data for three white Bengal tigers (Average 11X coverage/sample). The data we generated will establish a paradigm for tiger research in Bangladesh by providing a genomic resource for future functional studies on the Bengal white tiger.

Household pigeons are a potential source of multidrug-resistant (Escherichia coli (E. coli) and act as a transmission vehicle of this bacterium to humans. Here, we characterized the antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular properties of the whole genome sequences of six E. coli strains from household pigeons.

Background: Scanty reports are available in the literature about the coat colour inheritance and its related genes in cattle. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to know the expression of coat colour gene, MC1R in cattle. Methods: DNA was extracted from 85 whole blood samples of Red Chittagong cattle (RCC), Non-descriptive deshi and their crossbred of which 75 positive samples were sequenced by Sanger sequencer. Sequence alignment, pair and multi-alignment comparison of the MC1R gene of different genotype and a phylogenic tree constructed by MEGA6 software. Result: RCC has a dominant R gene for red colour. Point mutation was observed at 954 bp and substitution (395G→A) was found in the MC1R gene of RCC genotype. The evolutionary history of branching pattern showed the relatedness of MC1R nucleotide sequences of cattle and this gene have been regulating coat colour inheritance of cattle.

Background and Aim: Escherichia albertii is an emerging enteric pathogen that causes mass avian mortality events in the Northern Hemisphere, as well as mortality in captive birds and poultry. This study aims to investigate the occurrence and antibiotic resistance pattern of E. albertii in backyard poultry and pigeons in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 cloacal swabs were collected from backyard poultry and pigeons from Chattogram and Cox's Bazar districts in Bangladesh. Escherichia albertii isolates were isolated and identified by culturing on selective growth media. Polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the presence of cytolethal distending toxin gene (Eacdt). Antimicrobial resistance patterns of E. albertii isolates were investigated using the Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion method. In addition, the E. albertii isolates were screened for sulphonamide-resistant sul1 and sul2. Results: In total, 7/200 (3.5%) isolates from backyard poultry tested positive for Eacdt. The isolation rate of E. albertii was highest in chicken (4.76%), followed by turkey (2.78%) and duck (2.2%). Pigeon samples were negative for E. albertii. Based on the disk diffusion test, all seven E. albertii isolates were resistant to >= 3 antimicrobials. Resistance was highest against tetracycline (86%), followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (71%). In addition, 6/7 isolates tested positive for sul1 and sul2. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show that backyard poultry and pigeons in Bangladesh may be reservoirs of E. albertii, indicating the importance of determining the transmission and pathogenicity of E. albertii to humans.

Detection of genome-wide genetic variation is one of the primary goals in bovine genomics. Genomes of several cattle breeds have been sequenced so far to understand the genetic variation associated with important phenotypes. Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) is a locally adopted and disease-resistant indicine cattle breed in Bangladesh. In this study, we describe the first genome sequence of the RCC breed and in silico analyses of identified functional variants. Deep sequencing of a RCC bull genome on the NanoBall sequencing platform generated approximately 110 Gb paired-end data, resulting in 31X of genome coverage. Quality filtering retained 360,711,803 paired-end reads. Of the filtered reads, 99.8% were mapped to the bovine reference genome (ARSUCD1.2). A total of 17. 8 million Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 2.1 insertions and deletions (INDELs) were identified in the RCC genome. Ts/Tv ratio was computed and found to be 2.21. In total, 332 4621 variants were novel compared with dbSNP data (NCBI dbSNP bovine build 150). Functional annotation identified 54961 SNVs exonic regions, 63.75% of which were synonymous, whereas 30.42% were non-synonymous changes. The percentage of coding INDELs was 0.25% (Frameshift deletion 0.19% and Frameshift insertion 0.06%). We identified 120 variants in 26 candidates for five diseases-foot and mouth disease (FMD), Mastitis, Parasite, para-tuberculosis, and tick. Of the 120 variants, 50 were non-synonymous / frameshift (NS/FS), while 70 were synonymous/non-frameshift (SS/NFS). The identified catalog of genomic variants in RCC may establish a paradigm for cattle research in Bangladesh by filling the void and providing a database for genome-wide variation for future functional studies in RCC.

Growth differentiation factor 9 ( GDF9 ) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 ( BMP15 ) are two crucial fecundity genes 15 associated with litter size traits in the goat. Our previous study on GDF9 and BMP15 genes detected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with litter size in Bangladeshi Black Bengal goats. In this study, Jamunapari and crossbred goats of Bangladesh were screened to identify polymorphisms in the GDF9 and BMP15 genes and to assess the association between identified SNPs and litter size. The genomic DNA from 100 goats (50 Jamunapari and 50 crossbred) was used in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to amplify the exon 2 of the GDF9 and exon 2 of the BMP15 gene. PCR products were sequenced employing the BigDye Terminator cycle sequencing protocol, to identify SNPs. A generalized linear model was utilized to perform the association analysis for identified SNPs and litter size. Seven SNPs were identified, of which four: C818CT, G1073A, G1189A and G1330T were in the GDF9 gene, three: G616T, G735A and G811A were in the BMP15 gene. G735A was a synonymous SNP, whereas the remaining were non-synonymous SNPs. Identified SNP loci in GDF9 were low polymorphic (PIC<0.25) while loci in BMP15 were moderately polymorphic (PIC≥0.25). The genotypes at the G1330T locus had a significant (p<0.05) difference in litter size in Jamunapari goat, but no significant difference was observed for all genotypes at other loci. This study provides additional molecular markers that would be useful for future research on the litter size trait in goats of Bangladesh.

Bovine babesiosis is the most economically important haemoprotozoan disease caused by Babesia spp. The present study was conducted in selected hilly, coastal and plain areas of Bangladesh to determine the prevalence and identification of risk factors along with the molecular characterization of Babesia spp. Using traditional blood smear examination and Giemsa staining, 1.43% (n=1680) of cattle were was found positive for Babesia infection during this study. The prevalence of babesiosis was 1.17% (7 out of 600 cases) in the hilly areas; 1.67% (10 out of 600 cases) in the coastal areas and 1.46% (7 out of 480 cases) in the plain areas. The prevalence of Babesia spp. was found higher (P>0.05) in crossbred cattle compared to local or indigenous cattle. Seasonal variation of disease prevalence indicated that babesiosis was significantly higher (P

Background and Aim: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has emerged as significant foodborne pathogens.Ruminants are the primary reservoir of the zoonotic STEC.In Bangladesh, previous studies reported the presence of STEC in cattle, goat, and sheep; however, there is little information about STEC carriage by buffaloes.This study aimed to determine the occurrence of STEC in healthy (absence of clinical signs and symptoms) buffaloes on smallholdings in Bangladesh and to assess the antimicrobial resistance pattern of identified STEC isolates. Materials and Methods:A total of 100 rectal swab samples were obtained from randomly selected buffaloes on 40 smallholdings in Chittagong Division, Bangladesh.Samples were subjected to bacteriological screening to identify E. coli.All E. coli isolates were examined for the presence of the Shiga toxin-producing genes -Shiga toxin 1 (stx1) and Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) using polymerase chain reaction.The antimicrobial susceptibility of identified STEC isolates was tested using the disk diffusion method.Results: Results show that 71 fecal samples were positive for E. coli in bacteriological screening.The proportion of buffaloes harboring STEC isolates was 11% (11/100) (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1-18.8], of which 7% (7/100) (95% CI 3.2-13.9)and 4% (4/100) (95% CI 1.2-10.2) carried stx1 and stx2 genes, respectively.Antibiogram revealed that 91% (10/11), 73% (8/11), 55% (6/11), and 55% (6/11) STEC isolates were resistant to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, erythromycin, and ampicillin, respectively.In contrast, 91% (10/11) STEC isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin, whereas 73% (8/11) isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone. Conclusion:This study highlights, for the first time, a significant proportion of fecal samples from healthy buffaloes on smallholdings in Bangladesh harboring antimicrobial-resistant STEC.Transmission of antimicrobial-resistant STEC from buffaloes to humans could pose an added risk to public health in rural Bangladesh.

The wild and domesticated peafowls are prone to many bacterial, viral and parasitic infectious diseases. Various factors are contributing to infections in peafowls. However, there is very little published data on preventive measures and management systems against disease conditions and abnormalities of Indian peafowl. Therefore, we aim to identify the disease conditions and different abnormalities as well as its management in captivity. The research was done from April 2015 to December 2018 in Bangladesh National Zoo (BNZ) by direct interacting, observing, using structured questionnaire and taking data from record book. Vaccine against ND, fowl pox and avian influenza were used for Indian peafowl in BNZ for combating against those diseases. Without this medication against parasitic infestation was started from 4 month of age and later continued regularly six months’ interval. Some vitamin mineral and nutrients substances also used regularly for preventing several abnormalities and diseases. Routine checkup was also found to prevent diseases, abnormalities. A well management system has developed in relation with feeds, feeding system, and habitats for making protection against abnormalities, diseases and predators of Indian peafowl. The house was made with good protection system for entering predators and also the visitors which help to protect predation and disturbing of visitors. Without this cleaning regularly, proper drainage system, controlling for entering predators and enough spaces in houses also help in protection against abnormalities, diseases and predators. Feeds and feeding system was also found very good like regular fresh feed supply, balanced feed supply and nutrias feed supply all the year round to their peafowl’s. Without this properly brooding of peachicks also, help to prevent many diseases as well as express good growth performance. A veterinary hospital in the BNZ premises provides regular monitoring of their health status and suggests good quality management practices for all animals including Indian peafowl.

Inappropriate antimicrobial treatment can pose a risk for developing resistance against antimi-crobial drugs in bacteria. Close human contact might have a higher chance of being transmitted to humans from sheep if the sheep population is a potential reservoir of zoonotic pathogens such as shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) (STEC). Therefore, this study aimed to exam-ine the sheep population in rural Bangladesh for antimicrobial resistant STEC. We screened 200 faecal samples collected from sheep in three Upazila from the Chattogram district. Phenotypical-ly positive E. coli isolates were examined for two shiga toxin-producing genes – stx1 and stx2. PCR positive STEC isolates were investigated for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes- blaTEM, sul1 and sul2. In total, 123 of the 200 tested samples were confirmed positive E. coli by cul-tured based methods. PCR results show 17(13.8%) E. coli isolates harboured ≥ one virulent gene (stx1 or/and stx2) of STEC. Six of the tested STEC isolates exhibited blaTEM gene; eight STEC isolates had sul1 gene, and sul2 gene was detected in ten STEC isolates. To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal a significant proportion of STEC isolated from sheep in rural Bangla-desh harbouring antimicrobial resistance genes.

Microbiomes can enhance the health, fitness and even evolutionary potential of their hosts. Many organisms propagate favorable microbiomes fully or partially via vertical transmission. In the long term, such co-propagation can lead to the evolution of specialized microbiomes and functional interdependencies with the host. However, microbiomes are vulnerable to environmental stressors, particularly anthropogenic disturbance such as antibiotics, resulting in dysbiosis. In cases where microbiome transmission occurs, a disrupted microbiome may then become a contagious pathology causing harm to the host across generations. We tested this hypothesis using the specialized socially transmitted gut microbiome of honey bees as a model system. By experimentally passaging tetracycline-treated microbiomes across worker 'generations' we found that an environmentally acquired dysbiotic phenotype is heritable. As expected, the antibiotic treatment disrupted the microbiome, eliminating several common and functionally important taxa and strains. When transmitted, the dysbiotic microbiome harmed the host in subsequent generations. Particularly, naïve bees receiving antibiotic-altered microbiomes died at higher rates when challenged with further antibiotic stress. Bees with inherited dysbiotic microbiomes showed alterations in gene expression linked to metabolism and immunity, among other pathways, suggesting effects on host physiology. These results indicate that there is a possibility that sublethal exposure to chemical stressors, such as antibiotics, may cause long-lasting changes to functional host-microbiome relationships, possibly weakening the host's progeny in the face of future ecological challenges. Future studies under natural conditions would be important to examine the extent to which negative microbiome-mediated phenotypes could indeed be heritable and what role this may play in the ongoing loss of biodiversity.

Siadenoviruses have been detected in wild and captive birds worldwide. Only nine siadenoviruses have been fully sequenced; however, partial sequences for 30 others, many of these from wild Australian birds, are also described. Some siadenoviruses, e.g., the turkey siadenovirus A, can cause disease; however, most cause subclinical infections. An example of a siadenovirus causing predominately subclinical infections is psittacine siadenovirus 2, proposed name psittacine siadenovirus F (PsSiAdV-F), which is enzootic in the captive breeding population of the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot (OBP, Neophema chrysogaster). Here, we have fully characterised PsSiAdV-F from an OBP. The PsSiAdV-F genome is 25,392 bp in length and contained 25 putative genes. The genome architecture of PsSiAdV-F exhibited characteristics similar to members within the genus Siadenovirus; however, the novel PsSiAdV-F genome was highly divergent, showing highest and lowest sequence similarity to skua siadenovirus A (57.1%) and psittacine siadenovirus D (31.1%), respectively. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses of the novel PsSiAdV-F genome positioned the virus into a phylogenetically distinct sub-clade with all other siadenoviruses and did not show any obvious close evolutionary relationship. Importantly, the resulted tress continually demonstrated that novel PsSiAdV-F evolved prior to all known members except the frog siadenovirus A in the evolution and possibly the ancestor of the avian siadenoviruses. To date, PsSiAdV-F has not been detected in wild parrots, so further studies screening PsSiAdV-F in wild Australian parrots and generating whole genome sequences of siadenoviruses of Australian native passerine species is recommended to fill the siadenovirus evolutionary gaps.

Progress of production in dairy cattle is frequently considered possible by either improving the genetic merit and/or by husbandry practices. The study aims to evaluate of productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows considering genotype at different selected dairy farms in Chattogram metropolitan area. A total of 80 crossbred dairy cows belong to four different genetic groups eg. Friesian × Local, Friesian × Jersey, Friesian × Sahiwal (25%) and Friesian × Sahiwal (50%) were randomly selected and their information regarding milk yield and other reproductive parameters were collected from farm record for a period of last five years (January 2015 to March 2019). The overall age at 1st heat and age at 1st calving differ significantly (p0.05) was found in case of service per conception and calving interval. A significant difference (p

A rare case of windpuff was diagnosed in 7 months old two domestic pigeons due to itching and scratching with inanimate objects caused by lice infestation reported in Begumganj upazila hospital, Noakhali district, Bangladesh. This is the first case of domestic pigeon recorded in Bangladesh and the aim of this case study is to determine the causal agent, treatment and management procedure of windpuff. Parasitological examination of feathers revealed the presence of Columbicola columbae, a dorso-ventrally flattened biting type louse. Using needle puncture was able to release the ballooning condition and the pigeons were treated with antimicrobial drug (Enrofloxacin @10mg/kg body weight) through drinking water along with multivitamin and ectoparasiticidal drug (Ivermectin @0.4mg/kg body weight). Both the pigeon was successfully recovered without any further complications within four days.