Indonesia’s biodiversity provides natural resources with potential for pest and plant disease control. Propolis from Trigona laeviceps has antimicrobial properties and can serve as an environmentally friendly alternative. The fungus Colletotrichum acutatum causes anthracnose disease in chilies, reducing plant production. This study aims to test the effectiveness of ethanol extract of T. laeviceps bee propolis in inhibiting the growth of C. acutatum in vitro and suppressing red chili damping-off. The experiment was carried out at the Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. The research was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two stages, and the data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). The first stage is a test to determine the Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50) of propolis ethanol extract, yielding an LC50 of 12.8%. The second stage involved evaluating the ethanol extract of propolis using the poisoned food technique to assess its effects on colony growth and conidia germination of Colletotrichum acutatum, as well as its ability to suppress red chili damping-off. The experiment consisted of four treatments of propolis ethanol extract with concentrations of 12.8%, 19.2%, 25.6%, and 32%, a mancozeb fungicide treatment, and a control treatment. Repetition was carried out four times. T. laeviceps propolis ethanol extract concentrations of 12.8%, 19.2%, 25.6%, and 32% were effective in inhibiting the growth of C. acutatum fungal colonies with an inhibition range of 56.94%, 60.28%, 65.28%, and 81.39%, respectively. The ethanol extract of T. laeviceps propolis at concentrations of 25.6% and 32% reduced the incidence of red chili sprout blight by 37.5% and 35%, respectively.
Kombucha is a fermented beverage produced through the symbiotic activity of acetic acid bacteria and yeasts within a SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast). This study aimed to evaluate the chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of kombucha produced from various rhizomes, namely turmeric (Curcuma longa), white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria), aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), with black tea kombucha used as a control. Fermentation was conducted for 12 days using black tea kombucha as the starter culture. The analyzed parameters included pH, total acidity, total sugar, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity determined using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Data were analyzed descriptively, and the best treatment was selected using a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach with the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) technique. The results demonstrated that rhizome-based kombucha fermentation decreased in pH and total sugar content, accompanied by increases in total acidity, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Among the tested treatments, white turmeric kombucha exhibited the best overall performance, with a pH of 3.75, total sugar content of 3.11%, total phenolic content of 117.8 µg GAE/mL, and antioxidant activity of 72.97%. Nevertheless, the antioxidant activity of white turmeric kombucha remained lower than that of black tea kombucha as the control. These findings indicate that rhizomes, particularly white turmeric, have potential as alternative substrates for functional kombucha production, although further optimization is required to enhance their antioxidant capacity
Leachate contamination from landfill waste can increase zinc (Zn) concentrations in soil beyond permissible limits. This study evaluated the effects of corn cob biochar and plant density on Zn uptake and growth of vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) grown in leachate-contaminated landfill soil. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial scheme and three replications. The first factor was biochar application (without biochar and with biochar), and the second factor was plant density (1 plant and 3 plants per planting bag). The results showed that neither biochar nor plant density, nor their interaction, had a significant effect on soil Zn concentration, root bioconcentration factor (BCF), shoot BCF, and translocation factor (TF). Biochar treatment was associated with lower residual soil Zn concentrations (48.33 mg/kg), higher root bioconcentration factor (BCF) (1.21), and lower shoot BCF (0.78) and translocation factor (TF) (0.70) compared to the treatment without biochar. Similarly, higher plant density showed comparable trends, with lower residual soil Zn concentrations (47.92 mg/kg), higher root BCF (1.33), and lower shoot BCF (0.85) and TF (0.85) compared to lower plant density. However, biochar significantly increased root length, while higher plant density significantly increased shoot dry weight, root biomass, leaf number, and tiller number per planting bag, but decreased plant height per planting bag. Fresh shoot weight per planting bag did not differ significantly among treatments. There was an interaction between biochar and low plant density that increased plant height. The absence of an unplanted control limits the interpretation of Zn reduction. Overall, biochar application and higher plant density were associated with improved growth performance of vetiver grass and may contribute to enhanced Zn uptake characteristics under leachate-contaminated conditions.
Eurycoma longifolia Jack (commonly known as pasak bumi) is a medicinal plant that contains various bioactive compounds such as eurycomanone, saponins, sterols, and isoprenoids, which are known to exert multiple physiological effects, including on the liver as an organ. This study aimed to examine the effects of pasak bumi root product on liver histology in yellow rasbora (Rasbora lateristriata) as an animal model and to compare the effects between continuous and cyclic (5 days ON, 2 days OFF) administration methods. The experiment lasted 2 weeks, with three treatment groups: control (no extract), continuous administration (P1), and cyclic administration (P2). Observed parameters included liver tissue structure, such as the central vein and hepatocytes arrangement, as well as histological features of hepatocytes. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test. The results showed that pasak bumi administration affected the histological structure of the liver in R. lateristriata, with observable cellular damage including pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and necrosis. Continuous treatment (P2) caused more severe damage than cyclic treatment (P1), which showed tissue structures more similar to those of the control group. Therefore, cyclic administration is considered safer and tends to induce milder liver damage in fish than continuous administration
Liverworts of the genus Marchantia play important ecological roles in humid tropical ecosystems; however, molecular marker evaluation for tropical taxa remains limited. This study aimed to assess the amplification performance and cross-species applicability of selected Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers for interspecific molecular differentiation of Marchantia species from West Java, Indonesia. Four species (M. emarginata, M. geminata, M. paleacea, and M. polymorpha) were analyzed using five ISSR primers. Genomic DNA was extracted using a modified CTAB protocol and amplified through single-primer ISSR-PCR assays. Amplification profiles were scored as the presence or absence of dominant bands. Three primers (F218, F231, and F209) generated clear and reproducible multi-locus banding patterns, producing a total of 21 scorable fragments, whereas BS537 and BS3 failed to amplify detectable products. Polymorphism Information Content (PIC), interpreted as an index of band discrimination capacity across species, ranged from 0.70 to 0.91, with F209 and F218 showing the highest informativeness. The results demonstrate that the selected ISSR primers enable reliable interspecific discrimination among the taxa examined and provide a practical framework for preliminary molecular screening of tropical bryophytes. These findings support the use of validated ISSR primers in future taxonomic and comparative genetic studies of non-model liverwort species.
The increasing global demand for bread has driven the bakery industry to seek alternative leavening agents to reduce dependence on commercial yeast imports. Endophytic yeasts isolated from local agricultural sources offer promising potential for sustainable bread production. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of endophytic yeast isolates Candida sanyaensis and Candida sp., previously isolated from Nira Siwalan (Borassus flabellifer L.), as bread dough leavening agents. The research assessed the tolerance of both yeast isolates to various temperatures (30°C, 37°C, and 45°C) and ethanol concentrations (10%, 13%, and 15%) by measuring optical density using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 24 and 72 hours of incubation. Additionally, the quality of bread fermented by these isolates was evaluated through texture profile analysis (hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and gumminess) and color analysis (L, a, b* values) using a texture analyzer and color reader, respectively. Commercial instant yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) served as a positive control, while dough without yeast served as a negative control. The results demonstrated that both Candida sanyaensis and Candida sp. were tolerant to high temperature (45°C) and high ethanol concentration (15%), as indicated by increased cell density from 24 to 72 hours of incubation. Bread fermented with both endophytic yeast isolates exhibited texture and color characteristics similar to those of bread fermented with commercial yeast, with a soft texture and a light brown color. Statistical analysis using ANOVA and DMRT at the 5% significance level revealed no significant differences in texture and color parameters between bread produced with the endophytic yeast isolates and the commercial yeast control. These findings suggest that Candida sanyaensis and Candida sp. isolated from Nira Siwalan (Borassus flabellifer L.) possess promising potential as alternative bread dough leavening agents, offering a sustainable approach to reducing dependency on imported commercial yeast in the bakery industry.
Yeast-derived single-cell oils (SCOs) are promising renewable lipid sources for biodiesel and high-value bioproducts. Among oleaginous yeasts, Zygosaccharomyces siamensis AP1, isolated from Indonesian wild bee honey, demonstrates significant potential for lipid production; however, further improvement is needed for industrial-scale applications. This study aimed to enhance lipid accumulation in Z. siamensis AP1 via ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis, followed by selective screening with cerulenin and ethanol/hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) stress. The yeast underwent repeated UV exposure to achieve 60% lethality. The surviving cells were then screened on media with increasing concentrations of cerulenin (5–160 µmol/L) or ethanol/H₂O₂ (2–4% v/v, 1–2 mmol/L). Lipid-producing mutants were characterized for growth kinetics, lipid content, and fatty acid profiles. Among the 43 mutants obtained, the cerulenin-resistant strain CR15 exhibited superior performance, reaching 28.6% lipid content after 96 hours, an increase from 24.6% at 72 hours. At the same, the wild type and the oxidative-stress mutant (MT19) showed reduced lipid accumulation over time. The wild-type lipid content decreased from 22.86% at 72 hours to 18.53% at 96 hours, while lipid content from strain MT19 decreased from 24.64% at 72 hours to 20.09% at 96 hours. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that CR15 produced a diverse fatty acid profile with both even- (arachidonic acid (16%), eicosadienoic acid (5.88%), gondoic acid (18.70%), linoleic acid (26.63%), palmitoleic acid (11.89%) and odd-chain (margaric acid (14.46%)) fatty acids, suggesting mutations in fatty acid synthase (FAS) enzyme function. In contrast, MT19 primarily produced linoleic acid (45.75%) as an adaptive response to oxidative stress. These results indicate that UV mutagenesis coupled with cerulenin selection can effectively enhance lipid biosynthesis and alter fatty acid composition in Z. siamensis. The CR15 mutant represents a promising candidate for advancing sustainable microbial oil production. Further transcriptomic analysis is suggested to clarify the genetic basis of these metabolic changes.
The expansion of the batik industry has increased wastewater production, posing significant environmental challenges due to its complex organic composition and potential toxicity. Environmentally sustainable treatment strategies are required to mitigate the adverse impacts of batik effluents. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate indigenous fungal strains from batik wastewater environments in Surakarta for their ability to decolorize Remazol Red through enzymatic and biological processes. Fungal isolates were obtained from contaminated soil, sludge, and wastewater samples and screened for ligninolytic potential, followed by morphological characterization and enzyme activity assessment. The most effective isolate was further evaluated for decolorization efficiency under different dye concentrations and incubation periods, with concurrent analysis of fungal growth and changes in medium conditions during treatment. The environmental safety of the treated effluent was assessed using a plant-based phytotoxicity bioassay. The results indicated that Trichoderma sp. 1 exhibited the highest enzymatic performance, resulting in effective dye decolorization and reduced phytotoxicity compared to untreated effluent. The treated wastewater supported normal seed germination and early plant development, confirming successful detoxification. These findings suggest that locally sourced fungi represent a cost-effective and environmentally compatible solution for batik dye wastewater treatment and provide a scientific basis for developing fungal-based bioremediation strategies for textile effluent management.
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) is one of the most problematic invasive aquatic weeds, causing severe ecological and economic damage in tropical regions. Herbicides are often considered the most efficient approach for managing aquatic weeds compared to mechanical or biological control methods. However, conventional herbicides such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) require high application rates and may pose environmental risks. Therefore, new herbicides with greater efficacy at lower doses and improved environmental safety are required. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of florpyrauxifen-benzyl, a novel auxin-mimicking herbicide, compared with 2,4-D and penoxsulam in suppressing the growth of E. crassipes. The experiment was conducted from April to June 2022 under greenhouse and open-field conditions using a randomized complete block design with ten treatments, each with three replications, namely Florpyrauxifen-benzyl (FB, 10 g a.i./ha), Penoxsulam (P, 12.5 g a.i./ha), and 2,4-D (400 g a.i./ha). The parameters observed included phytotoxicity symptoms, water loss, dry weight, and damage percentage. The results revealed that florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 15–20 g a.i./ha provided growth suppression comparable to 2,4-D at 600 g a.i./ha, while penoxsulam exhibited lower efficacy. In conclusion, florpyrauxifen-benzyl demonstrates strong potential as a low-dose, environmentally safer, and sustainable herbicide for the management of water hyacinth under tropical conditions in Indonesia, offering practical benefits in reducing chemical inputs for aquatic weed control programs
The Green Jordan variety of fig (Ficus carica L.) is widely propagated through stem cuttings in Indonesia. Selecting the appropriate plant growth regulator (PGR) and determining the optimal immersion time for cuttings is essential to enhance their growth. This research aimed to study the interaction and determine the most effective combination of PGR and immersion time. The research was conducted from March to August 2023 at the Horticulture Seed Center in Jatinangor, Sumedang Regency, West Java. The research used a completely randomized design with two factors: PGR (control, shallot extract, and NAA). The second factor was immersion time (15 minutes and 30 minutes). The results showed no interaction between PGR and immersion time on cutting growth. Independently, shallot extract PGR increased the number of shoots (47.4%) and leaves (212.5%, or 2 times) compared with water-only immersion, while NAA increased root volume by 22%. A 30-minute immersion time influenced shoot emergence time, shoot number, leaf number, and root volume. Shallot extracts, with a 30-minute immersion time, were the most effective treatment for enhancing the growth of Green Jordan fig cuttings.
Sicyopterus (locally known as mungkus in Bengkulu) is a genus of amphidromous goby inhabiting rocky stream ecosystems and commonly utilized as a local food resource in Indonesia. Accurate species identification within this genus is important for biodiversity assessment and conservation because many Sicyopterus species exhibit high morphological polymorphism and interspecific phenotypic similarity, which often complicate morphology-based identification. This study aimed to identify Sicyopterus species from Bengkulu, Indonesia, using combined morphological and molecular approaches and to evaluate their phylogenetic relationships. A total of 30 specimens were collected from Bengkulu Utara, Bengkulu Selatan, and Kaur Regency, of which 14 representative coded samples were selected for molecular analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted using the gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit, followed by PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene using two DNA primers, Cytb F217 and Cytb R1043. Sequence analyses were conducted in MEGA 11 using the Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods based on an 817 bp fragment. Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses identified lineages associated with S. lagocephalus, S. squamosissimus, S. cynocephalus, S. parvei, and a putative S. aiensis lineage. Sample PG1 from the Padang Guci River (Kaur Regency) showed close affinity with S. parvei, whereas sample KD3 from the Kedurang River showed tentative affinity with S. aiensis. In addition, sample KD7, associated with S. squamosissimus, showed the highest genetic divergence (2.22% p-distance), suggesting substantial intraspecific variation or a distinct lineage. These findings expand current knowledge of Sicyopterus distribution in western Indonesia and highlight the importance of integrating molecular and morphological approaches to resolve taxonomic uncertainty in amphidromous gobies. Nevertheless, additional genes and morphometric analyses are still needed, particularly for the S. aiensis - S. cynocephalus lineage, because these taxa showed relatively low mitochondrial divergence and limited phylogenetic support in the present study.
Research on coral reef biodiversity within oil and gas operational areas remains limited, as most previous studies have focused on coastal ecosystems adjacent to urban environments. This study aims to assess coral reef condition and reef fish community structure in the Senoro–Toili Block, and to examine the relationship between coral cover and reef fish abundance. Field data were collected using Manta Tow and Line Intercept Transect (LIT) methods for coral reef conditions, while reef fish data were obtained through the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method. Coral reef observations included percentages of live hard coral, dead coral, algae, and abiotic substrates. Fish data comprised species composition and abundance, which were analyzed at the family level. The relationship between reef fish abundance and live coral cover was tested using Pearson correlation analysis. The study results indicated that dead corals dominated the Senoro-Toili Block coral community, ranging from 17.62 to 52.68%. Evaluation of coral reef conditions shows moderate to high levels of damage, with a high mortality index, indicating that reef health is significantly compromised and may negatively impact associated reef fish populations. The reef fish community comprises 195 species across 37 families. The abundance of reef fish ranges from 1605 to 3105 individuals/500 m². The Pearson correlation showed a significant association between reef fish abundance and coral cover (p < 0.05). The diversity index was high, and the evenness index indicated a stable fish community. A low dominance index supported this. These conditions indicate that the reef fish community in the Senoro–Toili Block exhibits relatively high ecological resilience in response to both natural and anthropogenic disturbances. These results highlight the need for continuous management interventions, especially coral transplantation initiatives implemented in the study region.
Achieving food security goals in urban settings has emerged as a major concern, as it is both essential and crucial to their ecological standing. To achieve food security through plant diversity, one approach is to actively and expertly use yards by growing a range of plants. This is one of the essential stages for supplying the fundamental needs of urban communities, both now and in the future. The purpose of this study is to describe the function of home gardens, their contribution to food availability and security, and strategies for diversifying them. With a quadrat sample size of 4×4 meters for trees and 1×1 meters for vascular understory vegetation, purposeful sampling is used to collect data. Vegetation analysis computes the diversity index (H') using the Shannon-Weiner method. Four (4) plant types are used in South Tangerang's yards: fruit (54%), vegetables (20%), medicinal (24%), and carbs (2%), according to the first research result. Thus, with H' values ranging from 3.015 to 3.028, the types of (food) crops in the Tangerang City region are categorized as high, with Pamulang District having the lowest value and Pondok Aren District having the highest. Therefore, growing a home garden contributes to the growth and preservation of urban plant species diversity within the community, as well as an alternative and innovative way to increase or expand food availability in a sustainable and ongoing manner.
Malaria remains a major global health problem, particularly in tropical countries, highlighting the need for new antimalarial agents with favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. This study aimed to evaluate the drug-likeness, ADMET properties, and toxicity of six bioactive compounds derived from Alstonia scholaris bark using an in silico approach. Computational analyses were performed using SwissADME, pkCSM, AdmetSAR, and ProTox-3.0 to assess absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity parameters, as well as Lipinski’s Rule of Five. The results showed that four compounds met all Lipinski criteria, while two exhibited logP values greater than 5, suggesting potential limitations in lipophilicity. Predicted VDss values suggested moderate and variable systemic distribution, and none of the compounds were predicted to interact with CYP2D6. Toxicity analysis indicated generally low toxicity, with α-Amyrin classified as non-toxic (LD₅₀ = 70,000 mg/kg; toxicity class VI). Among the compounds, Spirost-8-en-11-one demonstrated the most favorable pharmacokinetic profile, with high gastrointestinal absorption and the highest total clearance. In conclusion, the evaluated compounds exhibit promising pharmacokinetic and safety profiles as potential antimalarial candidates. These findings provide preliminary computational evidence supporting further in vitro and in vivo validation to confirm their efficacy and safety.
The intensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is constrained by high feed costs, underscoring the need for strategies that enhance growth and feed efficiency without compromising environmental quality. Probiotics are increasingly proposed as functional feed additives, yet the performance of Streptococcus thermophilus in these two key tropical species remains poorly documented. This study evaluated the effects of graded dietary levels of S. thermophilus on growth performance, feed utilization, survival, and water quality in shrimp and Nile tilapia reared under controlled hatchery conditions. Shrimp (PL‑15) and Nile tilapia juveniles (4–6 cm) were cultured separately in 25‑L plastic tanks (effective water volume 15–16 L), at densities of 50 shrimp tank⁻¹ (31–32 ppt) and 15 tilapia tank⁻¹ (10–15 ppt), respectively, for 40 days. A completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL S. thermophilus/kg feed) and three replicates per treatment was used, with isoproteic diets based on fish meal and plant ingredients. Growth parameters (absolute weight and length gain, specific growth rate), feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, survival, and basic water quality variables were measured and analyzed by one‑way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s test. Dietary S. thermophilus significantly enhanced absolute weight gain and specific growth rate in both shrimp and tilapia, while absolute length gain remained unchanged (P > 0.05). The 15 mL/kg treatment produced the best overall performance, with shrimp and tilapia reaching the highest weight gain, lowest feed conversion ratios (1.26 and 1.20, respectively), and feed efficiencies above 79%, whereas survival exceeded 70% in all probiotic groups and reached 100% in some tilapia treatments. Water quality, including dissolved oxygen, temperature, and pH, remained within recommended ranges, and probiotic pH (2–4) reflected active lactic acid fermentation without detrimental effects on rearing conditions. These findings demonstrate that dietary S. thermophilus at 10–15 mL/kg is an effective strategy to improve growth and feed utilization in shrimp–tilapia systems while maintaining suitable water quality, offering a practical approach to reduce feed-related production costs in sustainable tropical aquaculture.
Indonesia is known as a living laboratory because its forests host approximately 30,000 plant species, of which around 9,600 are medicinal. The benefits of natural medicines derived from plants have been empirically proven, encouraging communities to preserve them. The use of medicinal plants by communities reflects the relationship between humans and plants, known as ethnobotany. This relationship can show how the community of Pucung Village uses medicinal plants, the efforts and conservation status of the medicinal plant species found, and the community's perceptions of medicinal plants and the sustainability of local knowledge about their use for future generations. Using an ethnobotanical approach, this study focuses on local wisdom as the foundation for preserving knowledge of medicinal plants in Pucung Village. The data collection methods used were purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Using these techniques, 18 informants were identified. Based on the interview results, 56 plant types from 30 families were identified, with turmeric (100%) being the most frequently used. The plant part with the highest percentage was leaves (45.16%). The most dominant processing method was boiling (37.70%). The primary source of plant acquisition was cultivation activities (49.30%). The most common plant habit was herbaceous (37%). There are 24 medicinal plant species classified as least concern, 9 as data deficient, and 23 as not evaluated. Efforts to sustain local knowledge include direct practice and the transmission of knowledge through oral communication. Nine informants tend to use medicinal plants to maintain physical health, while nine others tend to prefer using medicinal plants first.
Termites are sensitive to environmental fluctuations and hold potential as bioindicators of climate change. This study evaluated the survivability of Nasutitermes and Macrotermes under controlled variations in temperature, relative humidity (RH), and CO₂ concentration. Laboratory experiments were conducted using eleven temperature levels (0–50°C), seven RH levels (40–100%), and four CO₂ concentrations (500–2000 ppm). Each treatment was replicated three times with 50 worker termites per replicate. Survivability, measured as percent survival after one hour of exposure, was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05). The results indicated that both genera exhibited sharp declines in survival under temperature extremes and elevated CO₂. Optimal survivability for Nasutitermes and Macrotermes occurred at moderate temperatures (25–35°C), relative humidity (60–80%), and ambient CO₂ levels (500 ppm), while extreme conditions significantly increased mortality. The study highlights species-specific tolerance thresholds and confirms that environmental stressors directly affect termite physiology and behavior. These results confirm termites’ potential as reliable bioindicators, providing a practical tool for monitoring ecosystem responses to climate stress and informing strategies for sustainable ecosystem management.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a widely cultivated horticultural crop valued for its phytochemical and nutritional content. The increasing demand for high-quality seedlings has promoted the use of in vitro propagation, which offers greater efficiency in labor and land use, uniform seedling production, and independence from climate compared to conventional methods. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and coconut water as an alternative or supplement on the organogenesis of tomato hypocotyl explants. Tomato hypocotyl explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm), IAA (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 ppm), and coconut water (10%, 20%, and 30%). The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications, consisting of a control, single-factor treatments, and combination treatments of BAP, IAA, and coconut water. Observations included the percentage and intensity of root, shoot, and callus formation, as well as shoot height. Data were analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s test. The results showed that roots, shoots, and callus successfully developed in treatments supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and coconut water. The highest shoot growth, with a percentage of 87.7% and an average height of 5.75 cm, was observed in treatment K20, while the highest callus formation occurred in treatment K30. The best shoot and callus intensities were resulted in media with coconut water alone at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, whereas the highest root intensity was obtained in the BAP+IAA treatment without coconut water. The results indicate that coconut water is effective in supporting organogenesis, both directly through the formation of shoots and roots, and indirectly through callus formation that can subsequently develop into shoots and roots.
Protein bioavailability and digestibility are critical for animal growth and health and are influenced by source and processing methods. This study investigated the effects of diets incorporating processed Clupea harengus (herring) fillets and by-products (heads, bones, viscera) prepared by charcoal, wood, or poaching on growth performance, protein quality, hematology, and blood biochemistry in Wistar rats. Forty rats were randomly allocated to eight dietary groups: charcoal-smoked fillet (CSFBD), wood-smoked fillet (WSFBD), poached fillet (PFD), charcoal-smoked by-products (CSHB), wood-smoked by-products (WSHB), poached by-products (PSF), soybean-based positive control, and basal negative control. Diets were fed for 28 days. Smoked by-product diets (CSHB and WSHB) produced significantly higher final body weights (120.86 ± 0.68 g and 105.52 ± 19.94 g) and weight gains (9.14 ± 1.39 g, p ≤ 0.05) than the basal diet (59.55 ± 1.37 g and 5.35 ± 0.25 g). Smoked diets improved feed intake, feed conversion ratio, apparent protein digestibility, and biological value. Hematological parameters remained within physiological ranges across groups; the soybean diet showed the highest RBC (7.8 × 10¹²/L) and hemoglobin (16.3 g/dL), whereas smoked fish diets recorded slightly lower but normal values (RBC 7.0-7.5 × 10¹²/L; hemoglobin 14-15 g/dL). Biochemical profiles revealed that smoked diets reduced serum triglycerides and creatinine, suggesting enhanced lipid metabolism and renal function. Smoking significantly improves the nutritional quality of Clupea harengus fillets and by-products, making them practical, safe, and growth-promoting protein sources for animal nutrition. Inclusion of smoked fish by-products offers a sustainable alternative to conventional plant proteins while supporting metabolic and systemic health
The proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) is an endemic primate species of Borneo that plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of riparian forest ecosystems. However, habitat loss due to deforestation, land conversion, and urbanization has led to significant population declines. This study aims to analyze the habitat characteristics and dispersal patterns of the proboscis monkey in the riparian zone of the Tabunio Watershed, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Geospatial modeling techniques, including Kernel Density Analysis (KDA) and spatial regression, were employed to assess habitat suitability and predict species dispersal. Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery from 2018, 2019, and 2021 was utilized to extract vegetation biophysical parameters, such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), Canopy Chlorophyll Content (CCC), and Fraction of Vegetation Cover (FVC), which were integrated with field survey data. The results indicate a significant correlation between the distribution of proboscis monkeys and vegetation health, with dense riparian vegetation providing optimal habitat conditions for these monkeys. The findings also highlight the adverse impact of human-induced changes in land cover on populations of the proboscis monkey. Conservation measures, including habitat restoration and the establishment of protected areas, are recommended to mitigate habitat fragmentation and ensure the long-term survival of the species. This study contributes to the understanding of habitat dynamics and provides valuable insights for the sustainable management of riparian ecosystems in South Kalimantan
