Relevance. Potatoes are a necessary agricultural crop in human nutrition, especially in northern conditions. Having a unique chemical composition, potatoes are a valuable food product in the diet of the population. The main focus of breeding work in the Murmansk region remains the creation of early and medium-early varieties of table potatoes. When creating new high-yielding varieties adapted to local agro-climatic conditions, it is necessary to carefully select parent forms that have genetic diversity.The purpose of this study is to create a new source material for breeding work in the conditions of the North.methods.Material and Methods. In 2014, potato culture (Solanum tuberosum L.) hybridization was carried out on the territory of the Polar Experimental Station VIR branch as part of the dissertation work. Seedlings were grown using the seedling method and regularly selected. 32 hybrids of successful combinations were identified in the Murmansk region. For a comprehensive assessment of hybrids, systematic phenological observations were carried out, and to identify the potential of new hybrids, they were evaluated according to their main economic and biological characteristics (the harvest was taken into account during early and final harvesting, including the structure of the crop). A visual assessment of the underlying diseases was performed in the field and during storage. Starch was determined in the laboratory. All basic accounting is carried out according to the basic VIRResults and discussion. The best 32 breeding hybrids of the Polar Experimental Station were studied, and an assessment of breeding work in the conditions of the North was given. The hybrid material was compared with the standard Khibiny early variety. The assessment of the passage of phenological phases revealed the following: on average, for hybrids, shoots occurred on the 13th day after planting, budding on the 32nd day after planting, flowering and berry formation on the 43rd and 51st days after planting. Yields varied over the years and strongly depend on meteorological conditions.
Relevance. The creation of a fund of linear material for hybrid breeding of canteen beets based on CMS with a complex of economically significant features, including resistance to highly pathogenic Fusarium species, is an urgent task today. Goal. Identification of the current composition of economically significant causative agents of fusarium rot in beetroot and a phenotypic assessment of the resistance of a promising linear material to highly aggressive Fusarium isolates.Materials and Methods. Objects of research: 71 isolates of Fusarium fungi isolated over the period 2018-2024 from affected seeds (29 isolates), leaves (10 isolates) and root crops (32 isolates) of table beet; 20 breeding lines and five hybrid combinations of beetroot. Phytopathological and molecular genetic methods were used in the work. Artificial infection of root crops was carried out with mycelial blocks of ten-day cultures of identified Fusarium species. Results. According to the results of the pathogenicity test for beet roots, it was shown that 45% of the isolates isolated into the pure culture were characterized by moderate aggressiveness. Highly aggressive isolates (23% of the number studied) were isolated from the affected head of the root crop, from the leaf vein, root and cotyledon leaves of seedlings. Molecular phylogeny using the TEF-1a and RPB2 genes, combined with morphological characteristics, showed that six Fusarium species participated in the pathogenesis of fusarium rot in beetroot during the years of research in the Moscow region: F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. campestre (FTSC); F. solani (FSSC), F. flagelliforme (FIESC) and F. sporotrichioides (FSAMSC). Among them, the dominant species were F. acuminatum (with the largest proportion of highly aggressive strains) and F. avenaceum. As a result of an immunological assessment of the resistance of linear beetroot material to the highly aggressive F. acuminatum strain (F-cb-38) in vitro , three maternal lines "A" 413, 363 and 404 (Va=82, 85 and 93 mm[3] , respectively) were characterized by the smallest volume of the disc lesion zone; two paternal lines "C" 427 and 426 (Va=20 and 33 mm[3] , respectively). The lines selected for resistance to fusarium in case of artificial infection were characterized by high preservation and during storage on a natural background for five years, and were also distinguished by other economically valuable characteristics, which is important for hybrid beet breeding.
Relevance. Improving the efficiency of the pepper breeding process for resistance to fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium verticillioides , requires studying the biological characteristics of the pathogen and the conditions for pathogenesis development according to the concept of the classical disease triangle. Taking these relationships into account is essential for developing reproducible and informative methods for evaluating breeding material. Purpose. To study the effect of temperature regime and nutrient medium composition on the vegetative growth of F. verticillioides , as well as to optimize key elements of the artificial inoculation protocol for accelerated evaluation of resistance in pepper breeding lines. Materials and methods. The study examined three F. verticillioides isolates with contrasting aggressiveness. The radial growth rate was assessed in vitro on PDA, OA, Czapek, and SNA media in the temperature range of 10-40 °C. Pathogenicity was tested in vivo on seedlings of five pepper lines at 25, 28, and 30°C. Additionally, two inoculation methods were compared: with mechanical stirring (orbital shaker, 100 rpm) and under static conditions. Results. Within the F. verticillioide s population, contrasting classes of pathogenicity were identified: highly aggressive (HA, 46%), moderately aggressive (MA, 27%), and weakly aggressive (WA, 27%). A direct correlation was established between the radial growth rate (VR) and aggressiveness: HA isolates grew 1,7-1,9 times faster than WA isolates (VR 13,0 vs. 7,6 mm/day). The temperature optimum for the growth of the highly aggressive isolate in vitro (VR 12,8 mm/day) and pathogenesis in vivo (I=3,4 points) coincided and was 28 °C. However, at 30°C, despite maintaining high growth in vitro (VR 10,3-11,8 mm/day), pathogenesis in vivo significantly decreased to 1,9 points. Two-way ANOVA showed that on day 7, the inoculation method (with shaker) accounted for 31,6% of the variance, while by day 14, the genotype dominated (40,6%). The use of an orbital shaker allowed accelerating pathogenesis and symptom manifestation, reducing the period of reliable evaluation from 14 to 7 days, which provided the opportunity for accelerated screening.Conclusion. Integration of knowledge about the biological characteristics of the pathogen into the experimental methodology allowed improving the elements of the artificial infection protocol. The use of these elements made it possible to significantly reduce screening time and increase the reliability of evaluating pepper resistance to fusarium wilt, which is important for accelerating the breeding process.
Relevance. The study is devoted to developing a scheme for the detection and identification of the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum the causal agent of potato brown rot, which belongs to the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex ( R. solanacearum , R. pseudosolanacearum , R. syzygii ). This pathogen affects over 200 plant species, including economically important crops (potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant), and is listed as a quarantine organism absent from the territory of the Russian Federation. Objective: to create and test a laboratory diagnostic scheme for R. solanacearum for phytosanitary control of regulated products. Material and ". Methods used in the study: sample preparation method (extraction in phosphate-buffered saline with centrifugation), PCR analysis (real-time PCR using primers RS-IF/RS-II-R/RS-P and a commercial kit; PCR with electrophoretic detection using primers RS-1F/RS-1-R (RS-3-R)). Results. An optimized scheme for the identification and detection of the brown rot pathogen was developed. The scheme was tested on 242 samples of regulated products (potato, roses, peonies, bananas) submitted to the diagnostic laboratory in 2025. The results showed the absence of R. solanacearum complex bacteria in samples from the Russian Federation and revealed 14 cases of potato tuber infection in imported batches. Identification of positive samples using species-specific primers RS-1-F/RS-1-R confirmed the presence of R. solanacearum (sensu stricto).Conclusion. No false-positive or false-negative reactions were recorded during the testing of all used assays within the framework of the developed scheme, indicating their 100% specificity within the study. The outcome of the work is the creation of a reliable laboratory testing algorithm that ensures rapid and accurate diagnosis of the quarantine phytopathogen, thereby guaranteeing phytosanitary safety and compliance of products with importer requirements. plant quarantine, phytopathogenic bacteria, molecular genetic identification methods, detection, identification
Relevance. The development of vegetable growing, as well as a significant increase in vegetable production and expansion of the range of high-yielding vegetable crops through the introduction of new varieties into cultivation, is an important area of focus. The introduction of new promising vegetable crops plays a key role in achieving these objectives.Furthermore, cultivating technology depends on climatic, soil, agronomic, and other conditions. Therefore, studying environmental factors and their impact on growth processes and development, as well as evaluating source material, is essential for the development of highyielding, early-ripening daikon varieties and hybrids that are resistant to biotic and abiotic environmental factors, resistant to bolting, and have highly marketable roots. The purpose of the study was to investigate the key biological characteristics of introduced daikon varieties during their introduction into cultivation in Belarus.Methodology. The study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture of the Belarusian State Agricultural Academy from 2022 to 2024. The experiments were designed with adherence to agronomic requirements for plant care throughout the growing seasonResults. A collection of introduced daikon varieties belonging to various cultivar types was studied. The research revealed differences in yield, root weight, and technical maturity time. These differences in yield, root weight, and technical maturity time allow for the development of a fresh produce schedule for the summer-fall period using varieties of different maturity groups.Conclusion. Research conducted in 2022-2024 revealed that average yields for varieties with various root shapes ranged from 48.69 t/ha to 47.62-101.4 t/ha, with average root weight ranging from 595.4-1010.0 g. The period from sowing to the onset of technical maturity ranged from 30-83 days, depending on the year. developed.Based on the study of varietal composition, characterized by varying periods of technical maturity, a schedule for the arrival of fresh produce during the summer-autumn period was
Relevance. The technological qualities of the root crops in the sugar beet parent components affect the hybrids properties obtained from them. In this regard, a comprehensive analysis of the technological indicators of the parent forms and hybrid combinations in breeding studies is necessary. In addition to the sugar content, which determines the raw materials quality during processing at sugar beet factories, the content of alkaline sodium, potassium, and alphaamine nitrogen ions is traditionally studied. These ions collectively reflect the total content of molasses-forming non-sugars in sugar beets, as the concentration of these elements affects the loss of sugar in molasses and the yield of sugar during the processing of root crops.Material and methods. The work was carried out at the All-Russian Research Institute of Sugar Beet and Sugar named after A.L. Mazlumov in 2022-2023. The object of research was the roots of 25 breeding samples of sugar beet (selected by the All-Russian Research Institute of Sugar Beet and Sugar named after A.L. Mazlumov, in four repetitions – 100 samples) in comparison with the foreign hybrid Mitika (Lion Seeds LTD). The study included field experiments and laboratory analysis. To assess the technological indicators of the root crops of the studied breeding material, an express method was used in the laboratory of analytical assessment of the technological quality of sugar beet. This method involves the production of digests using the automated Venema line and the determination of sugar content, potassium, sodium, and α-amine nitrogen using the automated Betalyser sugar beet analysis line.Results. From the total number of the studied breeding samples, the best ones were selected in terms of technological qualities, which have low sugar losses in molasses (1.40-1.67%), high values of sugar yield (12.76-13.85%), its extraction coefficient during processing (82.6985.11%), and sugar content (15.43-16.32%). The content of non-sugars in the studied samples was at the standard level or below it.Conclusion. The obtained results allow to use the selected numbers in further breeding work. It is recommended to check the cross-fertile pollinators for their combinational ability.
Relevance. The red raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.) is currently one of the most popular berry crops grown on an industrial scale. Therefore, it is necessary to continually improve techniques for its accelerated vegetative propagation. In this regard, clonal micropropagation technology has become widely used, as it enables the production of genetically uniform planting material for establishing high-quality mother stock plantations. However, the low survival of plants during the adaptation phase to non-sterile conditions remains a limiting factor in the accelerated production of planting material.Methods. The experiments were carried in 2024-2025 at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution the All-Russian Research Scientific Institute of Phytopathology (ARRIP), in the Laboratory for Recovery and Research on the Adaptive Potential of Cultures and Plants, and at the Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, in the Department of Biotechnology and Berry Crops of the Edelstein Educational Scientific and Production Center for Horticulture and Vegetable Growing. The study was focused on ex vitro red raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.) microplants of the Gusar and Poklon Kazakovu varieties. After 40 days of subculture during the rhizogenesis stage, the microplants were transplanted to the adaptation stage under non-sterile conditions. High-moor peat of the ‘Seliger-Agro’ brand was used as the substrate, mixed with agroperlite in a 3:1 ratio. Planting was carried out in plastic trays (49 cells, 4×4 cm, size 40×40×7 cm). The following vermiculture products were studied in the experiments: Vermiwash Vermiaktiv by ‘NPO Zhivaya Vselennaya’ LLC, Vermitea under the Iz Kopanevki brand, and Biohumus Bio-Kompleks by ‘Bio-Kompleks’ LLC; the control was water. Results. To adaptation floricane-bearing red raspberry microplants of the Gusar variety, it is effective to prepare the microplants using a combination of Biohumus (soak in a 1:20 solution, then drench the substrate in a 1:15 solution); water the substrate with Vermitea (1:50); soak the microplants in Vermiwash (1:20). For primocane-bearing red raspberry microplants of the Poklon Kazakovu variety, soak the microplants in Vermitea (1:50) or water the substrate with Vermitea (1:50) or Biohumus (1:15) vermicompost products. By the 3 ~~0~~ [th] day of adaptation, the survival is 100%, as is the proportion of plants that meet the standards set out in GOST R 540512025 90-100%, and the morphometric indicators of development of the experimental ex vitro plants are 1.3-2.9 times higher than those of the control. Conclusion. This information could help to develop methods of accelerating the production of red raspberry planting materials. As there are currently no guidelines for using vermicompost products on different crops, more research in this area is needed.
Relevance. The adzuki bean ( Vigna angularis ) is a good source of protein, essential fatty acids, fiber, minerals (especially calcium and iron), and phytochemical compounds such as polyphenols and phytates. The adzuki bean shows great promise as a functional food for health promotion and disease prevention, owing to its rich nutritional and functional properties. However, despite the popularity of this crop in Primorsky kray, the data on plant disease incidence and the composition of pathogens in the region are lacking. This determined the goal of our study. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted under the soil and climatic conditions of Vozdvizhenka v., Primorsky kray in 2023-2025. Adzuki bean seeds were sown at a depth of 4-5 cm in the middle of May. The sowing plan was 10×30-40 cm. The mycological examination of leaves and roots collars was carried out employing the following techniques: the moist chamber method, culturing on Sabouraud agar (with 4-6 replicates), and microscopy. The mycological examination of rhizosphere was conducted on Sabouraud agar with 6 replicates. The underground parts were washed, dried, and cut into 1 cm long segments. The segments were sterilized in a 0.5% solution of potassium permanganate for 10 minutes, rinsed under running water, and placed onto the nutrient medium at 10 segments per Petri dish. After a 7-day incubation period at 24°C, the composition of root rot pathogens was assessed using an Axiolab 5.0 microscope. The pathogens were identified based on morphological characteristics using the Mycobank database.Results. Our research established that the pathogenic mycobiota in Primorsky kray includes the following genera: Fusarium , Aspergillus , Alternaria , Phytophthora , Septoria , Cercospora , and Botrytis . The most prevalent genera in the adzuki bean rhizosphere mycobiota were Fusarium and Botrytis , along with representatives of the genus Phytophthora . The diversity of the pathogenic mycobiota on the adzuki bean leaves and the infection rate changed throughout the growing season. Analysis of the adzuki bean seeds obtained in this study revealed that the most prevalent fungi were Septoria , Cercospora , and Fusarium , along with oomycetes of the genus Phytophthora . Thus, the predominant micromycetes on Vigna angularis in Primorsky kray are the fungi Fusarium , Septoria , and Cercospora , along with the oomycete Phytophthora . To prevent the development of epiphytotics and yield loss, further research is needed to develop control measures against adzuki bean pathogens and to breed varieties with high resistance to the aforementioned pathogens.
Relevance. Expanding the raw material base of medicinal plants will allow for the successful use of plant materials as new or additional sources of raw materials for herbal preparations. The aim of the study was to investigate the phenological and biomorphological characteristics of three Salvia species in cultivation.Materials and Methods. The study subjects were Salvia L. species from the Eurasian flora. The research was conducted in an agrocenosis from 2023 to 2025. Phenological and biometric observations were conducted, along with measurements of the yield of aboveground plant parts and seed (erem) productivity. Essential oil content in the leaves was determined by hydrodistillation of air-dried raw materials. Total flavonoids expressed as rutin were determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the optical density of the products of the flavonoid complexation reaction with aluminum chloride. A modified Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine total polyphenols.Results. Plants of the three studied sage species are characterized by rapid vegetative growth, prolonged budding (10-15 days), and prolonged, abundant flowering. Salvia stepposa is distinguished from the other studied species by its shorter flowering period (25-34 days). The structural features of sage inflorescences result in prolonged flowering and uneven fruit ripening. In the first year of life, the average air-dried yield of Salvia forskalii and Salvia stepposa plants grown from seedlings was 251.9 g/m² and 173.6 g/m², respectively (primarily due to the formation of generative shoots). Flavonoid content in extracts from the three sage species ranged from 0.89% to 1.94%, depending on the vegetation phase. Total phenolic compound content in the three Salvia species ranged from 4.14% to 9.71%, with maximum values observed in extracts from S. tesquicola during the full flowering phase. In agrocenosis, S. forskahlei, S. stepposa, and S. tesquicola grown from seedlings undergo a full seasonal development cycle, regularly bear fruit, indicating their successful adaptation. Given the good yield dynamics, resistance to pests and diseases, and significant content of biologically active compounds in S. forskahlei and S. tesquicola in the Moscow region's agrocenosis, these species can be considered promising sources of medicinal plants.
Relevance. Macrophotography has become a critical tool in seed science, providing deep integration of fundamental botany, digital archives and advanced imaging technologies. Modern scientific macrophotography of seeds has long gone beyond mere aesthetic documentation. It directly ensures the accuracy of research in areas such as ecology, evolutionary biology, archeology and agriculture. The color of Allium L. seeds studied is black or nearly black, while the shape and size vary. The types of seed shapes are classified as oval-flattened, oval-angular, oval-hemispherical, ovalspherical, elliptical-flattened, or elliptical-angular. Allium seeds show a high degree of variability, which may be of taxonomic value. color.Material and Methods. The macrophotography involved seed samples of 36 different species of the genus Allium L. from the biocollection of the All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – a branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing. The photographs were taken in the photo laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FSVC by a professional photographer using professional equipment: Olympus OM 1 camera, Olympus macro 60 mm photographic lens. Graphic processing of images was carried out in Adobe Photoshop. Results. Based on the obtained images, the external characteristics of seeds were described. The shape of the seeds, the relief of their surface (ribs, edges), the color of the seed surface and the texture were determined. The location of the seed scar and its shape were indicated. As a result of the description, the seeds were grouped into seven groups according to the similar external features, and the general differences between the groups were demonstrated. The greatest differences among the seeds of various Allium L. species were noted in their shape, structure and surfaceConclusion. Macrophotography in seed science of Allium L. has proven to be a reliable tool for species identification and seed quality analysis. Visualization of the external parameters of Allium L. seeds such as shape, surface relief, color, etc., contributes to their better recognition. With the development of photographic technology and computer programming, the information content and accuracy of the macrophotography method will increase.
Relevance. This paper presents the results of research on fertilizing bulb onions with calcium and the growth stimulant Zircon via drip irrigation. The objective of the study was to optimize the parameters and timing of technological operations for growing annual onions on alluvial meadow soils of the Non-Chernozem zone.Materials and Methods. The Forward onion variety (VNIIO, Agrofirm "Poisk") and the F1 hybrid Resistor (Timiryazev Agricultural Academy) were used in the experiments. Laboratory seed germination was 90.0-95%. The experiments were replicated four times. The experimental plot size was 12 m². The fertilizing trials included the following treatments: Ca40; Ca40+40; and Ca40+40+40. Zircon was applied at a rate of 100 ml/ha in June and July across different treatments. Tranche Super, SC herbicides (2.5 l/ha) and a tank mix of Stomp Professional, MCS and Tranche Super, SC (2.0+1.2 l/ha) were applied the day after sowing. Post-emergence treatments with Goal 2E, EC at 0.4 and 0.6 l/ha were carried out during the 1-2 and 3-4 leaf stages of onions. Preemergence application of Stomp Professional, MCS at 3.0 l/ha combined with Goal 2E, EC at 1.0 l/ha during the 3-4 leaf stage served as a standard.Results. During onion growth, no more than two calcium fertilizations (Ca40 + Ca40) are effective. On slightly acidic soils (pH 5.7), calcium fertilization provides growing conditions close to neutral. It was concluded that the use of the Zircon growth stimulant on bulb onions with drip irrigation at a rate of 100 ml/ha is ineffective. The preferred herbicide system is a preemergence application of Stomp Professional, MKS + Tranche Super, SK at a rate of (2.0+1.2) l/ha, followed by two sequential applications of Goal 2E, EC at rates of 0.4 and 0.6 l/ha during the 1-2 and 3-5 leaf stages of the onion.
Relevance. Male sterility in garlic (Allium sativum L.) restricts sexual reproduction and slows breeding.One proposed molecular mechanism is impaired degradation of the callose wall surrounding microspores, associated with reduced activity of the AsaNRF1 gene. The study aimed to characterize polymorphism in the AsaNRF1 promoter region in garlic varieties and breeding accessions and to evaluate M281 and M671 markers for preliminary selection of genotypes with different reproductive potential.Material and methods. A collection of Allium sativum L. comprising 3 varieties and 57 breeding accessions was examined. Total DNA was isolated from young leaves of two-week-old plants using the Sorb-GMO-B kit. Insertions of 281 and 671 bp were detected by PCR with the published M281 marker and an M671 primer pair designed by the authors. Amplification included 35 cycles with annealing at 58 °C; products were separated in a 1% agarose gel. Each accession was analyzed in two analytical replicates.Results. M281 was detected in 26 accessions (43.3%), whereas M671 was detected in 23 (38.3%). Both insertions occurred in 17 genotypes (28.3%); M281 alone in 9 (15.0%), and M671 alone in 6 (10.0%). Neither insertion was detected in 28 accessions (46.7%). The variety Imperator had the M281-/M671+ genotype, confirming incomplete overlap between marker-defined groups.Combined use of M281 and M671 improves preliminary molecular screening; however, reliable identification of fertile garlic forms requires integration of marker data with morphological and cytological assessment of reproductive organs.
Relevance. In modern conditions, the problem of the effectiveness of the economic activity of enterprises in the vegetable breeding of protected soil is of particular significance because, along with increasing competitiveness in the seasonal vegetable product, the cost of its production is presented with a particularly significant and real factor in the effectiveness of economic activity. Methods. The study utilized general scientific, analytical, statistical, and economic research methods, as well as an analysis of literary sources.Results. The conducted research has shown that the use of modern achievements in the production cost management system at enterprises engaged in the production of protected ground vegetables is a significant task for effective market behavior.
Relevance. Developing greenhouse vegetable production in the Chechen Republic is of strategic importance for ensuring the region's food security and a year-round supply of fresh vegetables. It is necessary to increase tomato yield and quality under extended cultivation conditions; optimize production costs by selecting resistant hybrids; adapt agricultural technologies to the specific soil and climatic conditions of the Chechen Republic; and reduce dependence on imported vegetables during the off-season. Materials and Methodology. The research was conducted from 2019 to 2022 under extended cultivation conditions using the Merlis F1 and Santiana F1 tomato hybrids at the greenhouse complex of TK YugAgroHolding LLC in the village of Alkhan-Churt, a suburb of Grozny, in accordance with established guidelines. The study subjects were mineralbased substrates (stone wool) from GRODAN (the Netherlands) and organic substrates (coconut fiber-based substrates) from BIOGROW (GrowTec, France). The experimental design was two-factorial: factor A (substrate type) and factor B (PAR level).Results. With an increase in PAR from 1320.2 to 1331.3 J/cm², yield increased for both hybrids: on GRODAN, for the Merlis F1 hybrid to 50.84 kg/m², and for the Santiana F1 hybrid to 54.51 kg/m²; on BIOGROW for Merlis F1 to 61.56 kg/m², and for Santiana F1 to 65.86 kg/m². BIOGROW provided higher yield and fruit weight in all years of the study. An increase in the PAR level from 1320.2 to 1331.3 J/cm2 led to a reliable improvement in biochemical parameters: dry matter, total sugar, vitamin C 5.5%, 4.2%, 28.15 mg% in the Merlis F1 hybrid and 5.8%, 4.5%, 28.65 in the Santiana F1 hybrid, respectively.
Relevance. In the Central Non-Chernozem region, the cultivation of thermophilic vegetable crops is constrained by insufficient heat resources, a high probability of recurrent spring frosts, and considerable weather variability. To mitigate the impact of these adverse factors, temporary tunnel-type shelters are increasingly used. They enable transplanting seedlings 2–3 weeks earlier than conventional planting dates, protect plants from spring frosts, excessive moisture, and sharp temperature fluctuations, and extend the fruiting period in autumn.Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of temporary tunnel-type shelters on the temperature regime, duration of interphase developmental periods, and accumulation of active temperatures in eggplant under different irrigation regimes and mineral fertilizer application in the Central Non-Chernozem region.Materials and Methods. The study was based on experimental data obtained during 2022–2024 at the fields of LLC Sergievskoye (Kolomensky District, Moscow Region) during eggplant cultivation. The crop was grown under temporary tunnel shelters in combination with drip irrigation. The analysis included the temperature regime, accumulation of effective temperatures, and the duration of interphase developmental periods.Results. The study demonstrated that temporary tunnel-type shelters increased air temperature by 5–10°C and enhanced the accumulation of effective temperatures by 500–600°C compared with openfield conditions. The increase in air temperature and the formation of a favorable microclimate under the shelters accelerated the progression of phenological stages, shortened the growing season, and enabled earlier crop production. The use of tunnel shelters reduced the growing period from 130–135 to 113–117 days, allowing marketable yield to be obtained 17–18 days earlier than under open-field cultivation.Conclusion. Temporary tunnel-type shelters are an effective tool for managing agroclimatic conditions in risk-prone farming areas. Their application compensates for heat deficits and contributes to the sustainable production of vegetable crops. The greatest effect is achieved when tunnel shelters are integrated with drip irrigation and appropriate agronomic practices.
Relevance. This year, the scientific community celebrates the 145th anniversary of the birth of Sergei Ivanovich Zhegalov, Professor of Timiryazev Academy, an outstanding scientist, the founder and first director of the Gribovskaya Vegetable Breeding Experimental Station, and the creator of the first breeding department in the country. As the direct successor of the station, the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center preserves, develops, and enhances its scientific heritage. Zhegalov was a talented scientist and a skilled organizer of science who successfully combined theoretical research with practical breeding. His work on breeding new varieties of vegetable and flower crops, as well as on developing seed production methods and popularizing scientific knowledge, had a significant impact on the development of agriculture in Russia.Results. The processes of plant formation, the creation of new and higher-quality forms, as well as distant crossbreeding, hybridization and heterosis, are issues that have always interested S.I. Zhegalov and formed the focus of his scientific work. These areas remain relevant today. Scientific research is evolving from a phenotypic description to the application of molecular biology methods such as marker-assisted selection and biotechnology, to accelerate the creation of source material. Sergey Ivanovich Zhegalov made a significant contribution to the formation of the theoretical foundations of seed production in Russia, striving to ensure that seed production developed side by side with breeding, served as an extension of breeding work, and provided funds for its development. He also pointed out the need to develop varietal agrotechnology to fully unlock the potential of the variety. The large-scale collection of genetic resources and more than 1600 varieties and hybrids created for 120 crops, of which over 1370 are included in the State Register of the Russian Federation, are the practical embodiment of the scientific continuity of generations of scientists and vegetable breeders. Today, the activities of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Center represent a synthesis of Zhegalov's fundamental ideas and modern technologies in breeding and seed production, ensuring food security and technological sovereignty of the country.
Purpose: to study the effect of doses of mineral and organic fertilizers on the yield of corn grain during drip irrigation. Methods. Research was carried out in 2023-2024. at the experimental site of the Biryuchekutskaya OSOS, located in the Rostov region. Scheme of experience: option 1 N240P120K170 (application rate of mineral fertilizers calculated for the planned yield of 10 t/ha (control)); option 2 N190P100K120 + 10 t of manure + 15 t of green manure; option 3 N190P100K120 + 20 t of manure; option 4 N190P100K120 + 30 t of green manure. Hybrid Zernogradsky 354 MV is mid-maturing.Results. It was determined that the largest leaf surface area and linear growth of corn per grain were achieved in the second embodiment, where both mineral and organic fertilizers were used. In the phase of MV ripeness in 2023, these indicators amounted to 120.5 thousand m[2] /ha in leaf area and 221.7 cm in height, and in 2024 102.4 thousand m[2] /ha and 206.7 cm, respectively. These results are higher than the control case: in 2023, the difference was 17,4 thousand m[2] /ha in area and 17.1 cm in height, and in 2024 16,7 thousand m[2] /ha and 23.3 cm. Corn yield in the second option exceeded the control option by 54,4% in 2023 and 53.7% in 2024. On the third option with the introduction of mineral fertilizers and 20 tons of manure, these indicators correspond to: in 2023 112.8 thousand m[2] /ha and 213.4 cm, and in 2024 94.3 thousand m[2] /ha and 196.5 cm, which is 9.4 and 4.3% in 2023, and in 2024 by 10.0 and 7.1% higher in relation to control. The yield in this option exceeded control by 53.3% in 2023 and by 32.9% in 2024. In the fourth option with the introduction of mineral fertilizers and 30 tons of green mass of seedlings, these indicators were obtained: in 2023 108.2 thousand m2/ha and 209.2 cm, and in 2024 90.6 thousand m[2] /ha and 188.2 cm, which exceeds the control option in 2023 by 4.9 and 2.2%, and in 2024 by 5.7 and 2.6%. Yields in this variant exceeded the benchmark by 36.7% in 2023 and by 35.4% in 2024. Conclusions. Based on field studies, it was found that the best results in terms of leaf surface area, linear growth and corn yield were achieved in the world version, where both mineral and organic fertilizers were used. Options three and four also showed positive results, but they turned out to be significantly less effective compared to the second option.
Relevance. The integration of molecular markers into the breeding process opens up new opportunities for creating sugar beet hybrids that are more resistant to diseases. Two isoforms of acidic chitinase (corresponding genes: SE1 and SE2) have been identified in sugar beet leaves, but only one isoform (SE2) exhibits exochitinase activity and is capable of effectively hydrolyzing chitooligosaccharides. Similarly to SE2, the glycolized isoform of chitinase, SP2, can participate in the defense mechanisms of sugar beet against phytopathogens. The aim of the research is the molecular-genetic study of the SE2 acid chitinase gene, which is indirectly associated with the formation of resistance to fusariosis in sugar beet samples. Results. To study the SE2 acid chitinase gene, which is located on chromosome 3, amplification was performed using the FusA primer. The materials used were 11 sugar beet samples (separate-fruited MS forms, Owen-type (O-type) sterility fixers, and fused-fruited pollinators). For all genotypes A 400-bp DNA fragment was detected. Nucleotide substitutions were identified, localized in individual CDS positions and distinguishing the studied samples from the reference sequence (GenBank: A23398.1). These variations were found in 4 of the 11 samples studied. The only nonsynonymous substitution c.500G>C found in genotype_3 resulted in a Gly→Ala substitution at position 167 (p.Gly167Ala). In the remaining genotypes, the amino acid sequence was identical to the reference sequence. Conclusion. It was found that the studied SE2 gene fragment is characterized by a high degree of conservation at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels, and the identified differences are predominantly neutral, with the exception of a single potentially significant amino acid substitution in the genotype genotype_3.
Relevance. Peas are an important element of dietary nutrition in the Russian Federation due to the content of vitamins, microelements and essential amino acids. For the conditions of the Omsk region, which is a zone of risky farming due to unpredictable weather conditions, it is necessary to create ecologically flexible varieties that would ensure high productivity in favorable cultivation conditions and not significantly reduce it in stressful ones. The purpose of our research is to assess the ecological plasticity and stability of samples of peas based on productivity traits in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region. Material and Methodology. The research material was 65 samples of the international collection of genetic resources. The research was conducted over five years from 2018 to 2022 in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region. The records were kept in accordance with the "Methodological guidelines for studying the collection of grain legume crops". The calculation of ecological plasticity was carried out according to the method of S.A. Eberhart and V.A. Russell as presented by V.A. Zykin. Results. The studies have established that the greatest influence on the formation of the thousand-seed weight and the number of seeds in a pod was exerted by the genotype (from 57 to 60 %), however, in terms of seed weight per plant, growing conditions had a greater influence (69 %), which indicates greater plasticity of this trait in the conditions of Western Siberia and makes it possible to isolate valuable genotypes for breeding programs. Calculation of the ecological plasticity parameters made it possible to select vegetable pea samples characterized by high ecological plasticity and responsiveness to growing conditions: by seed weight per plant – Triumph; by thousand-seed weight – Triumph and Sovinter; by the number of seeds in a pod – Triumph, Darunok and Premium. The samples demonstrating stable productivity were selected, which is a specific response of the genotype to changing environmental conditions: by seed weight per plant – Sovinter, Premium, Neistoshimiy 195; by weight of 1000 seeds – Premium with large seeds, Neistoshimy 195 and Darunok with medium-sized seeds; by number of seeds in a pod – Sovinter.
Agroforestry is a powerful practice for sustainable and regenerative intensification because it promotes multifunctional landscapes that deliver ecological functions that contribute to livelihoods, land productivity, biodiversity conservation, and other ecosystem services. The main idea of this paper is to review Agroforestry contribution to livelihood and carbon sequestration in Ethiopia. Home gardens, farms, woodlots, and coffee farms are the most prevalent forms of agroforestry methods; yet, farmer perceptions and their distribution differed. Amazingly, because agroforestry produces a variety of services from a small unit of land, each technique adds many advantages. The main benefit was diversification of production, which is the optimal approach, especially for smallholder farmers whose livelihoods depend on agricultural systems. In comparison to monocropping, agroforestry is much more acceptable and recommended. As a result, it offers both environmental and socioeconomic benefits, such as reduced soil erosion, increased soil moisture and fertility, coffee shade, and maintenance of the microclimate balance, as well as tree products and income. These and other advantages help rural communities diversify their sources of income and provide protection. Much of the aboveground carbon is held in homegardens (28.2 ± 6.0 Mg C ha −1 ), perennial tree crop systems (23.7±10.0 Mg C ha -1 ) and trees on boundaries (26.7±14.1 Mg C ha −1 ). In general, it's a useful tool for adjusting to and reducing climate change. As a consequence, farmers considered it as essential to maximize the productive potential of their land and enhancing the standard of living for smallholders. Therefore, in order to help farmers improve their standard of living and adapt to the unpredictable nature of climate change, the government should support agroforestry practices.
