Tokenomics in the blockchain context revolves around the "economy" that is based on the ecosystem's tokens. The paper proposes a conceptual goal model for tokenomics. This was accomplished by completing a narrative review of existing literature obtained from academic databases. The findings of the review result in a five-step tokenomics goal model: determining the number of tokens to release, determining whether tokens are allocated pre- or post-listing, determining whether the token release is public or private, ensuring that the tokens have inherent value, and finally establishing a suitable price management mechanism.
We live in the digital era, where most information is stored digitally in data centers or the cloud, often operated by centralized entities. Traditionally, developers and users default to these centralized storage solutions, which manage their own infrastructure and support vertically integrated services to capture all the value. However, decentralized storage solutions, such as those pioneered by BitTorrent and later the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), offer potential solutions to the limitations of centralized storage. This paper proposes a system to enhance decentralized storage solutions by assigning monetary value to data, thus creating new incentives for network participants. We explore various factors influencing data value in decentralized platforms and propose systems for handling unquantifiable metrics such as content and moderation value. Specifically, we introduce a Moderation Voting System with Prediction Markets and discuss how these systems combined could benefit Storage Providers, voters, predictors, and end-users. The paper also discusses the risks and the unpredictability of human behavior, which the solution addresses by tapping into game theory. As this paper focuses mostly on the value proposition of the data, while most of the components are treated as a black box subject to further research and design, we also provide a plan for future research and the methodology for evaluation and comparison against other existing methods.
The European Union's endeavor to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 encompasses the adoption of the Carbon Removal Certification Framework to promote sustainable agricultural practices and sequester carbon through carbon farming. This process entails the conversion of agricultural land into carbon sinks, which presents economic and administrative hurdles, especially impacting small-scale farmers. The proposed incorporation of blockchain technology is aimed at improving the transparency and effectiveness of carbon credit transactions within this framework. The EU framework also establishes certification criteria to guarantee high-quality carbon removals, involving key stakeholders such as certification bodies and a central offset registry to uphold the integrity and credibility of the carbon market. The utilization of blockchain technology and Smart Contracts enables the monitoring of carbon credits and simplifies transactions by removing intermediaries, thus lowering expenses and increasing direct funding for carbon reduction initiatives. This holistic approach not only supports the climate objectives of the EU but also enhances market efficiency and fosters stakeholder confidence in carbon trading.
Considering the importance of cryptography in blockchain networks, the usage of pseudo-random number generators for the secret key and nonce generation is, at least, arguable. Randomness should always be generated from non-deterministic sources, to ensure the random elements are not retrievable from third parties. In this work, a true random number generator based on quantum computation (Q-TRNG) is proposed. This Q-TRNG has allowed to create a quantum secret key generator (Q-SKG), generating keys and nonces whose entropies and serial correlation coefficients showed better values compared to the ones obtained from other widely used blockchain wallets. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first Q-SKG that has been built for blockchain applications, enhancing the security of secret keys and transaction signatures.
The surge in production and transportation industries stands as the pillar to most daily transactions, yet it also serves as a significant contributor to climate change and global warming. The implementation of blockchain technology has helped the transition of supply chains toward sustainability through successful model applications in logistics and environmental impact innovations. However, those integrations are far from being optimal since they still encounter hindrances in scalability and data privacy, which delays transactions' performance and increases their cost. In this regard, directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) offer parallel, faster, and cost-effective transactions' processing. Unlike traditional blockchain's linear structure, they enable a non-sequential node representation of operations that allows their effective initiating. This paper demonstrates the efficiency of the MetaDAG model integrating blockDAG in the metaverse for carbon footprint reduction in the Moroccan air transportation industry. Based on this, transactions' data will be processed effectively and privately within the interrelated IPFS framework using Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) for the network representation, which will enhance nodes' NFT integration in the metaverse and extension to urban ecosystems for smart cities. Moreover, the framework is tested using OECD dataset displaying the reduction of carbon footprint and increase of carbon credits after the model implementation.
The current trend in building sector approaches involves energy management and local energy communities. These aspects heavily rely on data sourced from sensor networks. However, the data collection mechanisms utilize communication networks, introducing inherent risks in data manipulation. To mitigate these risks, blockchain-based procedures offer benefits by ensuring trust, confidence, and security in data transmission. This work introduces a secure and trustworthy framework based on smart contract development. The framework aims to provide a proof of existence mechanism in data monitoring. A real test scenario serves as a proof of concept, utilizing actual data to demonstrate that the smart contract enhances confidence by ensuring data coherence.
The transition toward sustainable and decentralized energy systems has prompted the emergence of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading systems, challenging traditional centralized models. This paper proposes a smart contract-based P2P energy trading system to foster a resilient and sustainable energy ecosystem. By integrating blockchain technology with P2P energy trading, we introduce trust, security, and transparency into energy transactions. Our solution employs an auction-based mechanism and blockchain oracles to address standardization challenges and enhance the accuracy of energy-related data. Additionally, an advanced identity management system ensures secure access to the trading system. Through smart contracts, energy producers and consumers engage directly in transparent and decentralized transactions. Despite challenges such as regulatory uncertainties and scalability concerns, our solution offers a promising alternative for building a more inclusive and sustainable energy future.
Nowadays, digital evidence plays a significant role in criminal investigations due to the widespread use of technology in daily life. As in the case of physical evidence, digital evidence requires suitable and secure handling and storage processes to guarantee its integrity and be admissible in a court. This paper presents a blockchain-based integrity-proof system that leverages the security features of Hyperledger Fabric to enable secure and reliable evidence. This system also enhances the usability of the blockchain technology, allowing authorities with no technical knowledge to use it. The design and specific implementation are described in detail, resulting in a real prototype for a reliable, secure, and user-friendly criminal evidence integrity-proof system. This system has been successfully used in the analysis of car accidents, resulting in a very useful tool for securing car accident 3D reconstruction and energetic analysis.
In the evolving landscape of connected vehicles, secure and reliable communication between them (V2V) is crucial. In this scenario, a cornerstone is the achievement of the security service of authentication, that is, guaranteeing that right users with the right permissions are those who get specific resources. The present work proposes an authentication system based on Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) to protect Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications. Its implementation is based on the use of the Hyperledger Aries Cloud Agent (ACA-Py) and Arduino platform. The ACA-Py is a key component of the Hyperledger Aries project and has been designed to facilitate the development of Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) services by abstracting developers of the logic of SSI methods. In this work, we have implemented an ACA-py controller on an Arduino SP32 board and conducted a series of experiments to assess its performance, with the aim of evaluating if SSI implementations using low-resource devices as Arduino are feasible. Our findings reveal that, when a proper design and adaptation is done, an ACA-Py controller can be run on an Arduino without any issues. Consequently, an authentication mechanism based on SSI can be integrated as a piece of software in vehicles for helping to protect V2V communications.
Nowadays, Blockchain is generating the interest of diverse companies in implementing it. This technology could generate various advantages by applying cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, decentralized applications (Dapps), or Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) to firms. Still, enterprises do not have sufficient information to develop this potential technology, and there are many challenges they need to solve, such as technological, organizational, environmental, human, or Sustainability. For this reason, it proposes a strategic approach for organizations to implement Blockchain, transforming their business models. Moreover, this research applies design science methodology, generating a new BusinessMmodel Canvas for creating innovative and disruptive businesses with Blockchain implementation in tourism companies. Furthermore, this paper helps firms obtain more information about the performance of Blockchain and how this disruptive technology makes value in their business. This work brings insights to academics and researchers to develop future business models implementing Blockchain through another type of research, like the design science approach.
This research aims to develop and evaluate a framework to handle smart contracts that facilitates and enhances circular economy procedures by utilizing smart contracts to enhance transparency, efficiency, and traceability in supply and recycling chains. The framework simplifies blockchain engagement by enabling the creation, visualization, alteration, and deployment of smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). Designed to support users with limited blockchain experience, it offers tools that allow for interactive manipulation of visual models and direct data input. A survey was conducted among experts and people from the circular economy sector to see if the framework would be helpful in interacting with smart contracts. The findings indicate that the framework significantly enhances the level of confidence and proficiency of users in handling smart contracts, and has the potential to aid in achieving the circular economy objectives.
The purpose of this work is to develop approaches to decision-making in Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) systems and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), and the formation of token-curated ranked registries (TCRRs) through voting. The use of the classical Borda procedure with the implementation of representative democracy is proposed, to choose one alternative out of several. In this procedure, the problems of scalability and the duration of a voter’s ratings are avoided in such cases as representative democracy and voting by the majority rule. We also provide an analysis of the influence of voters on decision-making in a DAO as a form of representative democracy. In this case, the interaction of voters is modeled as a cooperative game in which the solution is determined by the Shapley vector – a sustainable distribution of payoffs of the grand coalition.
We present a novel architectural framework for oracles in Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), crafted to enhance the interaction between smart contracts and external data sources. Oracles play a crucial role in bridging the deterministic nature of blockchains and the dynamic external environment, enabling smart contracts to access real-world data required for their execution. Our architecture introduces a modular design, consolidating data storage and processing to enhance scalability and security throughout the system. The architecture facilitates autonomous task execution crucial for real-time smart contract functionality, activated by customizable conditions to accommodate various use cases ranging from decentralized finance to supply chain management. To promote decentralization and enhance fault tolerance, we recommend establishing oracle networks that utilize robust consensus mechanisms for data consistency and security. Security measures embedded in our framework involve the incorporation of advanced encryption, isolated operational modules, and the utilization of private nodes to safeguard against data tampering and unauthorized access. These tactics safeguard the integrity of data transactions and the dependability of the oracle network. Our proposal aims to increase the significance of oracles within DLT settings, with the goal of promoting broader acceptance and effectiveness in operations. The proposed architectural approach is positioned to offer a solid positioning for the progression of decentralized applications, guaranteeing the safe and dependable incorporation of external data into blockchain ecosystems.
The utilization of blockchain technology in the digital chain of custody within the field of criminalistics, particularly in the examination of digital evidence within the legal and judicial framework, presents a robust solution to ensure the integrity and authenticity of digital evidence. This study examines the integration of blockchain technology into the procedures for handling digital evidence through the use of hash functions to ensure the integrity and legality of the processes conducted, the data collected during ongoing activities, investigations, and forensic analyses; as well as to guarantee their immutability and verifiability. Specific situations in the realm of criminal investigations are analyzed, highlighting the potential of blockchain technology to increase transparency and trust in judicial procedures, which, with the current chain of custody, could lead to doubts and the nullification of evidence. This reduces the risk of digital evidence tampering and simplifies audits and verifications carried out by legal authorities. Some of the analyzed verdicts indicate that the implementation of blockchain enhances the digital chain of custody, improves the efficiency of forensic and legal processes, and ensures greater reliability of the evidence presented in court.
The emergence of blockchain technology is transforming various aspects, including electronic voting (e-voting) systems, which have become increasingly important due to the need for transparency, accessibility, and security in voting processes. This study explores the suitability of four Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatible blockchain platforms-Fantom, Arbitrum One, Avalanche, and Polygon zkEVMfor implementing e-voting systems by evaluating their scalability metrics, including cost, throughput, efficiency, and delay. Fantom performs well in transaction cost and efficiency, similar to Arbitrum One in terms of scalability, offering low delay and high throughput. Avalanche consensus and architecture promise high throughput. Polygon zkEVM zk-Rollups offer scalability with growing infrastructure. The optimal choice of blockchain platform for e-voting systems relies on carefully evaluating the specific scalability requirements of the election scenario.
The inheritance of digital assets is a complex issue requiring various regulations. Individuals leave behind vast digital footprints, including sensitive information that needs careful management after death. The article suggests using Blockchain technology and smart contracts for digital inheritance. It introduces roles like the digital executor and protocols for managing consent. This framework is currently being developed by the Spanish government. By planning your digital estate with these solutions, you can secure its management for future generations.
This scientific research aims to revolutionise the conventional lending process by providing a thorough framework for the creation of a blockchain-based lending platform. The framework provides improved transparency, automation, and risk assessment capabilities by merging Marlowe smart contracts, data science analytics, and transparent transaction recording on the Cardano blockchain. The article discusses and evaluates in detail the benefits, difficulties, and factors to be taken into account while putting such a framework into practice. In the conclusion, the suggested framework has the potential to expedite loan procedures, enhance decision-making, and promote confidence among financial ecosystem participants.
The paradigm of Device as a Service (DaaS) is one where devices are used as part of a service, with the user having no ownership over them. A centralised, web-based approach can be envisioned to support such a business model, but such lacks transparency, availability, and global scalability. A blockchain-based solution is proposed to support such a business model. The concept of a blockchain-assisted DaaS is novel and, by using smart contracts to support key interactions between relevant entities, marks a shift in device ownership, management, and revenue generation.
Social media has emerged as a prominent tool in the digital era, showcasing substantial growth, utilization, and impact within the realm of digital innovation. It epitomizes humanity's deep-seated desires for connectivity, accessibility, visibility, and engagement. Yet, despite its apparent success, it has also brought to light significant drawbacks that have left users in a quandary, such as privacy breaches, centralized control, automated accounts, and unwelcome intrusions. This proposed solution introduces a novel blockchain-based social media platform designed to address these challenges, both real and perceived. By leveraging the unique attributes of blockchain technology-decentralization, security, and transparency-the platform aims to establish a fully decentralized user-controlled system. The implementation of the Lens Protocol, which manages decentralized social networks using zero-knowledge proofs to thwart bot interference, in conjunction with the Polygon Mumbai Blockchain, offers a solution to mitigate transaction fees and combat bot-related activities. Through these innovative technological advancements and user-centric approaches, users will have ownership of their data, social networks, and content, enabling direct monetization opportunities. Additionally, the incorporation of an advanced token gating mechanism will incentivize creators to produce high-quality content. This paper elucidates the detailed methodology, spanning from the technological infrastructure to its practical implementation, laying the groundwork for our contribution to a new paradigm of social media where users are empowered as the primary architects of their content and communities.
Tokenisation is one of the most successful blockchain implementations, including in the public sector, realising its advantages in practice. Advantages include faster and cheaper transaction processing, flexibility, decentralisation, security, and transparency. Process Tokenisation is defined as the adoption of a blockchain for a business process. This study provides a framework to help a public organisation identify the most suitable business process for tokenisation based on expected tokenisation outcomes. Those are the intended results of adopting blockchain as an infrastructure for business processes. The snowball method was adopted to gather the outcomes that compose the framework. The expected tokenisation outcomes synthesised are Intermediaries' Reduction, Trust Enhancement, Digitised Assets, Performance Delivered, Immutability, and Controlled Access. A multiple case study approach was also applied to validate the tokenisation outcomes with three case studies concerning the top three segments of blockchain adoption in the public sector: healthcare, energy, and the food supply chain. As a result, a validated framework to support decision-makers in choosing when blockchain could be optimal for a public sector's business process.
