Annually, over 700 million people suffer from mosquito borne diseases, some of which include yellow and dengue fever caused by Aedes aegypti. The use of chemical insecticides has led to pest resistance, environmental pollution and destruction of non-target organisms. This complete randomized study was carried out from June to August 2024, to investigate the larvicidal potential of the essential oil extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves against A. aegypti 4th instar larva. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Probit regression analysis. Different concentrations ranging from 20%, 10%, 5%, and 2.5% were obtained by serial dilution using the dilution factor. The result shows significant differences P<0.05 in toxicity level of the essential oil extract, which indicates considerable susceptibility of A. aegypti larvae when exposed to oil extract of C. odorata. Highest ethanoic leaf extract concentration of 20% recorded the highest mean mortality (4.33±0.88) while no mortality (0.00±0.00) was recorded at 2.5% concentration. Base on lethal time of exposure, the highest mean mortality was observed at 24 hours (4.67±0.07) followed by 12 hours (3.67±0.58) while the lowest mean mortality was recorded at 3 hours (1.00±0.47). Probit regression analysis showed that lethal concentration, LC50 was 30.21 mg/ml while LC90 was 245.8 mg/ml. The lethal time, LT50 and LT90 were found to be 29.58 hours and 297.8 hours respectively. C. odorata have shown a good larvicidal activity on A. aegypti, thus this suggest that it could serve as an alternative method to synthetic chemical control of the Zika virus, dengue and yellow fever vector.
Pediculus humanus capitis is one of the parasitic species, namely the human blood-sucking fleas. Hair lice can cause itching, scalp irritation and pediculosis. People with pediculosis can cause a lack of hemoglobin. The beginning of the transmission of pediculosis in students is the habit of borrowing personal items such as head accessories so that students easily experience pediculosis. The aim of this research is to establish the connection between pediculosis infection and hemoglobin levels in female students of the Salafiyah Addamanhuri Islamic Boarding School. This research used qualitative descriptive with a cross sectional design of the sample used was 75 students using purposive sampling techniques. Research location was at the Salafiyah Addamanhuri Islamic Boarding School and the Microbiology Laboratory of the DIII Health Analyst Health Analyst of Universitas NHM. The examination method is the POCT method and data analysis tool is SPSS with a chi-square statistical test. The findings from this research unveil that 50 students (66.7%) were positive for pediculosis and 25 students (33.3%) were not infected with pediculosis. Then students with hemoglobin below normal as much as 64% and normal hemoglobin levels as much as 36%. The analysis of the relationship between pediculosis and hemoglobin levels was carried out based on a chi-square test with a significance level of P=<0.05, the analysis revealed a P=<0.004. Indicating a significant relationship between pediculosis and hemoglobin levels in female students of the Salafiyah Addamanhuri Islamic Boarding School.
Ascariasis often occurs in poultry caused by the worm Ascaridia galli, a nematode worm from the same family as the worm Ascaris lumbricoides. Helminthiasis due to infection by Ascaridia galli often occurs in chickens, which becomes an obstacle causing failure in chicken cultivation. Infection by the worm Ascaridia galli often causes reduced growth rate and weight loss. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and intensity of the infection by Ascaridia galli in slaughterhouses in the Sukoharjo regency. The research was carried out using experimental methods, which took the worm Ascaridia galii out of the intestine of the chickens that had just been slaughtered. The samples were collected from the Animal Slaughterhouse (RPH ~Ind.) in Grogol of Sukoharjo of Central Java, totaling 49 intestines. The results were that of 49 chickens’ intestines examined, 1/49 were found positive for the worm A. galli, with a prevalence of 2.04% and an intensity of 15 worms per infected chicken intestine. This study also found that 5/49 eggs were positive, with a prevalence of 10.20% and an intensity of one egg per infected chicken intestine.
Flotation method and McMaster technique are widely used in the field of parasitology. They are used to examine the present and quantity of parasites eggs and oocysts in the fecal samples. They provide quick assessments to evaluate the condition of infection in the host. Nevertheless, there are few quantitative studies regarding testing different concentrations and gravities of the flotation method of Coccidia oocysts. The aim of this study is to evaluate different concentration of the saturated sodium chloride for the quantitating the oocysts of Coccidia via McMaster method. Twenty-seven positive samples were exposed into different concentrations of the saturated sodium chloride (per liter): 360 g, 300g, and 225g. The McMaster technique was used to count the coccidian oocysts in different chosen concentrations for each sample. The results of ANOVA reveal that there is no significant between the concentrations (P > 0.05). The overall finding of this study proposes that lower gravity of NaCl can be used to test the present of coccidian oocysts in the stool sample using the flotation and McMaster methods.
Blood parasite infections in exotic birds can lead to a decline in productivity, ultimately contributing to population reductions. This study aimed to identify the species of blood parasites, determine the infection proportion, and assess the significance of body mass and cage type as risk factors for blood parasite infection in captive exotic Psittaciformes housed in Prigen and Batu, East Java, Indonesia. A total of 330 blood smear samples were collected from 165 individual birds using a simple random sampling method. Blood parasite detection was conducted via microscopic examination of stained blood smears. The infection proportion was calculated by comparing the number of infected individuals to the total number examined. The associations between bird body mass and cage type with blood parasite infection were analyzed using the chi-square test, followed by the calculation of Odds Ratio (OR) and Relative Risk (RR) using SPSS software version 27. The identified blood parasite species included Haemoproteus spp., Leucocytozoon spp., and Plasmodium spp. The overall infection proportion among the examined Psittaciformes was 7.8%. Chi-Square analysis revealed no statistically significant associations (P > 0.05) between either body mass or cage type and infections with Plasmodium spp., Leucocytozoon spp., or mixed infections involving Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp.
Preserved preparations are sample preparations that are useful for looking at the morphology of ectoparasites, one of which is head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis). Making preserved preparations was carried out in 4 stages, starting with soaking the sample using 10% NaOH, dehydration, clearing, and mounting. Soaking the sample using 10% NaOH functions to soften the chitin layer on the exoskeleton which is the thick covering on the body surface of Pediculus humanus capitis. Therefore, in this research, optimization of temperature variations of the 10% NaOH immersion solution was carried out with temperature variations of 70°C, 75°C, 80°C, and 85°C to see the effectiveness of preparation formation. Each temperature variation was repeated 6 times so that 24 preparations were observed. In the research conducted, the most effective results were 70°C. The results of the research were then carried out statistical tests using the Kruskal Walis Test which obtained a figure of 0.004 > 0.005, which means that there was an influence of variations in heating temperature and 10% NaOH soaking on the quality of the Pediculus humanus capitis preparation.
Zoonotic cestodes associated with wild rodents constitute an underrecognized component of neglected zoonotic diseases, particularly in resource-limited settings where ecological and sanitary conditions facilitate transmission. Although several rodent-borne cestodes, including Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, Raillietina spp., and Inermicapsifer madagascariensis, are known to infect humans, their epidemiological significance remains insufficiently understood. This review synthesizes current evidence on the morphology, life cycles, host associations, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic challenges of zoonotic cestodes linked to wild rodents, with emphasis on their public health relevance. Available studies indicate that these infections are globally distributed but frequently underdiagnosed and underreported. Their predominantly asymptomatic nature, coupled with nonspecific clinical presentations and diagnostic limitations, contributes substantially to their neglected status. Children appear disproportionately affected, likely due to behavioral and hygiene-related factors that increase exposure risk. Rodents serve as important reservoirs, with numerous investigations documenting zoonotic cestode infections in peri-domestic and urban rodent populations. However, significant knowledge gaps persist regarding species diversity, geographical distribution, and transmission dynamics between rodents and humans. From a public health perspective, the overlooked nature of rodent-associated cestode infections highlights the need for improved surveillance, strengthened diagnostic capacity, and greater clinical awareness. Preventive strategies should prioritize sanitation, food safety, and health education, particularly in vulnerable populations. Addressing these gaps is essential for enhancing understanding of the epidemiology of zoonotic cestodes and for developing effective control and prevention measures.
Malaria, a serious disease that can be fatal if left untreated, is caused by Plasmodium parasites. Malaria poses a significant life threat due to growing parasite resistance to drugs and the prohibitive cost of treatment, particularly in high-prevalence African countries. The prospect offered by the exploration of botanicals as alternatives necessitated this study to examine the antimalarial activities of the n-hexane fraction of Spilanthes filicaulis (HFSF) and its butanol fraction (BFSF) on Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Swiss mice of both genders were infused with a chloroquine-sensitive P. berghei (NK-65) strain intraperitoneally. Antimalarial activity (in vivo) of S. filicaulis fractions was evaluated against early and established infection employing 4-day suppressive and curative antimalarial models at 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg dose levels respectively. Rectal temperature (RT), packed cell volume (PCV), body weight (BW), parasitemia level and mean survival time (MST) were variables determined. Findings herein demonstrated marked prevention of BW, RT, and PCV reduction at the treated doses relative to the untreated controls. Moreover, both fractions significantly suppressed parasitemia dose-dependently. The highest antimalarial chemosuppression was demonstrated by the HFSF producing 60.59%, 69.29% and 71.17% inhibition in the 4-day suppression and the BFSF yielded 45.44%, 43.96% and 47.97% chemosuppression in the curative, at the treated doses respectively. Similarly, the fractions delayed the mean survival duration of treated infected mice relative to the untreated group. Therefore, the results herein suggest that both fractions demonstrate dose-dependent and statistically significant suppression of parasitemia and improved clinical parameters in mice infected with P.berghei against murine malaria.
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Papaya var California leaves extract and identify its effective concentration in inducing mortality among third-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The study utilized adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes as the experimental subjects. This study was an experimental study with a comparative Completely Randomized Design The test groups include negative control, 2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL and positive control. Each test used 20 third instar larvae of Ae.aegypti mosquitoes, with four repeats.. The test groups were 2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and the control groups were A negative control contained distilled water and Tween 20, and a positive control contained abate (temephos) Based on Kruskall-wallis test shows a significant difference. The results indicated that the optimal concentration was 10 mg/mL, with the highest effectiveness observed at the 30th time hours.
Hymenolepiasis is one of the neglected zoonotic diseases in humans, caused by the cestodes Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta. Its definitive hosts are rodents (mostly rats). This study aims to identify the morphology both microscopically and macroscopically. This research is a laboratory exploratory research and the sampling method uses purposive sampling technique. The samples used in this study amounted to 100 samples of wild rats that had been trapped and then necropsied, worms obtained from the digestive tract were stained with dark red stain and observed with a microscope. The results showed that microscopic morphological examination showed that the anterior part of the H. nana worm had hooks and crowns. The overall prevalence of H. nana worms was found to be 18% (18/100). The prevalence of H. nana in wild rats in Surabaya City in Rattus tanezumi was 16% (12/77). Rattus novergicus in Surabaya area with positive samples was 26% (6/23). Morphology in H. nana worms has a distinctive difference. The anterior part of H. nana has hooks that surround the rostellum, the anterior part has a ‘crown of hooks’.
This research investigated the capability of the kuit lime peel ethanol extract as a repellent against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This study used the post test only control group design approach and the experimental method recommended by the World Health Organization Pesticides Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) with modification. This study used seven different experiment groups consisting of a negative control group using a mixture of Tween 20 and aquadest, a positive control group using commercial mosquito repellent (Autan®), and concentration groups using 5%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% (m/v) of the kuit lime peel ethanol extract. Each experiment groups were applied on a volunteer’s arms that are then inserted in a testing cage containing 25 female adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Every mosquito that landed on the arm testing area will be calculated during the examination time (every 2 min for 30 min) to determine the repellent protection power percentage. Based on the result of the study using Two-Way Analysis of Variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, the kuit lime peel ethanol extract is confirmed to be the most effective as a repellent against Ae. aegypti mosquitoes at the 30% concentration and until the 29th minute post-application with a 100% protection power.
Parasites are organisms that rely on a host for survival and can be classified into ectoparasites, which live on the body surface, and endoparasites, which inhabit the internal organs. Transmission of gastrointestinal parasites in cats (Felis catus) occurs via eggs, cysts, or infective larvae present in contaminated soil, water, food, or feces. This study aimed to identify endoparasites in cat feces collected from the APB Antasari Samarinda Clinic using the floating method. Out of six fecal samples examined, two samples (33.3%) tested positive for endoparasitic infection: Ancylostoma spp. in Ciko and Toxocara spp. in Jamal. These results indicate that gastrointestinal parasites remain a significant health concern in domestic cats and may pose zoonotic risks to humans. The findings underscore the importance of routine deworming, proper hygiene management, and regular health monitoring of cats. Future research should increase sample size, employ molecular techniques for precise species identification, and explore environmental or seasonal factors influencing infection dynamics to better inform parasite control strategies.
Dermatophytosis is a zoonotic fungal infection affecting the superficial skin layer. characterized by circular lesions commonly referred to as "ringworm." This condition has been recorded as the most frequently occurring ailment at the Animal Health Center in Cimahi. This study aims to determine the prevalence and characteristics of dermatophytosis lesions in cats at the Animal Health Center in Cimahi during the period of August-September 2023. Samples were collected based on physical examinations and supporting diagnostics. such as Wood's lamp inspection. on animals suspected of having dermatophytosis. The results revealed that the prevalence of dermatophytosis in cats during the specified period was 10.5%. with 91 cases out of 864 patients. The most common lesions observed included epidermal collars with scales. crusts. erythema. hyperpigmentation. and alopecia. totaling 613 lesions from 91 patients. The highest number of lesions was found in the dorsal body region. with a total of 115 lesions. Predisposing factors such as age. sex. and breed indicated that dermatophytosis was most prevalent in cats aged less than 6 months (38 cats. 41.7%). female cats (46 cats. 50.5%). and domestic breed cats (40 cats. 43.9%). This study contributes valuable epidemiological data on dermatophytosis in animals in Indonesia.
Ascaridia galli is a worm that infects the chickens' digestive tract, leading to various problems such as worsening feed efficiency, slowing poultry growth, and increasing mortality. Mango leaves and pineapple fruit were reported to have anthelmintic activity against A. galli. These two plants contain secondary metabolites that were suggested to have synergistic effects. This study aimed to determine the potential activity of combining arumanis mango leaf and pineapple juice against A. galli and evaluate their interaction based on anthelmintic activity profile. The activity of 40% pineapple fruit juice (PA) added with different concentrations of arumanis mango leaf juice (AM) from 0.13%, 0.26%, and 0.52% v/v, and pineapple fruit juice at concentrations 20, 40% v/v were mixed with 0.26% arumanis mango leaf juice. as well as NaCl 0,9% as negative control and pyrantel pamoate 0.2; 0.4; 0.8 % b/v as a positive control respectively were determined. Observation on worm mortality was conducted in 15-minute intervals for 300 minutes. The time-a cumulative mortality rate of worm curve exposed to PA 40 % was shifted to the left in the presence of AM, and AM 0.26 % curve in the presence of PA. The best, LC50, LT50, and L100 were found in AM 0.52 % combined with PA 40%. This finding showed the potential activity of pineapple fruit juice at 40% combined with arumanis mango leaf juice at 0.52 % as the best combination in which anthelmintic activity occurs due to synergism interaction between arumanis mango leaf juice and pineapple fruit juice.
Toxoplasmosis is one of the zoonotic diseases caused by the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii. The disease infects warm-blooded animals including humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the contamination of Toxoplasma oocysts in water sources in goat-sheep farms in Sidoarjo Regency. A total of 63 water samples were used for the study. Water samples were taken from 5 sub-districts that have many goat-sheep farms, each sub-district has 2 villages, with each village having 6-7 samples. The examination used the floating method and was examined under a microscope with a magnification of 400x. The results of the examination found 21 samples of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts or 33.33% (21/63). The morphology of T.gondii oocysts is round, ovoid or ellipsoid with sizes varying between 8.02 - 12.72 micrometers. Preventive measures are needed by treating water before giving it to livestock.
The COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2021) resulted in a surge in pet adoptions, potentially elevating the risk of various diseases in domestic cats, including scabies. Scabies, a highly contagious dermatological condition, is primarily caused by parasitic mites such as Notoedres cati and Sarcoptes scabiei. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and associated risk factors of scabies in domestic cats at Go Pet Care Animal Clinic in West Bandung Regency over the period from 2020 to 2022. Utilizing a cross-sectional study design, secondary data were extracted from medical records and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 29.0.1.0. A chi-square test was performed with a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05) to assess the statistical significance of the findings. Out of 71 cats diagnosed with scabies, the highest incidence was observed in cats under one year of age (kittens), long-haired breeds, and females. The prevalence of scabies showed a significant increase, rising from 2% to 11.2% over the study period. Common clinical manifestations included alopecia and crusting. Statistical analysis revealed that age was a significant risk factor influencing the prevalence of scabies. These findings underscore the need for heightened awareness and preventive measures for scabies, particularly in younger and long-haired cats.
Soil-transmitted helminths are geohelminths that induce infection in humans and animals. The irregular release of parasite eggs or larvae further complicates the diagnosis. This study aimed to establish the main alterations in the blood biochemical parameters such as creatinine, total bilirubin, and total protein levels of soil-transmitted helminth infected rats. Rats were exposed to soil samples contaminated with parasite eggs. Blood and stool samples were collected from the two groups of rats on the 15th and 30th days after exposure for biochemical analysis and stool analysis utilizing an automated biochemistry analyzer and formol-ether concentration technique, respectively. The results of this study revealed that on day 15, the creatinine (0.540 ± 0.055 mg/dl) and total bilirubin (0.183 ± 0.085 mg/dl) levels were significantly higher than the normal reference values, but the total protein level (6.080 ± 1.287 g/dl) has no significant difference. On day 30, a higher increase in the creatinine (0.600 ± 0.000 mg/dl) and total bilirubin (0.320 ± 0.091 mg/dl) levels were observed. The total protein level revealed a significant decrease with 4.980 ± 0.785 g/dl compared to the normal values and day 15 result. The biochemical parameters of the control group were observed to be within the normal physiological values. Without a clinical diagnosis, blood biochemical parameters can change in response to parasite invasions and the early stages of diseases. Therefore, it may aid in determining the current pathophysiology of soil-transmitted helminths among reservoir hosts.
The study aimed to detect the protozoan intestinal zoonotic that can potentially be a strategic disease in Madura cattle. The prevalence of the disease was linked to the sex and age of cattle in Bangkalan Regency. Cattle feces samples were collected 400 samples from eight sub-districts in Bangkalan District. Feces were examined natively, sedimentation, and floating. The species of protozoa was determined based on its morphology. The prevalence was expressed in percent, the study results were presented in figures and tables. The prevalence of protozoan intestinal zoonoses was 27.75%. The highest rate was found in Kwanyar (50%). Four species, namely Blastocystis hominis, Balantidium coli, Entamoeba coli, and Giardia bovis. In a single infection, B. hominis as the most protozoa was found to infect 85 cattle in eight sub-districts, B. coli was found in 16 cattle in four sub-districts and E. coli in 5 cattle in Kwanyar. A total of 107 samples were found to be infected with a single protozoan species, while 4 samples contained two species. The infection rate in bulls was 26.66%, which was slightly lower than in cows at 28.06%. Protozoan infections were more common in cattle aged 6 months to 2 years (42.4%) and those under 6 months (35.8%) compared to cattle over 2 years old (16.4%). This study confirmed the presence of intestinal zoonotic protozoa in cattle in Bangkalan District. Further research is needed to assess the prevalence of protozoa, identify risk factors, and analyze their geographic distribution, for developing effective prevention and control strategies.
In the cultivation of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), parasitic worms can be detrimental in the form of mortality, resulting in increased financial losses. This study aimed to detect and identify parasitic worms in tilapia cultivated in Tanjung Bunga Lake. This study was conducted in March-April 2024. Fifty eight tilapia fish samples were randomly sampled at seven lake points and water sample for water quality examination including pH, salinity, temperature, dissove oxigen, nitrate, nitrite, and amonia. The identification results showed that only Cichlidogyrus sp. were worm parasites found in tilapia samples. This research indicates that Cichlidogyrus is the most frequent worm infecting the gills of tilapia in the lake, which could result in greater financial losses and a decline in health for fish producers in the region. The results emphasize the necessity of efficient management strategies to minimize parasitic infections in tilapia aquaculture systems.
Acathina fulica is a terrestrial mollusk that often invades terrestrial vegetation that has tropical and subtropical climates. Acathina fulica has been widely reported in environments as diverse as urban areas, forests, capoeiras, caatings, plantations, decomposing materials, savannahs and vegetable gardens. Soil is source of food and a defense strategy for A. fulica, therefore it has an important role for them. Therefore, A. fulica may be host several species of nematodes. Microscopic examination of snails A. fulica fecal samples in Cemorokandang Village, Malang City using the native method aimed to detect Rhabditis spp. The results showed that 14 (12.5%) out of 112 samples contained Rhabditis spp. The genus rhabditis belongs to the Rhabditidae family and is one of the free-living nematodes. This species has long been known and of concern in the veterinary world. The genus rhabditis has been reported to have infected humans and have been isolated from urine samples, vaginal swab, and human stool. The research was conducted in the dry season with low rainfall. Nematode of the genus Rhabditis spp. can be naturally found in humid places and decaying organic matter.
