This study examines the relationship between judicial independence, public trust, and institutional legitimacy in Sierra Leone's democratic governance framework. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research analyzes constitutional provisions, governance reports, institutional assessments, and relevant scholarly literature to evaluate whether formal judicial independence is sufficient to generate institutional legitimacy. The findings indicate that judicial independence alone does not automatically translate into public confidence or institutional authority. While judicial reforms have strengthened constitutional safeguards and institutional autonomy, legitimacy remains contingent upon citizens' perceptions of judicial effectiveness, fairness, accessibility, and accountability. The study demonstrates that public trust functions as a critical mechanism linking judicial independence to democratic governance outcomes. Consequently, institutional legitimacy emerges not solely from legal protections but from the interaction between judicial autonomy and societal confidence. The article argues for a governance-centered understanding of judicial independence that incorporates public trust as a fundamental dimension of institutional legitimacy.
This study aims to map the development of research on 'inclusive democracy' and 'communication' in Indonesia through a bibliometric approach using data from Dimensions AI. By analyzing 495 publications (402 articles and 93 proceedings) published during the period 2016-2025, this study identifies trends, network collaborations, and thematic clusters that shape the knowledge landscape of inclusive democracy in Indonesia. The analysis was conducted using VOSviewer software to generate network visualizations based on co-authorship, citation, and co-occurrence. The results show that inclusive democracy has experienced significant growth since 2021, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, which has spurred increased studies on digital participation, transparent governance, and the courage of the public sphere. The main research clusters cover three domains: digital governance, communicative participation, and policy inclusion, confirming the close relationship between communication, technology, and participatory governance. The density of keywords such as democracy, transparency, technology, and community demonstrates that the focus of current research is shifting toward a more inclusive digital democracy based on participatory communication. Thus, this study not only provides an empirical overview of the literature on inclusive democracy in Indonesia but also emphasizes the importance of communication as a key instrument in strengthening democratic legitimacy and representation in the digital era.
This study analyzes Artificial Intelligence (AI) governance through a comparative study of regulatory frameworks in the United States (innovation-based), the European Union (risk-based), Spain (regulatory sandbox experimentation), and China (state-led sectoral). These four jurisdictions were selected to illustrate the operationalization of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HCAI) principles, namely reliability, safety, and trust, through different governance pathways. Current literature on AI governance predominantly focuses on the discussion of the great power rivalry, while the gap between global standards and domestic readiness of middle-power nations like Indonesia remains underexamined. As a Global South country with complex development contexts, Indonesia cannot adopt a single governance model. This study argues that Indonesia’s AI governance must transition from a risk-mitigation focus toward a hybrid approach based on readiness, incentives, and participation. A hybrid approach is more effective in integrating ethical guidelines, proportional regulation, policy experimentation, and sectoral rules in a phased manner. Integrating HCAI principles into Indonesia’s digital transformation will enable equitable AI diffusion, strengthen human oversight, and align national agenda with global norm standards. This study emphasizes the urgency of strategic policies to ensure AI adoption in Indonesia fulfills socio-economic development needs, rather than serving as mere performative policy.
This study critically analyzes how the Yogyakarta Palace integrates traditional administrative systems and modern business administration within its governance structure, evaluating its potential to balance cultural preservation with organizational efficiency. Employing a qualitative approach with an organizational ethnography design, the analysis involved participant observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. Results show that the Palace adopts a hybrid governance model and normatively acknowledges the need for modernization, with cultural leadership remaining central to decision-making. However, crucial operational tensions and a clash of institutional logics remain significantly prevalent. Identified challenges include the friction between traditional devotion and professional merit, the rigid formalization of royal decrees into standardized operating procedures, and the dilemma between cultural sacrality and measured commodification. The study concludes that while the integration of modern administrative tools offers a strong operational foundation, its efficacy in fostering genuinely adaptive cultural governance depends on a continuous process of Vernacular Modernization. Ultimately, this research produces the Javanese Cultural Hybrid Governance Framework to realize the transformative potential and sustainability of traditional monarchical institutions.
Money laundering is a transnational crime that directly threatens economic stability and regional security in Southeast Asia. Although ASEAN has established formal commitments and cooperative forums to enhance cross-border law enforcement, money laundering activities in the region continue to rise. This article examines how ASEAN's shared norms and collective identity influence the effectiveness of its Anti-Money Laundering (AML) governance. Drawing on the Constructivist Security Community framework, this study analyses the interplay among the ASEAN Way, technocratic institutional culture, and voluntary compliance in shaping regional AML governance. Theoretically, this article demonstrates that the Constructivist Security Community framework offers explanatory depth that prevailing interest-based approaches cannot provide, as such frameworks treat compliance as a function of institutional design rather than normative internalisation. Empirically, this article is among the first to apply Acharya's tripartite framework to AML governance in ASEAN, revealing how the ASEAN Way produces symbolic compliance as a structurally embedded outcome rather than an incidental enforcement failure. The findings indicate that non-interference and consensus-building norms, while effective at preventing political conflict, simultaneously shape the trajectory of legal and monitoring mechanism development. ASEAN’s elite-driven identity formation limits public engagement and collective accountability, producing a weak sense of ownership among member states. Regional socialisation remains largely procedural, characterised by information sharing rather than structural reform. Consequently, ASEAN’s AML efforts reflect symbolic compliance, with formal commitments coexisting alongside limited domestic transformation. This article concludes that effective AML governance requires ASEAN to evolve from consensus-based coordination toward normative and institutional integration.
The dominance of algorithms in the social, economic, and political life of the 21st century has created unprecedented structural dependencies, with complex socio-political implications. This research aims to uncover the mechanisms of algorithmic tyranny in social governance, analyze the transformation of AI into a totalitarian tool, and formulate a democratic oversight framework based on cross-national empirical findings. The study uses a critical-realist paradigm with post-qualitative methods, combining reverse engineering of controversial AI systems with critical analysis of over 40 reputable journals and books, and 14 policy documents (2015–2025). A rhizomatic analysis approach is used to explore the multidimensional nature of algorithmic power beyond hierarchical structures. Validity was established through catalytic validity to ensure epistemological and social impact. The research findings reveal regulatory differences across countries: the European Union leads in transparency but hinders innovation, while the US dominates with risks of fragmentation and minimal accountability. China uses AI for social control, and Singapore adopts a pro-business hybrid model. Algorithmic tyranny emerges in recommendation systems that create filter bubbles while judicial algorithms exhibit racial bias. Additionally, there is a totalitarian threat in the use of AI for mass surveillance and political deepfakes, meeting the criteria for “totalitarianism 2.0”. This study concludes with a novelty emancipatory concept to challenge algorithmic tyranny, through the instruments of an ”Algorithm Constitutionalism” and a ”Right to Algorithmic Explanation”. The policy recommendations emphasize the need for a global alliance to balance innovation with the protection of human rights in the algorithmic realm.
Philippines-Malaysia diplomatic relations are multifaceted, balancing cooperation and contention across security, economic collaboration, and migration management. This research fills a critical gap by linking high-level Philippines—Malaysia diplomacy with the practical realities of deportation and reintegration, bridging migration policy and human rights concerns. This study analyzes key policies on Filipino deportee management and their impact on Philippines-Malaysia diplomatic relations using Neoliberal Institutionalism and the Human Security Framework, and it aims to determine how both nations handle diplomatic and operational aspects of deportation management. This research employs a descriptive mixed-methods design, combining qualitative survey essays and quantitative data from primary sources to evaluate Malaysia-Philippines diplomatic relations and assess policies and guidelines for managing the deployment of Filipino deportees. The study reveals that while the Philippines and Malaysia benefit from diplomatic cooperation through ASEAN, there is no direct bilateral agreement specifically addressing deportation management. Malaysia’s deportation system is technologically advanced, but deportees face significant challenges, such as poor detention conditions and limited reintegration support from the Philippines. The findings, analyzed through Neoliberal Institutionalism and the Human Security Framework, highlight a disconnect between state cooperation and the human needs of deportees, with gaps in legal, social, and psychological support during the deportation and reintegration process. Strengthening bilateral agreements on deportation, ensuring comprehensive consular support, and improving reintegration programs are essential to protect Filipino deportees. Integrating human security into diplomatic and operational practices will help both the Philippines and Malaysia establish a more humane, coordinated, and rights-based approach to managing deportation and reintegration challenges effectively.
In response to solve the crucial urban problems and severe environmental threats, the government of Indonesia announced plans to relocate the country’s government capital city from Jakarta (Java island) to the Penajam Paser, East Kalimantan (Borneo island) starting from 2024. Moreover, decision-makers are exploring long-term pathways to power the new Capital City (Nusantara) and broader Kalimantan Island to support clean energy transition commitment objectives. This study will analyze the potential energy transition pathways with a planning horizon to 2040 for expanding power generation capacity across Kalimantan and Nusantara to support this relocation. It aims to investigate the achievable renewable energy penetration levels in the generation mix and pathways to reach zero emissions for the capital city energy system. This study utilizes data-driven decision-making by computationally modeling the existing Kalimantan power system using the Engage™ open-access energy system planning tool. It explores future capacity expansion options by optimizing generation capacity, transmission investments, and integrating energy storage systems. The results are presented by discussing implications for energy sector planning and long-term energy scenarios for Nusantara and the island of Borneo. The results indicate that achieving a 100% renewable energy share in Borneo’s energy mix is possible by 2040, with 94.2% of electricity supplied from large hydro reservoirs. However, the lowest Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) is not achieved under the 100% renewable energy scenario but rather under the 75% renewable energy share scenario, as the cost of some renewable options may exceed the cost of the cheapest fossil fuel power generation. The 100% renewable energy scenario in 2040 could increase the LCOE by 41% compared to the Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario and it would require the highest investment costs. Moreover, the heavy reliance on large hydro reservoirs in the future energy systems of Nusantara and Borneo Island could lead to challenges related to land acquisition, social conflicts, and environmental degradation. This study also explores opportunities for clean energy development and investment in the new capital city plan, including potential infrastructure to support the energy transition, such as renewable energy sources, smart grids, and large-scale energy storage systems.
This study critically analyzes how East Java Provincial Regulation (Perda) No. 6 of 2024 structures cultural governance, evaluating its potential for participatory, inclusive, and sustainable cultural advancement. Employing a qualitative Critical Policy Analysis (CPA) of the full official text of the Perda and related documents, the research involved Content Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis. Results demonstrate the Perda establishes a comprehensive legal and strategic framework by adopting national cultural paradigms, mandating the formation of a Regional Cultural Council (DKD), and emphasizing Regional Cultural Core Thoughts (PPKD) for strategic direction, with the Provincial Government playing a central regulatory role while normatively enshrining community participation. However, the CPA reveals that while detailed strategies are outlined, the practical realization of genuinely participatory mechanisms beyond formal councils, explicit operational coordination protocols, and precise funding allocations are largely deferred to a subsequent, all-encompassing Governor's Regulation. The study concludes that while the Perda provides a more robust and detailed foundation than initially assessable, its ultimate efficacy in fostering effective, inclusive, and sustainable cultural governance hinges critically on the substance, quality, participatory formulation, and accountable implementation of this forthcoming Governor's Regulation.
AbstractNigeria's intricate post-colonial journey continues to present a complex tapestry of challenges and opportunities for nation-building. The persistent struggles with national cohesion, aggravated by deep-seated historical grievances, diverse ethnic identities, and significant regional disparities, underscore the critical need for robust national security frameworks. Intelligence agencies, by their very nature, are pivotal in this endeavor, providing foresight and actionable insights essential for safeguarding national interests and fostering a unified society. The nation's security landscape, marked by multifaceted threats such as the enduring Boko Haram insurgency, widespread banditry, and recurrent ethnic conflicts, demonstrably highlights the urgent imperative for effective intelligence collaboration as a cornerstone of sustainable nation-building efforts.ReferencesAchebe, C. (1983). The Trouble with Nigeria. Fourth Dimension Publishing.Adamu, A., & Mohammed, A. M. (2018). Banditry and Kidnapping in Nigeria: A New Dimension of Insecurity. Nigerian Army Resource Centre.Agbiboa, D. E. (2014). The politics of insecurity in Nigeria: A critical analysis of the Boko Haram insurgency. Aljazeera Centre for Studies.Amnesty International. (2021). Nigeria: ‘We are living in fear’: Attacks on rural communities in Kaduna, Katsina and Zamfara states. Amnesty International Report.Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Sage Publications.Diamond, L. (1999). Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Johns Hopkins University Press.Falola, T., & Heaton, M. M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press.Fukuyama, F. (2004). State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. Cornell University Press.Gill, P., & Phythian, M. (2012). Intelligence in an Insecure World. Polity Press.Hobsbawm, E. J. (1990). Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge University Press.Human Rights Watch. (2020). World Report 2020: Nigeria. Human Rights Watch.International Crisis Group. (2017). Nigeria: Containing the Crisis in the Middle Belt. Africa Report N°264.Johnson, L. K. (2005). Blowing the Whistle on the CIA: An Insider's Tale. Yale University Press.Kohn, H. (1944). The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origins and Background. Macmillan.Lewis, P. (2007). Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria. University of Michigan Press.National Research Council. (2004). National Security and Homeland Security Enterprise: Emerging Challenges and the Role of the Department of Defense: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press.Obasanjo, O. (2011). My Watch: Political and Military Affairs. Olusegun Obasanjo Foundation.Olowu, D. (1993). An analysis of the performance of the Nigerian civil service as an institution for promoting economic development. African Administrative Studies, 40, 23-44.Omotola, J. S. (2010). The National Question and the Crisis of Political Leadership in Nigeria. Spectrum Books.Osaghae, E. E. (1998). The Crippled Giant: Nigeria Since Independence. Indiana University Press.Schwandt, T. A. (2000). Three epistemological stances for qualitative inquiry: Interpretivism, hermeneutics, and social constructionism. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 189-213). Sage Publications.Scott, W. R. (2000). Institutions and Organizations. Sage Publications.Smith, A. D. (1986). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Blackwell.Suberu, R. T. (2001). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. United States Institute of Peace Press.Usman, S. (2015). Nigeria's Security Sector: Issues, Challenges and Options. Centre for Democracy and Development.Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Sage Publications.
This study examines the dynamics of the role and impact of the involvement of Indonesian youth delegates in the COP25–COP29 Climate Change Conferences through the lens of Two-Track Diplomacy. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, combining semi-structured interviews with six key informants and a literature analysis of scientific articles obtained from reputable databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, and DOAJ, as well as official reports from the UNFCCC, YOUNGO, and position papers released by the Indonesian youth delegation during COP. This study identifies how youth leverage informal diplomatic channels (Track II) to support and strengthen official negotiations (Track I). The findings indicate the presence of three primary mechanisms: (1) capacity building through climate negotiation simulations and literacy; (2) policy bridging by integrating data from affected communities into policy documents; and (3) transnational networking connecting YOUNGO, NGOs, and digital platforms. This simultaneous approach effectively promoted the adoption of several youth recommendations into Indonesia's Enhanced NDC 2022. However, structural challenges and tokenism continue to hinder the full effectiveness of their influence. These findings underscore the significance of implementing Two-Track Diplomacy as an integrative framework to bolster the representation and strategic impact of the younger generation in global climate diplomacy.
Child marriage remains a persistent social practice within Indonesian society, including in East Kalimantan, a region marked by strong extractive economic structures, pronounced spatial inequalities, and rapid social transformations as a buffer zone for the new national capital (IKN). This article examines child marriage practices across 13 districts and municipalities in East Kalimantan through Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of social practice, emphasizing the interplay between habitus, symbolic capital, and social fields in shaping social action. The study employs a descriptive-qualitative method, based on in-depth interviews with 89 individuals engaged in Child marriage. Findings reveal that Child marriage is legitimized by communal moral pressures, customary norms, and the logic of family honor, further reinforced by the state through marriage dispensation practices in religious courts. The agency of adolescent girls in decision-making is severely constrained by patriarchal social structures, structural poverty, and limited access to education and reproductive health services. Within a social space characterized by unequal distribution of cultural and symbolic capital, Child marriage emerges as a strategy of honor reproduction deemed socially legitimate. The article argues that child marriage is not merely an individual problem but a product of symbolic power relations and local social structures. Reform of marriage dispensation regulations, community-based sexuality education, and value interventions through grassroots institutions are urgently needed to disrupt the cycle of intergenerational inequality.
This study aims to analyze the transformational leadership style adopted by women leaders in Village-Owned Enterprises (BUM Desa) in transferring positive values, building trust, and innovation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research with a case study approach. The methods of data collection used in this study are observation, interviews, documentation, and data triangulation. The findings of this study indicate that: 1) The transformational leadership style in the existence of BUM Desa Binangun Jati Unggul has a strong influence in instilling positive values, being able to inspire subordinates, and being the key to innovative problem-solving. 2) Women have been effective in increasing the productivity of business units and showing the persistence of spirit in the joint movement in facing the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. However, problems are still related to the need for more skill development and the lack of employee independence at work. Women's transformational leadership style has presented a new concept of solid gender characteristics as an asset for a leader in making inclusive and change-oriented decisions. The women's leadership paradigm has underpinned that women can become ideal leaders to be relied upon in building gender equality. This is to achieve the vision and mission goals of Binangun Jati Unggul Village-Owned Enterprise in improving the welfare of the local community.
Public Service Motivation (PSM) plays an important role as the foundation of intrinsic values for public officials, influencing performance, integrity, service quality, and the effectiveness of organizations performance. The growing body of research on Public Service Motivation (PSM) in public organizations has attracted increasing interest from both practitioners and academics in the fields of public administration and governmental bureaucracy. This study aims to investigate scientific literature related to PSM indexed in the Scopus database using a bibliometric analysis approach. The bibliometric data were analyzed with the help of VOSviewer software. A total of 119 articles published between 1999 and 2023 were selected for inclusion in this review. PSM has been examined from various perspectives. Public Personnel Management is the journal that most frequently publishes studies on PSM in public organizations. Andersen, L.B. and Aarhus Universitet are identified as the most prolific author and institution, respectively, contributing to the field. Furthermore, the United States is the most prominent contributing country in PSM research. The VOSviewer analysis revealed five dominant thematic clusters within the literature on PSM in public organizations. Two themes that remain underexplored are work engagement and burnout. Therefore, future research could place greater emphasis on these areas, as well as on related themes such as turnover and organizational culture.
This research aims to examine the orientalism characteristics in contemporary Indonesian popular media contents on Thailand queer gender images. As Indonesian society consume popular contents from various forms, the popular textual ideology definitely conceives the dominant media cognitive which imposes and drives people perspective on various issues, including queer gender from overseas. Popular media contents become the major reference as they’re easy to access, packed in simple languages and sensational. Thailand as the neighboring country has well known by its vibrant queer gender environment. This image has been articulated in the Indonesian popular media for a long time. Nevertheless, as the LGBT moral panic begins to emerge in contemporary Indonesia, the current Thailand queer gender depictions in Indonesian popular media has also shown frivolous tunes and justifications. This study used Van Dijk’s critical discourse analysis to dissect how Edward Said’s concept of Orientalism works in 21st century popular media contents. Examining 76 Indonesian popular media contents as in pop news websites, commercial movies, popular Youtube channels, and prime time variety shows, the research reveals 11 characters of Indonesian media orientalism point of views toward Thailand queer gender images. Notably, the study found 11 media orientalism characters have just emerged in the last 5-6 years, in parallel with the rise of moral panic against LGBT community in contemporary Indonesia.
Christian places of worship have become the most frequently targeted places of worship in Indonesia, with the reported religious discrimination numbers increasing over the past several years, according to reports from the Setara Institute. One of the prominent cases is a prolonged opposition and rejection of the GBI Tlogosari church construction, which lasted from 1998 to 2020. Throughout this period, the involved parties attempted to settle the conflict through various approaches to conflict resolution. This research aims to explore the conflict resolution efforts made particularly by the GBI Tlogosari. Data was collected from diverse sources, including reports from civil society organizations, and analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method. After enduring minoritization and experiencing a situation of de facto rightlessness for more than twenty years, the GBI Tlogosari congregations finally achieved its objective of establishing a church building. Although the initial negotiations with lower-level government officials denied their right to freedom of religion and belief, the subsequent mediations with higher-level government officials proved to be successful. The mediation approach employed by the lower-level officials largely relied on power and authority, whereas the higher-level officials tended to integrate both rights-based and interests-based models.Keywords: minoritization, religious discrimination, freedom of religion and belief, conflict resolution
With cities across Philippines and the world transitioned to E-governance, Pagadian City shifted to and adapted the concept if e-government with the help of social media and ICT in general. Like any other cities where social media was the main portal to promote transparency and civil engagement, this paper will give data on how ICT and social media made an impact to promote transparence and civil engagement. Using qualitative research method, this paper analyzed the data from Asenso Pagadian page of Pagadian City on how citizens adapted this paradigm shift from the usual transparency boards. As a result, it shows that citizens were comfortable with the shift to e-governance where data and information is just in the tip of their fingers to engage with the city’s processes and programs.
This article critically investigates the dual roles of charitable businesses in Muhammadiyah education in Yogyakarta, which reproduce sociocultural, capital, and prestige distinctions among high schools. Beyond prior works focusing on internal dynamics, this study revives the class-based approach to analyze how Muhammadiyah’s education system simultaneously resists and internalizes capitalism’s principles to reconstruct a new field with its logic. Using a qualitative case study with in-depth interviews, we confirm that reproduction models enabling disparity among Muhammadiyah schools are deliberately conducted to sustain philanthropy movements, Al-Maun’s spirit, and program independence amid neoliberal education shifts. The results show that historical context, regulation, and collaborative negotiation legitimize stratified institution quality in which elite schools adopt economic schemes to subsidize non-privileged schools. This dialectic institutionalizes a habitus that rationalizes Muhammadiyah schools’ prestige as socially acceptable. Although causing dominant class concentration, this model becomes a strategy to maintain sovereignty from state/market domination while expanding modern Islamic schools across Indonesia.
The waste polemic in Batu City requires waste management at the village level. TPS 3R Temas Sae and TPS 3R Dadaprejo are the result of government policies in recent years. Both of these TPS 3Rs have the potential for development to create ideal governance. The purpose of this study is to compare the current governance systems in the waste reduction process. Through a qualitative approach with descriptive type, this research analyzed and reviewed the comparison results based on the concept of good environmental governance. Furthermore, the results of this study state that TPS 3R Temas Sae and TPS 3R Dadaprejo have their own advantages and disadvantages. Both multi-level interaction aspects are still weak in establishing cooperation with private actors. While the aspect of policy internalization is still the same around the problem of low capacity and capability of the workforce in reading internal needs. And related to sustainable development TPS 3R Temas Sae excels in more innovative processing results, ranging from processing into bar soap, processed mangosteen, organic fermented medicine, maggot cultivation, cat feed, fish feed to organic fertilizer. While TPS 3R Dadaprejo is in the form of maggot and compost. However, TPS 3R Dadaprejo has approved the SI PAPAH application as an information center to retribution
Internet use in Indonesia continues to increase across all age groups, including the elderly. However, limited digital skills make the elderly particularly vulnerable to hoaxes and digital crimes. In Aceh, this issue is especially concerning, as the province was identified among the top three regions with the highest hoax dissemination in 2019. In response, the Indonesian Anti-Slander Society (Mafindo), through its Tular Nalar program, aims to provide digital literacy education to vulnerable groups, including the elderly. This study explores the communication strategy employed by Mafindo Aceh in implementing the Tular Nalar Lansia program in Aceh. Guided by Charles Berger’s Planning Theory and Hafied Cangara’s communication strategy model, the study adopts a qualitative case study approach to offer a contextually relevant analysis. Data were gathered through interviews with the Mafindo Aceh Coordinator, two facilitators, and three elderly participants, along with non-participant observations and document analysis. Findings reveal that although the program was implemented in a structured manner, several weaknesses remain, such as the lack of localized research, inadequate participant selection, and limited evaluation mechanisms. The study underscores the need for communication strategies that are inclusive, culturally sensitive, and tailored to the elderly’s abilities to enhance the impact of digital literacy initiatives.
