In the year 2002, in Beytepe, near Ankara, the food spectrum of Great Tit (Parus major), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus),and Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) was determined, using the 'neck-ringing' method. The. food analysis of the bird species mentioned above proved their importance in biological control methods for destruction of organisms harmful for the forest. The proportion of injurious insects in the food spectrum of the bird species investigated is as follows: Starling 60,6 % (n = 20), House Sparrow 56,4 (n = 22) and Great Tit 78,8 % (n = 41).
Aromatic spice crops such as coriander, Coriandrum sativum L., and fennel, Foeniculum vulgare L., are among the major seeds exported to the international market. Observations on the stores of these crops revealed differences in their susceptibility to the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Col., Anobiidae). Coriander seeds proved to be the most appropriate diet for the beetle. The population dynamics of L. serricorne (F.) was determined, showing 3 generations during the period from May to October.
In this study, the susceptibility of larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to gamma radiation was investigated in the laboratory in Turkey. Gamma radiation was applied at 6 dose levels between 20 and 200 Gy to 13–15 day-old adults and at 5 dose levels between 20 and 180 Gy to 18–20 day-old larvae of T. castaneum . All experiments were performed in growth chambers maintained at 27 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 5 % r.h. The larvae proved to be the more susceptible stage, survival to the adult stage being prevented by exposure of the eggs to 100 Gy; the adult stage was less susceptible. LD 50 and LD 99 values were determined as 19,75 and 42,97 Gy for larvae and 33,21 and 64,50 Gy for adult stage, respectively. It was concluded that 100 Gy is the effective dose for both larval and adult stages.
The present work aimed to study the effects of high constant and alternating temperatures on the development and prey consumption by Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner (Het., Miridae) with Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) as prey.Results showed that the predator was able to successfully develop and reach the adult stage, on average, after 20.1 (♀♀) and 20.6 (♂♂) days at a temperature of 30 ± 1 °C with A. gossypii as prey. On the other hand, it was not able to develop at 35 ± 1 °C, here all N1 instars used at the beginning of the experiments had died even before moulting to N2 instar. At alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, the predator reached the adult stage 23.7 (♀♀) and 23.5 (♂♂) days after egg hatching, whereas when the temperatures were increased to 35/22 ± 1 °C, it took a significantly shorter period: 20.6 (♀♀) and 20.9 (♂♂) days. In general, the highest mortality occurred during the first two nymphal instars. The total percentage mortality during development from N1 to adult stage was 30 % and 100 % at the constant temperatures 30 ± 1 °C and 35 ± 1 °C, respectively. At the alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, it was lowest with 16.5 %, while at 35/22 ± 1 °C, it was 20 %.The results of the experiments on prey consumption showed that an individual D. tamaninii consumed during its development to adult stage at 30 ± 1 °C an average of 442.2 (♀♀), 433.6 (♂♂) aphids. At the constant temperature of 35 ± 1 °C, the average daily prey consumption started with 4 aphids and decreased continuously till it approached nil on the 9th day, where all predatory nymphs died. At the alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, the total prey consumption during development was, on average, 359.3 (♀♀) and 297.0 (♂♂) aphids, while at 35/22 ± 1 °C it was 348.5 (♀♀) and 334.0 (♂♂) aphids. The effect of the four temperatures on the prey consumption by D. tamaninii during the first 10 days after emergence was also studied. At a constant temperature of 30 ± 1 °C, a total of 446.4 (♀♀) and 372.0 (♂♂) aphids were consumed, compared to 40.6 (♀♀) and 39.0 (♂♂) at 35 ± 1 °C. At alternating temperatures of 25/15 ± 1 °C, the predatory adult consumed, on average, a total of 267.0 (♀♀) and 207.0 (♂♂) aphids. Increasing the temperature to 35/22 ± 1 °C resulted in a higher prey consumption by the adult predator, reaching 351.5 (♀♀) and 267.7 (♂♂) aphids over the same period.In conclusion, results indicated that D. tamaninii is a promising predator of the melon aphid at a temperature spectrum ranging from 15 ± 1 °C up to 35 ± 1 °C.
In this study, the effects of two different commercial neem insecticides (NeemAzal T/S and Neem Oil) were determined on different stages of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) under laboratory conditions. Neem Azal and Neem Oil were applied at concentrations of 0.5 % and 2 %, respectively. Mortality was recorded after 3, 7 and 14 days for nymphs and adults; 7 and 14 days for old (4-day-old) eggs; and 14 days for newly laid (one-day-old) eggs.Both products have no significant effect on adults and newly laid eggs. However Neem Oil was found to be more effective than NeemAzal T/S on nymphs and on old laid eggs after 7 and 14 days.It can be concluded that both neem products have potential for insecticidal efficacy (approximately 60 %) against nymphs of N. viridula. at concentrations recommended by manufacturers for registered pests.
The Carpathian Basin has been classified as one of the model areas of Russian wheat aphid (= RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.), expansion from the southeast to Central Europe. Explorations in 2002 as well as the summarized information published earlier centered the evidence for RWA in the northern and northeastern parts of the area and its occurrence was detected and verified in the area up to the submountains of the Carpathian Mountain Range. The history and distribution peculiarities of RWA in the Carpathian Basin and area are reviewed and discussed.
For the first time soil solarization was investigated in Croatia both in the field and in the greenhouse in 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1994. For two months (July and August), the soil was mulched with transparent polyethylene (PE) sheets of 0.015 or 0.050 mm thickness. Soil temperatures at depths of 5, 10 and 20 cm were recorded daily. In order to assess nematode population densities, soil samples were analysed before mulching and at the end of the mulching treatment. The results of these experiments showed that soil solarization drastically reduced the population of plant-parasitic nematodes ( Meloidogyne , Pratylenchus , Paratylenchus , Tylenchus , Tylenchorhynchus spp.) by about 97–100 % at a depth of 10 cm and 92–97 % at a depth of 20 cm in the field, while in the greenhouse, the population of plant-parasitic nematodes was reduced by about 89–100 % at a depth of 10 cm and 98–100 % at a depth of 20 cm.In the same experiments, the population of saprophytic nematodes in the field was reduced by about 86–90 % at a depth of 10 cm and 72–89 % at a depth of 20 cm. In the greenhouse, the population of saprophytic nematodes was reduced by about 87–97 % at a depth of 10 cm and 87–93 % at a depth of 20 cm. This data shows that soil solarization was less effective in the control of saprophytic nematodes, which is considered to be an advantage.
An aphid and virus survey was conducted from 1993 and 1999 on the eastern lowlands in Hungary. Aphid flight was monitored with two yellow pan traps placed on the edge and in the middle of seed potato fields. From 1993 and 1997, aphid flight was monitored with a Rothamsted type suction trap. The aphid and virus survey was continued in four different regions of Hungary in 2000. Aphid flight activity recorded by the suction trap and the yellow pan traps was different. Cumulative vector intensity based on yellow pan trap catches revealed a greater variation between years than among the different locations. In 4 years out of 8, aphid flight was less intensive and quality seed potato was harvested regardless of the production site. Cumulative vector intensity is a good means to forecast the time of haulm destruction in seed potatoes.
The Aphidoidea (Homoptera) has 29 species which attack coniferous trees in Turkey. The family Aphididae has 25 (Aphidinae, 1; Lachninae, 22; Mindarinae, 2) species and the Adelgidae, 4. The tribe Cinarini in Lachninae has alone 22 species most of which are important. Especially Cinara cedri Mimeur on Cedrus libani and C. pilicornis (Hartig) on Picea spp. are harmful species. Schizolachnus pineti (Fabricius) is also very important. An Eastern Palearctic species in the tribe Macrosiphini in Aphidinae, Elatobium momii (Shinji), is numerous on Abies bornmülleriana in Bursa-Uludağ forests. Pineus orientalis (Dreyfus) in the family of Adelgidae (Chermesidae) is the most destructive in our Picea orientalis forests in Artvin area (Eastern Black-Sea Section). 21 species out of 29 aphids on coniferous trees are of European origin; only 4 are Mediterranean, 2 Caucasus and Turkistan, one Eastern Palearctic and one of Cosmopolitan origin.
Abstract Although the ‘Economic Injury Level’ (EIL) concept belongs to the keystones of IPM theory, its applicability to all pest problems is believed not to be universal. Current IPM theory claims that the EIL concept is of limited use (i) in situations where an injury-damage function cannot be established, (ii) if pest monitoring is impossible or EIL is very low, and (iii) with preventive measures of pests and pathogens. In this work, I argue that the two latter points may not be true. First, within IPM all types of chemical treatment, including preventive ones, should be economically justified via calculation of EIL, based on the comparison of the cost of preventive and responsive control measures and the cost of the forecasted/expected damage. The ‘expected’ damage should be based on long-term (historical) damage records, manipulative experiments, risk assessment and biomathematical modelling of the evaluated pathosystem. Second, the absence of EIL in ‘preventively controlled pests’ hampers completion of the consistent Stern–Pedigo’s classification of pest organisms according to mutual position of EIL and General Equilibrium Position (GEP) or Stationary Distribution of Population Densities (SDPD).
This paper presents the results of a research project concerning bark beetle populations in Norway spruce stands managed under a nature protection regime in national parks in Tatra Mountains in Poland and Slovakia. The preliminary data on bark beetle occurrence and related selected stand characteristics are presented. The dynamics of a bark beetle outbreak that occurred from 1994–97 in the stands localized on both sides of the state border and in various nature protection regimes is analyzed retrospectively. The data concerning the tree/stand characteristics, i.e. DBH and increment of trees are discussed in relation to its potential role in the mechanism for the spread of bark beetle populations. The patterns of the spatial distribution of trees attacked during the research period (1999–2001) are described.
Volatiles from newly cut branches with needles of Pinus sylvestris L. were collected with headspace sampling technique, and then identified and quantified by combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The response of antennae of the female pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, to these volatiles was recorded by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Surprisingly, the most common and major monoterpene hydrocarbons (MT), α-pinene, 3-carene, and β-pinene were antennally inactive. Female antennae responded strongly only to four minor MT components, myrcene, β-phellandrene, trans-β-ocimene, and terpinolene. Weaker, but repeatable responses were also found to limonene, cis-β-ocimene, and γ-terpinene. Further EAD recordings with two synthetic MT mixtures supported our findings from the natural material. When separating the two enantiomers of limonene by running different synthetic MT mixtures, the EAD response was found only to the(−)-enantiomer, but not to the opposite (+)-enantiomer. EAD-responses were also found to some less volatile compounds, such as sesquiterpenes (SqT), active at ng-levels. The sensitivity and specificity of the antenna to a select number of active host MTs and SqTs suggest that these play a role in the host selection process of T. pityocampa females.
Abstract The biology of two important lepidopterous pests, Prays oleae Bernard and Palpita unionalis Hübner, was studied. The target pests were reared on olive plants, Oleae europaea L. (Oleaceae) under laboratory conditions for two successive generations, from March to June 2002. For P. oleae, the duration of larval stage development in the first generation was 21.4 ± 0.18 days at 19.3–20.9 °C, 65–68 % R.H, while in the second generation it was 14.8 ± 0.10 days at 20.8–24.2 °C, 65–69 % R.H. The number of eggs laid per female ranged from 58 to 109 eggs in the first generation, and from 47 to 113 in the second. The larval stage duration of P. unionalis was 16.3 ± 0.12 days at 16.8–22.9 °C, 65–69 % R.H. and 15.5 ± 0.12 days at 21.6–25.5 °C, 66–69 % R.H. for the first and second generations, respectively. Also, the number of eggs laid per female ranged from 630 to 653 eggs, and from 425 to 493 eggs in the second generation under the same previous laboratory conditions. P. oleae laid eggs at night mostly singly on flower-buds, more on the calyx. than on the petals. The larvae mined on leaves and damaged groups of flowers. P. unionalis adults were active at night, laid eggs singly at twilight usually on the lower surface of foliage. Larvae fed on leaves spinning several leaves together to form shelter for the pupa.
Conjugation of δ-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis with abamectin, a toxin of Streptomyces avermitilis, was carried out to form a new type of biocide, GCSC-BtA based on “Germany-China Scientific Cooperation” research, for the control of agricultural insect pests. The strategy for biochemical linkage was designed by conjugating an amino group in B.t. protoxin with a carboxyl group in carboxylated abamectin under the treatment of conjugator EDC [1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Hydrochloride)]. The formation of B.t. protoxin was processed by solubilizing B.t. crystal in 25 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) at 37 °C for 2 h. The carboxylated abamectin was formed by carboxylating the NaH-activated abamectin with 10 mg/ml butyric anhydride at 111 °C in a water-circumfluent condensation device for 2 h. The conjugating reaction, consisting of 5 mg/ml B.t. protoxin, 10 mg/ml carboxylated abamectin and 19.17 mg/ml EDC, was successfully conducted at room temperature for 24 h. Significant differences were found between pure abamectin, carboxylated abamectin and the conjugated BtA by means of UV-photo absorptions recorded at wavelengths 354, 438, 518, 600 nm (P < 0.01). LT50 of the conjugated GCSC-BtA to the 3rd instar larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) was 35.27 μg a.i./ml, about 62 % and 76 % of that caused by the B.t. protoxin and the caxboxylated abamectin, respectively. The conjugated GCSC-BtA caused 87.14 % mortalities in larvae of P. xylostella, 93.75 % in adult Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hom., Aphididae) and 89.33 % in adult Phyllotreta vittata Fabricius (Col., Chrysomelidae) as compared to 48.33 % by the B.t. crystal only in P. xylostella. The symptoms caused by conjugated GCSC-BtA in the 3rd instar of P. xylostella were black color in the head part and white-yellow in the abdomen of dead larvae, which differed from the black color or the white-yellow all along the body caused by either the B.t. crystal or the abamectin, respectively. It was concluded that the conjugated GCSC-BtA biocide had a broader host spectrum and a faster killing speed than either the B.t. crystal or abamectin alone for the control of agricultural pests.
Abstract The parasitoid complex of Dasineura saliciperda (Dufour) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Salix fragilis L. was studied in 1997 and 2002 in two localities in Bulgaria. As a result, 5 species from 3 families of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) were reared from pest galls: Eurytoma afra Boheman, Eurytoma salicis Walker (Eurytomidae), Torymus microcerus (Walker) (Torymidae), Gastrancistrus sp. and Mesopolobus sp. (Pteromalidae). E. afra and T. microcerus are new species for the fauna of Bulgaria, and E. salicis – a new parasitoid of the host. Total parasitism of D. saliciperda in the studied years ranged between 44.1 and 53.5 %. E. afra was the most important, destroying 21.9-53.5 % of the pest.
Anzeiger für SchädlingskundeVolume 76, Issue 4 p. 112-112 Biologischer Pflanzenschutz / Wildschäden am Wald Marion Morgner, Marion Morgner aid Presse Info Landwirtschaft und Umwelt, Bonn, Nr. 14/2003.Search for more papers by this author Marion Morgner, Marion Morgner aid Presse Info Landwirtschaft und Umwelt, Bonn, Nr. 14/2003.Search for more papers by this author First published: 18 August 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0280.2003.03023.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume76, Issue4August 2003Pages 112-112 RelatedInformation
The relationship between Xenorhabdus nematophilus and Photorhabdus luminescens, the bacterial symbionts of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora , against the diamondback moth, P. xylostella (L.), pupae showed the pathogenic capability of P. luminescens to be over that of X. nematophilus . They gave 60 and 40 % mortality with LC 50 values of 5 × 10 4 and 5.5 × 10 5 cells/ml, respectively. The number of bacterial cells influences the rate of killing the pupae of P. xylostella and a direct correlation between mortality of the pupae, percentage of deformed adults and the spraying dose with significant differences were observed. An inverse correlation found between the no. of eggs laid/female, percentage of hatching, adult survival and the spraying dose. These bacterial effects have been attributed to different toxic bacterial enzymes which damage the haemocytes and inhibit activation of the humoral immune system of the insect.
The predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae) has been reported as an important predator of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari, Tetranychidae) in apple culture and vineyards at below 25 °C. However, sufficient biological data was lacking on its efficiency at temperatures above 25 °C. Therefore, the purpose of the present laboratory work was to obtain experimental data on prey consumption during development as well as longevity and reproduction of T. pyri on apple leaf discs and in Plexiglas cells at constant temperatures of 25 ± 2 °C and 30 ± 2 °C with P. ulmi as prey. The results showed that mean daily and total prey consumption by both the nymphs and adults of T. pyri decreased significantly on both the arenas as the temperature was increased from 25 °C to 30 °C, whereby adult prey consumption, both mean daily and total, was higher than that of nymphs. Prey consumption by both the nymphs and adults was significantly higher in the Plexiglas cells than on the leaf discs at both temperatures. Mean total prey consumption during nymphal development was 16.1 (♀♀) and 12.8 (♂♂) at 25 °C compared to 7.0 (♀♀) and 5.8 (♂♂) preys at 30 °C on the apple leaf discs and 46.0 (♀♀) and 38.5 (♂♂) at 25 °C compared to 25.2 (♀♀) and 20.3 (♂♂) preys at 30 °C in the Plexiglas cells. Mean duration of nymphal development was similar for the two sexes at the same temperature, but it was longer at 25 °C than at 30 °C. It was 6.0 and 4.0 days on the apple leaf discs while 7.0 and 6.0 days in the Plexiglas cells at 25 °C and 30 °C, respectively. Mean daily and total prey consumption by both male and female adults also decreased with the increasing temperature, whereby the females consumed more than double the mean total number of prey than the males on both the arenas of observation and at both temperatures: 355.4 versus 149.7 preys at 25 °C and 192.2 versus 85.6 preys at 30 °C on the leaf discs and 826.8 versus 374.5 preys at 25 °C and 488.9 versus 187.9 preys at 30 °C in the Plexiglas cells. Longevity of the females was longer than males on both arenas and at both temperatures and it was longer at 25 °C than at 30 °C. Mean total longevity on the apple leaf discs was 68.3 (♀♀) and 50.8 (♂♂) days at 25 °C compared to 52.5 (♀♀) and 36.8 (♂♂) days at 30 °C, while in the Plexiglas cells it was 91.0 (♀♀) and 65.8 (♂♂) days at 25 °C compared to 75.3 (♀♀) and 48.5 (♂♂) days at 30 °C. Reproduction in females also decreased significantly with increasing temperature. It decreased from 62.0 to 39.0 eggs/female on the leaf discs and 75.0 to 47.1 eggs/female in the Plexiglas cells. The females laid significantly higher numbers of eggs at both temperatures in the Plexiglas cells than on the leaf discs. Oviposition period in females was 30 days at 25 °C on both the arenas, while at 30 °C it was 26 days on the apple leaf discs and 27 days in the Plexiglas cells.
Populations of the common nettle aphid, Microlophium carnosum Buckton, inhabiting nettle patches in an agricultural landscape were surveyed for entomophthoralean infection during 1998, 1999 and 2001. Five pathogenic species were identified from the aphid in the course of the survey. Erynia neoaphidis Remaudière & Hennebert, Neozygites fresenii (Nowakowski) Remaudière & Keller, and Neozygites microlophii Keller affected aphid colonies every year. Two minor pathogens, Entomophthora planchoniana Cornu and Conidiobolus obscurus (Hall & Dunn) Remaudière & Keller, were observed only in 2001.
