Several viruses often infect pigs which can cause major losses for farmers. Viral infections in pigs can be subclinical, chronic and acute. Viral diseases in pigs often result in mass deaths on pig farms, causing economic losses and not only that, they can also threaten human lives depending on the virus variant that causes them. Various symptoms such as flu, fever, lack of appetite, paralysis, bleeding in various organs will be found according to the degree of severity. The purpose of this article is to describe several viral infections in pigs that are very threatening and have been reported to cause major losses for farmers, namely: African swine fever (ASF), hog cholera (HC), & Swine influenza (SI). African swine fever is a very contagious disease that arises due to infection with the genus Asfivirus virus of the Asfarviridae family which is encoded by double-stranded DNA genetic material. ASF disease is reported to have caused mortality in pig farms reaching 100%. Likewise, HC disease, also known as cholera disease in pigs, can be fatal in pigs with a mortality rate of up to 100%. In contrast to swine influenza, also known as swine flu, it is a viral disease that is chronic and zoonotic. It is reported that swine flu has triggered flu outbreaks in humans since 1918 until now. Various factors influence the level of disease spread, namely monitoring livestock traffic, biosecurity of cages, the presence of vaccinations and the presence or absence of vectors as well as the use of swill feed as animal feed. So knowledge is needed about the diseases that really threaten pigs which will have an impact on farmers' finances. The results of this literature review add to scientific references related to viral diseases in pig farming. In this way, it will increase knowledge for readers, breeders and academics so that they can provide prevention and control of viral diseases in pig farms. And also, it is expected that there is counseling from related instances about livestock health management in the prevention and control of diseases in pigs.
The cerebellum, located in the dorsal region of the medulla oblongata and pons, is the largest component of the hindbrain. It plays a crucial role in motor coordination, nerve control, and maintaining body balance. This study aimed to analyze the anatomical and histological structure, as well as the morphometry, of the cerebellum in male and female growing-phase Bali ducks. A total of 20 Bali ducks (10 males and 10 females, aged 3 months each) were used in this study. The cerebellum was extracted for anatomical observation and weight measurement. Subsequently, the samples were processed into histological preparations using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining to examine the histological structure and morphometric parameters. Anatomically, the cerebellum was positioned at the posterior region of the head, beneath the temporal and occipital lobes and above the brainstem. The average cerebellar weight was 0.6 grams in males and 0.5 grams in females. Histologically, the cerebellar structure was consistent across both sexes, comprising gray matter (molecular layer, granular layer, and Purkinje/ganglionar layer) and white matter. Morphometric analysis revealed the following mean layer thicknesses in males: molecular layer (156.29 ± 17.72 µm), granular layer (69.73 ± 11.26 µm), Purkinje layer (6.44 ± 1.68 µm), and white matter (50.11 ± 19.16 µm). In females, the corresponding values were 145.47 ± 15.07 µm, 66.83 ± 11.37 µm, 6.83 ± 1.64 µm, and 52.89 ± 18.56 µm, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated no significant differences (P > 0.05) in cerebellar weight or layer thickness between male and female Bali ducks. Further research with a larger sample size and additional parameters, such as biochemical or functional studies, could provide deeper insights into sex-related variations in cerebellar characteristics.
Vulnus laceratum is a lacerated wound characterized by minimal tissue loss, typically resulting from trauma. A 6-month-old dog weighing 6 kg presented with a relatively large laceration on its back. Clinically, the dog remained active with a normal appetite and drinking behavior. Based on physical examination, the dog was diagnosed with vulnus laceratum on the dorsal region and given a favorable prognosis. The wound was treated surgically, beginning with thorough irrigation using physiological saline (NaCl), followed by debridement to remove necrotic and damaged tissue, thereby facilitating the healing process. The wound was then closed with sutures. Postoperative therapy included oral administration of cefadroxil (antibiotic), intramuscular tolfedine (anti-inflammatory), and topical gentamicin to prevent secondary infection. By the fifth postoperative day, the wound showed significant improvement and had begun to dry. The dog exhibited signs of clinical recovery and resumed normal activity.
Cherry eye is a condition characterized by the prolapse of the nictitating gland due to weak connective tissue attachment, resulting in a visible red mass resembling a cherry. A 5-month-old female American Bully Ecotis dog, weighing 8.7 kg, presented with a protruding mass in the left eye, which had been observed for one month prior to surgery. Hematological examination revealed lymphocytosis, thrombocytosis, and low Platelet Distribution Width (PDW), suggesting mild inflammation. The diagnosis of cherry eye was confirmed through physical and clinical examinations, with a fausta (favorable) prognosis. Surgical correction was performed using the Morgan Pocket Technique to reposition the gland. Postoperative care included intramuscular cefotaxime (1.74 mL) and meloxicam (0.3 mL), followed by oral meloxicam (0.116 mg/day for 3 days) and topical gentamicin sulfate ointment (0.3%, applied TID for 7 days) to prevent infection. The surgical site showed complete healing by day 14, with no recurrence observed. This case highlights the effectiveness of the Morgan Pocket Technique combined with adjunctive medical therapy in managing cherry eye in dogs.
This study aimed to determine the effect of adding Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) maggot meal to commercial feed on the growth performance of broilers (Gallus domesticus), particularly body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The research was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments: P0 (control), P1, P2, and P3, each with six replications. Broilers were raised from Day Old Chick (DOC) and fed BR I Crumbel feed from day 1 to 21 and BR II SP-Pellet from day 22 to 34. The maggot meal supplementation was given from day 14 to day 34. The results showed that the addition of Hermetia illucens maggot meal to commercial feed had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the broilers’ body weight gain or feed conversion ratio. Therefore, under the conditions of this study, the inclusion of maggot meal in the diet did not significantly improve the growth performance of broilers.
