Research Problem: Investment inefficiency remains a persistent challenge for Nigerian manufacturing firms due to poor liquidity management and limited access to external financing. This study examines the effect of corporate cash holding behavior, measured by cash-to-total assets ratio, free cash flow, and net working capital to total assets ratio, on investment efficiency among Nigerian manufacturing firms. Methodology: Adopting an ex post facto research design, data were obtained from 52 listed firms on the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX) covering the period 2015–2024. The study employed panel regression analysis after conducting diagnostic tests including normality, multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and the Hausman specification test. Results: The regression results reveal that cash-to-total assets ratio (β = 0.284, p = 0.008), free cash flow (β = 0.321, p = 0.002), and net working capital to total assets ratio (β = 0.196, p = 0.043) each exert a significant positive influence on investment efficiency. The model’s R² value of 0.612 indicates that approximately 61.2% of variations in investment efficiency are explained by the corporate cash holding variables. Conclusion: The study concludes that efficient cash management practices, particularly optimal liquidity maintenance, prudent utilization of free cash flows, and effective working capital management, enhance investment efficiency and firm value in the manufacturing sector. Contribution to knowledge: This study contributes to knowledge by providing empirical evidence that corporate cash holding behaviour through cash-to-total assets ratio, free cash flow, and net working capital significantly enhances investment efficiency among listed Nigerian manufacturing firms using panel data evidence from 2015–2024. Recommendations: Based on its findings, the study recommends that Nigerian manufacturing firms develop strategic liquidity policies, strengthen governance over free cash flows, and optimize working capital cycles to improve investment efficiency and achieve sustainable industrial growth.
Research Problem: AI-driven capabilities are a disruptive force that can promote organisational sustainability (OS) and build a sustainable future. Yet the direct and indirect effects of the various components of AI-driven capabilities on the environmental, economic, and social aspects of OS remain poorly understood in contemporary organisations and across different industrial contexts. Method/Theory: The study adopted dynamic capability theory and built a moderated mediation (MODMED) framework to examine how AI-driven capabilities promote OS through green human resource management (GHRM), and how digital literacy moderates the mediation effect. Based on a survey of 310 Chinese enterprises, the proposed framework was empirically tested to examine the hypothesised relationships. Results: AI-driven capabilities positively affect OS; GHRM partially mediates this effect; and digital literacy positively moderates the indirect impact of AI-driven capabilities on OS via GHRM, thereby strengthening firms’ overall sustainability performance. Key Contribution to Knowledge: This study enhances the sustainability literature by providing useful information and guidance on how organisations may use AI-driven capabilities to achieve superior sustainability performance, complemented by GHRM and digital literacy, and supported by empirical evidence, mediated by a moderated mediation mechanism. Conclusion: The study extends the sustainability literature by providing useful information and guidance on how organisations may use AI-driven capabilities to improve their sustainability performance, complemented by GHRM and digital literacy, to meet long-term organisational sustainability objectives. Recommendation: The findings offer useful management implications for organisations seeking to increase the adoption of AI-driven capabilities, GHRM, and digital literacy towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
Research problem: This study examines the extent to which these initiatives achieved their objectives of reducing poverty and improving the socio-economic well-being of beneficiaries. Methods/Theory: The study adopts a qualitative research design using documentary and content analysis of secondary data obtained from government publications, policy documents, reports from international organizations, and scholarly literature. The analysis is guided by Capability Theory (Amartya Sen), which emphasizes improving people's opportunities and capabilities as a pathway to sustainable poverty reduction. Results: The findings indicate that the poverty alleviation initiatives provided short-term relief by increasing access to financial support, temporary employment, and basic social services for many beneficiaries. However, their overall effectiveness was constrained by inadequate funding, weak monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. Conclusion: The study concludes that while Buhari's poverty alleviation initiatives contributed to improving the welfare of some vulnerable groups, they were insufficient to achieve sustainable poverty reduction due to institutional and structural challenges. Key Contribution to Knowledge: This study contributes to existing literature by providing a comprehensive assessment of Nigeria's poverty alleviation initiatives during the Buhari administration, identifying the major factors that influenced their effectiveness, and demonstrating the importance of integrating social welfare programmes with sustainable economic and institutional reforms for lasting poverty reduction. Recommendation: The study recommends strengthening transparency and accountability in programme implementation, improving beneficiary targeting through reliable national databases, increasing investment in education, healthcare, agriculture, and skills acquisition, enhancing monitoring and evaluation systems, promoting job creation through private sector development, and ensuring policy continuity beyond political administrations to achieve sustainable poverty reduction in Nigeria.
This study observes the level to which these resourcefulnessstrategies succeeded the goals of dropping the high rate unemployment and corruption that persisted and even worsened the that system of the country despite arrival of democracy in 1999 and currently centered to human development Methods/theory: This conversation approves a qualitative methodology by using secondary data from administration reports, policy documents and academic writings to assess the strategy's influence. The Structural Change Theory of Development attends as the theoretical structure, emphasizing the transition from low-productivity sectors to higher-productivity ones. Results:The findings disclose that while NEEDS subsidized to job creation and poverty reduction, its overall achievement was hampered by governance issues, corruption, and slow financial diversification Conclusion:The study concludes that NEEDS laid the groundwork for commercial reorganization but was inadequate by structural challenges. Positions include strengthening governance, encouraging industrial growth, safeguarding policy continuity, and preparation youth engagement Key Contribution to Knowledge: This study adds to understanding in the following ways: First, it covers the writings on growth planning in Nigeria by provided that a critical image on NEEDS (2003-2007) as the previous medium-term plan of the Obasanjo democratic administration, thereby filling the gap between economic reform pomposity and reality. Subsequent, it empirically proves the contradiction of macroeconomic firmness together with human growth failure, viewing that investment and telecom reforms and debt relief do not automatically translate to poverty reduction. It provides policy visions for achieving sustainable development planning in Nigeria beyond NEEDS. Recommendation: The study recommends that, the unique strategic endorsement is to strengthen governance and organized frameworks. The success of economic improvements like NEEDS be subject to deeply on effective governance and slide. Anti-corruption methods need to be greater, and institutions must be empowered to enforce accountability and monitor resource allocation to ensure that advance programs achieve their aims without presence derailed by misconduct.
This study investigates the socio-economic implications of kidnapping in selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Kogi State, focusing on Koton Karfe, Ajaokuta, and Ofu Local Government Areas. Kidnaping have been endemic in Kogi land and these have underdeveloped the area. In order to check the menace of the crises, the paper tried to unravel the implications of the phenomena and as well solutions to their causes so that the Kogi State can grow and develop. Information for the study were gotten through primary sources, these include oral interviews, questionnaires, observation; and secondary data textbooks, government documents and articles. The study discovered that the economic, social, physical and political factors are the major implications of kidnapping in on Koton Karfe, Ajaokuta, and Ofu Local Government Areas in Kogi State. Other implication of kidnapping in the areas are lack of investment, insfsurcture, distrust and slow development. The study also highlights the role of community mistrust in security agencies and the influence of organised crime networks in sustaining kidnapping syndicates. To stem the tide of the conflicts, the paper recommended that: First, it recommends the establishment of robust community policing initiatives to foster local intelligence gathering and enhance trust between security forces and residents. Second, it emphasises the urgent need for job creation programs, vocational training, and youth empowerment schemes to provide alternative livelihoods and deter participation in criminal activities. Third, it calls for improved security measures, including modern surveillance technology, rapid response units, and better-equipped law enforcement agencies. Lastly, the study advocates for stronger synergy among security agencies through joint task forces and intelligence-sharing platforms to dismantle kidnapping networks effectively.
Research Problem: The intractable wave of insurgency in Nigeria has become a serious threat to national security and has necessitated the expansion of naval role beyond its conventional mandate to defence the maritime space. Because much attention has not been given to the efforts of the navy in counterinsurgency that this paper assesses the role of the Nigerian Navy in counter-insurgency (COIN) operations in Nigeria. Methods/Theory: The paper adopted a qualitative approach through the use of secondary data and personal experience/observation in counterinsurgency. The Security Governance Theory, explains contemporary security management as a multi-actor process involving military institutions, state agencies, and regional partners to counterinsurgency. Results: The dynamic nature of insurgents’ activities and their exploitation of difficult terrains and waterways to unleash their nefarious activities has made the navy a relevant security institution to counterinsurgency through maritime surveillance, territorial patrols, amphibious operations, interdiction of insurgent supply routes, and participation in joint operations. Conclusion: The paper concludes that while the Nigerian Navy has advanced into a dynamic component of Nigeria’s COIN strategy, sustained efforts in intelligence integration, capacity building, regional cooperation, and technological modernization are required to improve efficiency and long-term stability in insurgency-affected regions. Key Contribution to Knowledge: This paper has brought to limelight that the Navy has now become a critical stakeholder in the counter insurgency operations. Recommendations: The paper recommended improved funding for the Nigerian navy, strengthened intelligence management system of the entire military formations, increased deployment of cutting-edge technologies and improved regional security cooperation.
Persistent conflicts in rural Nigeria continue to expose the limitations of traditional institutions in effective conflict management. This study examined the challenges, limitations, and policy implications of traditional institutions in conflict management in Shiroro Local Government Area, Niger State. The study adopted a mixed methods approach using a convergent parallel design, combining descriptive survey and case study techniques. A sample of 600 respondents was selected through multistage sampling, while data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between institutional challenges and conflict management, indicating that factors such as insecurity, lack of legal authority, and weak enforcement reduce the effectiveness of traditional institutions. Conversely, policy interventions such as legal recognition, institutional integration, and capacity building demonstrated a statistically significant positive influence on conflict management outcomes. These results suggest that while traditional institutions face substantial limitations, appropriate policy frameworks can enhance their performance. The study concludes that strengthening institutional capacity and addressing structural constraints are essential for improving conflict management. It recommends legal reforms, institutional integration, and targeted support to enhance the effectiveness of traditional institutions.
This study examined the impact of skills acquisition programmes on youth empowerment in North-Western States of Nigeria. It specifically assessed the influence of skills acquisition on youths’ self-reliance, sustainable livelihood, and employment opportunities, while examining the intervening role of institutional support in strengthening empowerment outcomes. The study was anchored on Human Capital Theory and quantitative survey research design was adopted, and data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to a sample of 280 youths who participated in various vocational, technical, and entrepreneurial skills acquisition programmes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics by the use ofMultipleLlinear Regression Analyses. The findings revealed that there is significant positive relationships between skills acquisition and all dimensions of youth empowerment. Institutional support, measured in terms of access to funding, training facilities, mentorship, and supportive policies, emerged as a significant intervening variable that amplified the effectiveness of skills acquisition programmes (p < 0.001). The study concludes that skills acquisition programmes, play a critical role in empowering youths by enhancing economic independence, employability, and sustainable livelihoods. The study recommends strengthening institutional support systems, integrating skills training into formal education, and aligning skills acquisition programmes which will promote sustainable youth empowerment in Nigeria.
This study examines the relationship between trade, economic growth, and artificial intelligence (AI) in Africa within the context of increasing globalization and digital transformation. It explores how trade liberalization initiatives, particularly the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), interact with emerging AI technologies to influence productivity, market efficiency, and long-term economic development. The study is grounded in a qualitative synthesis of existing literature drawn from development institutions, policy reports, and peer-reviewed academic sources. Findings reveal that while trade openness enhances market access and regional integration, structural constraints such as weak infrastructure, limited industrialization, and governance challenges reduce its effectiveness. Simultaneously, AI is found to significantly improve efficiency in e-commerce, supply chains, and digital markets; however, its adoption in Africa remains limited. The study highlights the absence of integrated frameworks that jointly analyze trade and AI in Africa. It concludes that aligning trade policies with digital transformation strategies is essential for inclusive and sustainable growth in the region.
Government efforts to mitigate the effects of the 2023 fuel subsidy reforms on low-income earners through the rolling out of palliative measures suggest incidences of elite-capture and patrimonial tendencies. This paper examined the nature of the palliatives measures introduced after the fuel subsidy removal in May 2023. Anchored on neo-patrimonialism as its theoretical framework, the study adopted a qualitative means of data collection, specifically structured interviews and documentary sources. The findings showed that the nature of the palliative measures introduced by the FGN were grossly inadequate to alleviate the harsh effects of the fuel subsidy reforms on low-income earners. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the palliative measures were largely characterized by political patronage and resource capture. It also showed that lack of central legislative backing for palliative administrations made it impossible for most low-income earners at the sub-national levels to benefit from the supposed government palliatives. That, lack of comprehensive databank of low low-income earners led to targeting errors. Thus, the study concludes that the palliative measures failed to lessen the plights of low-income earners. Therefore, it recommends the introduction of more sustainable social protection measures to mitigate the effect of fuel subsidy and the inflation caused by the reform; the rolling-up of more transparent and people centered palliatives for more efficacy; a comprehensive databank of all low-income earners to avoid targeting errors; the strengthening of public institutions to curb incidences of resource capture and patronage; and the enactment of a legal framework to enhance inclusiveness.
Ethical leadership has increasingly been recognized as a critical determinant of governance quality and sustainable development, yet its role within Nigeria's public governance system remains insufficiently examined. This study investigated the relationship among ethical leadership, good governance, and sustainable development in Nigeria with the objective of examining how ethical leadership influences governance effectiveness and how good governance contributes to sustainable development outcomes. The study was anchored on Ethical Leadership Theory, which explains that leaders influence institutional behaviour through integrity, accountability, transparency, fairness, and responsible decision making. A qualitative research approach was adopted, relying on secondary sources of data obtained from peer reviewed journal articles, scholarly books, official government publications, and reports from reputable international organizations. Data were subjected to qualitative content analysis to identify recurring themes, patterns, and relationships among the key variables. The findings revealed that ethical leadership strengthens governance institutions by promoting accountability, transparency, public trust, responsible management of public resources, and effective policy implementation. The study further established that good governance serves as the institutional mechanism through which ethical leadership translates into sustainable development by enhancing public service delivery, citizen participation, institutional effectiveness, and equitable socioeconomic development. The review also identified significant theoretical, methodological, and contextual gaps in existing literature, particularly the tendency to examine ethical leadership, governance, and sustainable development as separate concepts rather than as interdependent dimensions of public administration. The study concludes that sustainable development in Nigeria depends substantially on institutionalizing ethical leadership within governance structures. It recommends strengthening ethical leadership development, reinforcing accountability institutions, improving transparency mechanisms, and embedding ethical principles in public sector governance to enhance sustainable national development.
Research Problem Due to the under estimation of the substantial potentials of savings in the rural areas, there are little or no financial institution willing to provide services for small-scale farmers and women in the rural areas to save their meager income making majority of these women agro based enterprises to result to traditional savings groups. In addition, despite the positive contributions of microenterprises to the growth and development of the society, agro enterprises especially women based often face challenges such as limited access to finance, weak managerial capacity, and market volatility, which can impede growth and sustainability. Methods/Theory Primary data was used in this study through the use of structured questionnaire and personal interview. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistical tools such as percentages, frequency distribution, and mean, ordinary least square regression, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The Life-Cycle Hypothesis provides a theoretical foundation for understanding how savings culture influences the financial stability of SMEs. Results The study showed that majority of the respondents were married, educated, young, and are well experience in agro enterprise activities. The study also showed that majority of the respondents had different livelihoods sources capable of sustaining them and at the same time with substantial savings potentials. Also, personal savings was the major source of savings (56%) among the respondents. In addition, the study showed that 91.1% of the respondents generated high savings. Furthermore, household size, value of assets, membership of cooperatives, operating costs and income were significant factors influencing savings among the respondents. Conclusion It is concluded that the respondents operated viable microenterprises with savings potentials and the income generated are mobilized mainly through their personal savings for future agro enterprise investment. Key contribution to knowledge This study provides empirical evidence that women based agroentrepreneurs in rural area had financial surplus generated from personal savings that can be harness by financial institutions to increase their profit and stimulate the rural economies. Recommendations Based on findings, the following recommendations were made: That young, enterprising females should be encouraged and educated to save part of their income through effective sensitization. This measure would ensure that respondents can be financially independent after a period and can also prepare them in the event of a change. Respondents should be encouraged to join cooperatives in order to inculcate and sustain the culture of savings. Also, respondents should adopt viable cost-saving strategies that reduce their operating costs. This measure would encourage greater financial resource utilization and savings.
Research Problem: The Nigeria Police is having challenges in carrying out its role in crime control as crimes keeps increasing and insurgence has taken over the peace in the country. Federal character policy was established to ensure equal representation of the diverse ethnic groups in Nigeria. However, this has its disadvantage in term of the effect has in crime control as it hinders more capable personnel’s from entering the Force and getting to a high position where they can make more impact. Methods/Theory: The study adopted a mixed-method design of both quantitative and qualitative methods, with questionnaire and in-depth interview as the instruments for data collection. Functionalist theory was used to explain the role of the police in crime control and pluralism throw light on the reason federal character policy is been implemented. Results: The results show that federal character policy hinders effective crime control. Although it encourages representational balance and lessens marginalization, its application frequently puts quota-based hiring ahead of professionalism, ability, and quality. In certain instances, this has led to decreased operational capability, eroded discipline, and ineffective crime prevention and control. Conclusion: Although it is essential for national integration, the Nigeria Police Force's current execution of it needs to be changed. Key Contribution to Knowledge: This study exposes the limitations of the federal character policy as it discourages merit and efficiency in the force. Recommendation: Federal character policy implementation should be re-addressed. Officers who through personal efforts achieved higher academic qualification should be promoted accordingly.Officers who through personal efforts achieved higher academic qualification should be promoted accordingly.
Research Problem The relationship between Iran andIsrealreflects the regional power politics in the Middle-East. It further explicates the struggle for power and ascendency to regional hegemony. Both nations had cooperative relations until the Islamic Revolution in 1979 when relations deteriorated between the Middle-Eastern nations. Nonetheless, in Post Iran revolution, there have been cause to cooperate between the two limitedly. This research examines the enduring rivalry between Iran and Israel through a multi-dimensional theoretical framework, focusing on their competing quests for regional hegemony other than secondary factors like identity, religion and ideology. Research Methods/theory The study utilizes a qualitative approach of secondary data collection where textbooks, journals and internet sources were used. The paper incorporates multiple theories in explaining the Iran-Israeli relations vis-à-vis conflict and cooperation. Utilizing Offensive Realism, the study analyzes both states as "power maximizers" responding to the Middle East's anarchic structure, where Iran seeks "breakout capacity" and Israel employs pre-emptive security measures to maintain a favorable balance of power. The paper incorporates Social Constructivism, illustrating how the 1979 Revolution transformed the relationship from strategic cooperation into an existential conflict driven by "identity securitization" and the Iranian "resistance" narrative. Furthermore, Neoclassical Realism is applied to demonstrate how domestic political survival and elite perceptions mediate systemic pressures, explaining the shift between revisionist and status quo behaviors. The analysis also considers Hegemonic Stability Theory in the context of current "multipolar fragmentation" and U.S. retrenchment, which has exacerbated strategic miscalculations and heightened the risk of direct confrontation in 2025. Key contributions to knowledge The study adds to the existing body of literature on the subject matter and gives a perspective on the importance of power and regional hegemony other than primordial considerations like race and religion. Recommendation The paper recommends that high level diplomacy must be an instrument open for the management of relations between Iran and Israel to avoid any escalations into regional wide conflict.
Research Problem: Sub-national insecurity is one of Nigeria's most persistent governance problems, and the decisions of individual state governors increasingly shape security outcomes that federal policing alone has not delivered. This paper examines the security strategy pursued in Kogi State under Governor Ahmed Usman Ododo, combining kinetic and non-kinetic measures. Methods/Theory: The study adopts a case-study approach drawing on government records, media reporting and available crime and public-perception to assess whether these interventions have produced measurable improvements in safety or function mainly as symbolic and infrastructural signalling. Results: The paper identifies a gap between input-based claims, equipment donated, facilities commissioned, and outcome-based evidence such as crime trends, response times and public trust, while acknowledging the difficulty of attributing causation to any single administration. Conclusion: The model's transferability is evaluated, identifying which elements offer replicable lessons for other governors. Key Contribution to Knowledge: The study demonstrates that state-level security interventions in Nigeria are currently assessed on activity rather than impact, and that the Kogi model offers a concrete case for examining how state executives can operationalise security governance within federal limits. Recommendation: Independent monitoring and evaluation mechanisms should be embedded into state-level security spending so that outcomes, not inputs, become the basis for judging performance and informing replication elsewhere.
Research Problem: Using an analytical framework that treats fiscal, political, and administrative autonomy as interdependent dimensions of a functional local government system within a horizontal system of autonomous tiers of government, this study examines the state government's dominance over local government affairs in Nigeria. Methodology/theory: The study adopted a doctrinal research methodology, analysing primary legal instruments, such as the 1999 and 1996 Constitutions of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Republic of South Africa, respectively, as well as secondary sources including case law, law textbooks and journal articles. The study is centralised on the theory of decentralisation, which served as the analytical lens. Results: The study's findings revealed that the current local government system, as envisaged under the Nigerian 1999 Constitution, lacks the tenets of decentralisation and that the 2024 Supreme Court ruling on local government fiscal autonomy, although necessary, remains structurally insufficient and constitutionally inconsistent. Conclusion: The study concludes that the challenges of local government autonomy in Nigeria are not incidental to the 1999 Constitution, but historically entrenched. Contribution to Knowledge: This study deepens understanding of local government autonomy as encompassing fiscal, structural/administrative, and political components, as an interdependent whole essential todecentralisation. Recommendation: This study, drawing on the South African local government model, recommends a comprehensive reform agenda anchored on constitutional amendment that positions local government as an autonomous sphere; enactment of a national minimum standard legislation on local government administration, and enforcement mechanisms such as judicial review, accountability and citizen participatory process are mandatory moving forward.
The article was hinged on the frequent problems emanating from the disruption of the flow of oil in the international market whose impact has affected Nigeria oil industry. For over two decades Nigeria depend on imported refined petroleum products because of the non- functional public refineries. The study aimed at addressing the disruption in the Nigeria’s oil industry administration. The politically driven crisis like the closure of the Strait of Hormuz in Iran or oil price volatility in the international market .These disruptions usually resulted in the hike of petroleum products that impact negatively on the average Nigerian. The article adopted qualitative research method anchored on secondary sources of data which was obtained from the study of literature in the form of journals, books, magazines and other works that provide scientific and related information relevant to the study. The research made used of content analysis. The study adopted the structural functionalism theory whose aim is to ensure that every sector in the society work at maximum capacity in order to solve societal problems and develop the society using the machineries of government .The study concluded that the irregularities and corruption in the oil industry administration in Nigeria should be put under check. The study recommended that, the Nigeria government must as a matter of policy and urgency put an end to over reliance on imported refined petroleum products. This can be achieved by fixing and maintaining the three public refineries in Nigeria. Also, total deregulation and depoliticisation of the petroleum sector to avoid unnecessary bottlenecks in order to encourage private investors to invest in refinery building and those investors interested in establishing modular refineries.
Research Problem: With the very rapid growth of digital platforms in Nigeria, there is an increase in the production and dissemination of hate speech during the election period by political actors and supporters, while regulatory frameworks are nearly inadequate, and digital spaces continue to provide opportunities for dehumanising political rhetoric and foster environments that could lead to hate crimes during election periods. Method Used: The study adopts a Critical Integrative Literature Review (CILR). Data was retrieved from databases, such as Scopus, African Journals Online (AJOL), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and Google Scholar. A total of 73 articles were used for thematic analyses. Results: The study indicates that thepromotion of hate speech and hate crimes through digital media is growing rapidly in Nigeria, especially using digital platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, X, Instagram, TikTok, among others. Several factors that are responsible for the occurrence of electoral hate speech and hate crimes in the digital space, including digital media, algorithms, anonymity of users, and poor content moderation policies and weak institutional monitoring are contributing to the persistence of the situation in Nigeria. Conclusion: Hate speech and crimes in Nigeria are deeply rooted in the digital infrastructure growth of the country. This continuation is driven by factors that enable electoral hate and political instability. Key Contributions to Knowledge: This paper considers digital space as an active enabler rather than a medium of communication. This study synthesises fragmented literature into a unified framework connecting digital frameworks to hate speech and crime escalation and identifies four operational mechanisms through which hate speech translates into hate crime potential in electoral contexts. The study contributes to the ongoing scholarly debate on various forms of hate crimes in the Global South nations. Recommendation: Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), National Broadcasting Commission (NBC), and Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) should establish a Joint Digital Electoral Integrity Unit to monitor online hate speech during elections. Social media platforms operating in Nigeria should be mandated to strengthen indigenous language moderation as a licensing condition. Additionally, the National Orientation Agency (NOA), in collaboration with INEC, should implement a digital civic literacy programme to raise awareness and prevent hate speech
Research problem: Industrial action is a perennial concern in Nigerian public tertiary institutions. It disrupts academic calendars, impedes staff productivity and affects students learning outcomes. The situation in Adamawa State is tied to poor funding, low salary, failure to implement agreements and lack of institutional autonomy, creating questions about the stability of higher education. Methods/theory: The study was informed by Equity Theory and Tripartism framework. The descriptive survey design was adopted with a population of 43007 workers and students. A sample of 396 respondents was drawn using Taro Yamane algorithm and proportionate random selection. Data were acquired via questionnaire and interview and evaluated using descriptive statistics and chi-square. Results: The results indicate that causes of industrial conflicts include bad salary, inadequate funding, failure to implement agreements, poor working conditions and lack institutional autonomy. Industrial action seriously affects staff productivity, interrupts research, delays academic calendars, undermines motivation and decreases service efficiency. Conclusion: The study indicates that governance difficulties are the cause of the industrial action in Adamawa State tertiary institutions and that it has detrimental effects on the performance of academic staff and the stability of institutions. Key Contribution to Knowledge: The study offers empirical evidence of the relationship between governance problems and labour issues to the continuous strikes and poor academic achievement. Recommendations: The study recommends more financing, fair remuneration, stronger institutional autonomy and consistent implementation of agreements through effective engagement with stakeholders.
International cooperation for development relies on several aid modalities and in addition to bilateral and multilateral programs civil society organizations (CSOs) play an important role in channeling development aid, much of the thinking and practice of international development emanates beyond states and markets. It comes from the vibrant work of civil society and social movements strengthening citizen action throughout the world, it is particularly prominent in areas where participatory democracy and citizens’ freedom of association are challenged, both highlighting the unintended consequences of development and offering alternative perspectives on how development may be practiced. This paper explored the influence of externally related funding and its impacts on changing the direction of local policies and development agendas. The study adopted a qualitative research design to this end, data were collected, in which journals, books and other related online material related to the research were reviewed. The conspiracy theory was utilized with a view to explaining an event or situation that invokes a conspiracy without warrant, generally one involving an illegal or harmful act carried out by government or other powerful actors. The study found among other things that, the civil society play a vital role in the development agenda of many underdeveloped nations but many of them were found inadequate in the discharge of their responsibilities. The research recommends that funds received, externally should be properly directed objectively and focus on critical sectors affecting the socio-economic needs of the recipients and beneficiaries, furthermore, the hidden agendas of the external funding should be monitored strictly.
