Background Researchers increasingly group four leadership styles—ethical, authentic, servant, and humble leadership—under the category of “moral leadership” (e.g., Lemoine et al., 2019). Some even have raised concerns about their distinctiveness, warning about construct proliferation (e.g., Banks et al., 2018). Paradoxically, most empirical research continues to study these leadership styles in isolation, leaving uncertainty about their exact degree of conceptual overlap and uniqueness. Methods Using informant data from 999 working adults, this study addressed this gap by (a) examining the internal structure of moral leadership through tests of four competing models—a single-factor, correlated multifactor, higher-order, and bifactor model—and (b) investigating the relationships between the resulting leadership factors and both leader-oriented and follower-oriented correlates. Results The bifactor model—with indicators loading both on a common factor and the specific leadership styles—showed the best fit. Specifically, factor loadings and bifactor indices pointed toward a strong common factor explaining 88% of the variance. Among the remaining 12% of variance shared by the specific factors, humble leadership had the most explanatory power. We further explored the characteristics and nature of the general factor by examining the items’ explained common variance and correlates of the bifactor model. These analyses suggest that the shared variance behind these leadership styles might extend beyond morality (e.g., consideration, liking). Conclusion Overall, our findings uncover the underlying structure of these leadership styles, indicating a need to explore both their common core and specificities in future research.
Introduction With the accelerated development of society, time poverty has become a widespread social phenomenon.Previous scales have suffered from not being comprehensive enough and being too lengthy. Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a Short Version of the Comprehensive Time Poverty Scale (CTPS-SV). Method The present study utilized item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and exploratory graph analysis to conduct an exploratory structural study of time poverty with 1,502 participants (Sample 1). In addition, a formal test was administered to 1,494 participants (Sample 2), and the structure was validated through confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance, validity test, and reliability test. Results The results showed that the CTPS-SV presented a one-factor structure with a cumulative variance of 60.40%; the confirmatory factor model was well fitted with good measurement equivalence; the Cronbach’s α of the CTPS-SV was 0.892; and the CTPS-SV and the Parentification Questionnaire had good criterion-related validity. Conclusion The indicators of reliability and validity of the CTPS-SV meet the requirements of psychometrics, and it is a short, reliable, and valid instrument for assessing time poverty. This study provides valuable data and theoretical guidance for individuals to adjust their time management strategies and for governments to develop relevant intervention policies.
Introduction and objective Since the Covid-19 pandemic, the rise of remote and hybrid work has reshaped employees’ relationship with the workplace as a physical, social, and symbolic space. In a context of increasing retention challenges, this study examined the link between adjustment to work modality (on-site or hybrid) and two dimensions of employees’ psychological bond with their workplace: attachment and belongingness. It also explored whether age, tenure, and contract type moderate these relationships. Method A convenience sample of 211 employees working either on-site or in hybrid arrangements completed an online questionnaire. Linear regression analyses with moderation effects were conducted. Results Employees in hybrid arrangements reported significantly higher adjustment to their work modality than those working exclusively on-site. Adjustment was positively associated with workplace attachment (β = .20, p < .01) and belongingness (β = .36, p < .001). The models explained 13% of the variance in attachment and 16% in belongingness. Contract type moderated the relationship between adjustment to work modality and workplace attachment (β = −.17, p < .05; ΔR² = .05, p = .006), with a positive association for fixed-term employees (β = .36, p < .001) but not for permanent employees (β = .02, p = .88). Conclusion The results indicate that employees’ psychological bond with their workplace depends more on their ability to adjust to the work modality than on the modality itself. Adjustment to work modality is linked to workplace attachment and belongingness; however, the moderating effect of contract type is limited to the adjustment–attachment relationship, which is stronger among fixed–term employees. Supporting employees’ adjustment to work modality may therefore be key to strengthening workplace bonds and improving employee retention.
Objective Gender differences in body image are reported consistently, with women generally having poorer body image which harms their good health and well-being. Nevertheless, the mechanism explaining women's poor body image requires further clarification. This study suggests that the social factor of physical appearance comparison and the personality factor of neuroticism explain the association between gender and body image. Methods Data collected from 458 higher education students in Israel were analyzed using structural equation modeling, examining the mediation model. Results The results indicated that gender is associated with body image through the mechanisms of physical appearance comparison and neuroticism. Women tend to have a poorer body image, primarily because of their greater propensity to compare their physical appearance with others and their higher levels of neuroticism compared to men. Conclusion Overall, the results suggests that both social factors and personality are important in explaining women’s poorer body image. The findings are discussed in terms of the social comparison perspective, gender models of objectification and sociocultural models.
Introduction: Social interactions appear to be linked to the way individuals assess their daily well-being. Stressful day-to-day events may substantially impair psychosocial functioning and trigger coping responses. Objective(s): The main aim of the study was to determine the role of the number and quality of online and offline social interactions in the relationship between daily stressful events and daily well-being. Method: The study included N = 372 participants (273 females; M = 22.22 years, SD = 4.06; age range: 15-50). The authors used the Daily Inventory of Stressful Events, the Scale of Online and Offline Interactions, and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience. A 7-day diary study was conducted. Results: The study revealed that stressful events were negatively related to affective balance. Moreover, there was an indirect effect between daily stressors and affective balance via social interactions. Specifically, the more daily stressors, the more negative emotional experiences both directly and indirectly through lower-quality social interactions. Conclusion: Daily stressors undermine the quality of both online and offline interactions, leading to a poorer emotional balance each day. As everyday stress increases, social relationships tend to deteriorate, resulting in a greater prevalence of negative emotions.
Background Understanding how people construe new health behaviours is important for public health policy and pandemic preparedness. Research suggests that people are willing to adhere to facemask guidance over time, but that this willingness can depend on various factors. To understand people's construal of mandated protective health behaviours, we explored a previously untapped source of knowledge - people's memories from lockdown concerning facemasks - through the Value Belief Norm theory. Methods The sample comprised 68 participants aged 18-72, 53% female, who spontaneously identified facemasks as a lockdown-related object in their prompted memories. Memories were elicited via three open-ended questions involving a general period-cue (i.e., lockdown). The analytical procedure involved (1) Inductive thematic analysis, (2) Theory-led thematic analysis. Results Our thematic analysis showed that facemask wearing was predominantly viewed in self-enhancing, normative, and moral terms. Although participants' responses were not uniformly positive, they showed acceptance and adherence to mandated facemask wearing in memories elicited >9 months after UK guidance announcement. This variability was further evident in expressions of contrasting values. Conclusions The complexity and heterogeneity of the facemask memories revealed a storied and constructed nature of facemask memories, with a remarkable level of details and vividness. Our findings suggest that people's values and individual beliefs contributed to various ways of sensemaking around facemask wearing. In the current exploratory research, the overall picture of the public response to health guidance was that of psychological resilience - people's construed facemask-wearing as a protective health behaviour and supported its uptake. Future directions to enhance public health policy are discussed.
Objective The objective of this study is to examine the effects of hybrid work on working conditions and work organization, management styles, work teams and employee relations, and work-life balance. Method Seventy-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees and managers at French universities (N teleworkers = 49; N non-teleworkers = 26). Results Lexical and morphosyntactic analysis of the interviews reveals that hybrid work improves productivity but significantly reduces informal interactions. The results indicate that teleworking facilitates tasks that require increased concentration but at the same time presents challenges in terms of organizing meetings and designated conversation times. The study suggests that hybrid work increases managers' involvement in supporting employees and work teams. Conclusion This research therefore contributes to the literature by highlighting the practical implications and guidelines for implementing hybrid work in French universities.
Purpose Women face challenges when entering the sales industry, particularly in the manufacturing and automotive sectors, which are still male-dominated. This study was conducted in a multinational tire manufacturer among its trainees. The aim was to examine the gender stereotypes about salespeople, particularly about saleswomen. Additionally, the study aimed to examine the effects of a counter-stereotypical job advertisement on the attractiveness of this male-dominated job. Methodology The study consisted of two parts: free associations and an exposition to a fictitious counter-stereotypical job advertisement. The free associations were analyzed using prototypical analysis, and the effects of the counter-stereotypical job advertisement on job attractiveness were analyzed using multivariate tests. Results The results reveal gender stereotypes about salespeople, with soft skills seemingly associated with saleswomen and agentic/hard selling skills with salesmen. The second part of the study highlights the positive effect of a counter-stereotypical job advertisement on attitudes towards the saleswoman featured in the fictitious job advertisement. Practical implications We encourage firms to promote communications that present specific counter-stereotyped images, as they can convey a pro-inclusion message. Also, we recommend to private firms to strengthen their awareness-raising programs about stereotypes and gender issues in the workplace for both existing employees and prior to hiring women. Originality/value This research contributes to the understanding of gender stereotypes in sales occupations. It provides an exploratory analysis of the impact of these gender stereotypes on the portrayal of salespeople and the effectiveness of counter-stereotypical job advertisements in the tire industry.
Introduction The psychological health of teachers is a critical determinant of educational outcomes. Understanding the internal mechanisms that foster positive work attitudes is essential for sustainable professional commitment. Objective This study examines the effect of psychological well-being on teachers’ job satisfaction. Specifically, it focuses on identifying the mediating roles of dispositional hope and life satisfaction in this relationship. Method A total of 513 teachers participated in the research. Data were collected using the “Dispositional Hope Scale,” “Life Satisfaction Scale,” “Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale,” and “Psychological Well-Being Scale.” Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to determine the direct and parallel mediating effects of hope and life satisfaction. Results Findings revealed that dispositional hope and life satisfaction significantly mediate the relationship between psychological well-being and job satisfaction. Additionally, a parallel mediation effect was identified, suggesting a sequential pathway from well-being to hope, life satisfaction, and finally job satisfaction. Conclusion These results underscore the importance of promoting hope and enhancing life satisfaction to improve teachers’ job satisfaction. Educational policymakers should design interventions that target the development of these psychological resources. Addressing emotional and psychological needs holistically is the first step to improving teachers’ professional satisfaction.
Objective There is growing evidence of the benefits of mindfulness practices for workers’ well-being. However, most studies have focused primarily on hedonic well-being, rather than considering both its hedonic and eudaimonic aspects. Furthermore, the specific mechanisms underlying the effects of mindfulness on workers’ well-being remain understudied. This study examined two potential mediators in the relationship between mindfulness and workers’ well-being: cognitive appraisal (i.e., threat and challenge appraisal) and cognitive decentring. Method It was hypothesised that mindfulness training would enhance workers’ well-being by increasing decentring (the first mediator), which would, in turn, predict changes in cognitive appraisal (the second mediator). This hypothesis was tested using a quasi-experimental design comparing the effects of an eight-week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) programme (n = 31) with those of a waitlist control group (n = 27). Results The intervention improved workers’ well-being, trait mindfulness, decentring, and threat appraisal. No significant effect was found for challenge appraisal. Mindfulness predicted approximately 66% of the variance in workers’ well-being, and increased well-being was mediated by greater decentring, which in turn contributed to a reduction in threat appraisal. Conclusion Mindfulness training enhanced workers’ mental well-being by increasing their capacity to distance themselves from stimuli, thereby reducing their tendency to appraise such stimuli as threatening.
Introduction The built environment plays a significant role in shaping human experiences, particularly in schools, workplaces, and homes, where individuals spend a considerable portion of their time. Objective This holistic scoping review aims to examine how the built environment in schools, workplaces, and homes influences psychological needs satisfaction, motivation, health behaviors, stress and relaxation, and subjective well-being. Method A systematic search of the two databases Scopus and PubMed was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, screening articles from 2014 to 2024. Results The findings indicate that optimal indoor environmental conditions like adequate lighting, comfortable temperatures, good air quality, and access to nature enhance perceived productivity, attention, and relaxation. Flexible spaces that support autonomy and social interaction also improve well-being. Conversely, environmental stressors like noise, poor air quality, and thermal discomfort can increase stress and reduce motivation. To foster well-being in diverse environments, it is suggested to integrate biophilic design features, offer personal control over building systems, and ensure optimal acoustic conditions. Conclusion The review highlights the importance of designing built environments that cater to occupants' physical, cognitive, and psychological needs. While many studies demonstrate correlations between environmental factors and perceptive and behavioral outcomes, the quality of research varies, with a need for more rigorous longitudinal and experimental designs to establish causal relationships and long-term effects.
Introduction The phenomenon of attention capture by faces has been extensively studied, revealing that faces are a unique visual category capable of capturing attention. This study aimed to investigate how emotional faces, specifically happy and angry faces, capture attention. Hypotheses This study hypothesized that angry faces would capture attention more effectively than neutral or happy faces, resulting in longer response times. Additionally, it was expected that angry faces would be categorized more quickly than neutral or happy faces due to the perceived threat they represent. Method Two experiments were conducted using a visual search paradigm based on Langton et al. (2008). Participants were instructed to locate butterflies among a circular array of stimuli, with emotional faces (happy, angry, and neutral) randomly displayed as one of the distractors in different locations. The stimuli were presented both upright (Experiment 1a) and inverted (Experiment 1b). In the second experiment, participants were asked to locate faces regardless of their emotional expression or location, despite the presence of butterflies in the circular array. Results In the first experiment, upright angry faces led to increased response times, suggesting that they captured attention more effectively than neutral or happy faces. This attentional advantage was not observed for neutral or happy faces. In the second experiment, angry faces were categorized more quickly than neutral or happy faces, indicating that they were processed more efficiently. Discussion The findings suggest that angry faces capture attention and are processed more efficiently than other facial expressions, supporting the notion that emotional threat-related stimuli, such as angry faces, hold a special status in attention mechanisms.
Introduction/literature findings The century-old Rorschach test is as controversial as it is well-known, and the subject of an ongoing, but still inconclusive debate about its validity and reliability. This debate is not inconsequential, as the test is still frequently used in clinical and forensic work. In addition to the psychometric aspects, there are social and cognitive psychological assumptions that underlie the test and that have hitherto been underexposed. We identify some of these assumptions and examine them with reference to contemporary social and cognitive psychological research. Discussion Despite empirical evidence for some of the assumptions underlying the Rorschach test, most of them are not scientifically supported, thereby calling into question the scientific foundations of the test. Conclusion Practitioners and academics should therefore critically reconsider the use of the Rorschach test given the heightened risk of errors in decision-making that it may cause.
Introduction International research studies, such as PISA and PIRLS, have shown that students with disadvantaged socioeconomic status (SES) and with an immigrant background present lower reading comprehension. The literature indicates that a gap in reading performance exists between socioeconomically disadvantaged and advantaged students from the early stages of learning to read and that this gap is likely to persist in the absence of intervention.The school environment is not always able to provide targeted intervention for students with reading difficulties. GraphoGame, a computer game focused on letter identification and word decoding, can effectively support reading acquisition, as suggested by studies in different languages and countries. However, few studies have focused on the potential value of GraphoGame as a reading intervention tool for students with decoding difficulties attending a low-SES school with a high proportion of language minority students, where instruction is provided in French. Objective The aim of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that using GraphoGame with struggling readers attending a low-SES school, who were mostly language minority students and who received French language instruction, improved basic reading skills. The participants were second-grade students with persistent decoding difficulties despite one year of reading instruction. We also assessed whether the difference in reading performance between the students identified in the study as struggling readers who benefited from GraphoGame and the students identified as the best readers was reduced on reading tasks. Method We compared, in a group of 20 students, the gains obtained with GraphoGame to the gains obtained with a control activity in different reading tasks (knowledge of letters, grapheme-phoneme conversions, pseudowords reading, GraphoGame words reading, text reading rate). For this purpose, we used a crossover design with two groups, two conditions (GraphoGame and a control activity) and two intervention periods of 5 weeks each. Both groups, matched on the different reading measures and on control measures (receptive vocabulary, productive vocabulary and nonverbal reasoning), were assigned the two conditions successively but in a different sequence: one group practiced GraphoGame first and then the control activity, while the other group practiced the control activity first and then GraphoGame. Furthermore, during both intervention periods, all 20 students participated in sessions of reading remediation for half an hour a week. The results were analyzed with frequentist and Bayesian statistics. Results Statistical analyses indicated that the participants obtained better gains after the GraphoGame intervention than after the control activity on the different reading tasks. Moreover, the gap between struggling readers and best readers was reduced in the pseudowords reading task. Conclusion The study suggested that GraphoGame, when used in the school context, can improve the reading decoding skills of struggling second-grade readers attending low-SES schools and mostly from language minorities who, without intervention, had made little progress in learning to read in their first year of schooling.
Introduction Pro-ecological actions typically demand additional time and energy. Behaviours that do not harm the environment are rarely the most convenient or simple. Questionnaire studies of pro-ecological behaviour typically ignore the costs of pro-ecological behaviours. To address this, we developed ‘WeCycle’, a web application that allows to observe pro-environmental behaviour through participants’ online actions. Methods We performed a series of analyses (N = 701) to validate the tool as a reliable pro-ecological behaviour indicator. First, we correlated the application results with the most popular pro-ecological questionnaires: the New Ecological Paradigm and General Ecological Behaviour. Furthermore, we examined the correlation between WeCycle application results and participants’ expression of support for pro-ecological solutions. Results Data from the application showed positive statistically significant correlations with all the ecological indicators considered.Conclusions The obtained results support the possibility of using the WeCycle application in research to explore the pro-ecological nature of individuals and as a reasonable alternative to existing declarative measurements.
Objectives The purpose of the present study was to investigate relations between career decision self-efficacy, exploratory actions, career indecision, and social support dimensions, based on the model of career self-management (Lent & Brown, 2013) and following two approaches (variable-oriented and person-oriented). Method In line with self-determination theory, we identified social support dimensions that varied in either source (parents vs. peers) or function (autonomy support vs. control). Scales measuring these variables were administered to a sample of 153 students (130 women, 23 men; Mage = 22.44). Results If we refer to the variable-oriented approach, results of paths analyses confirmed expected relations between self-efficacy, exploratory actions, and career indecision. However, only one dimension of social support was significantly related to these variables (i.e., parental control for career indecision). If we refer to the person-oriented approach, a latent profile analysis revealed three profiles corresponding to combinations of different levels on social support dimensions. Participants with these profiles differed on career decision self-efficacy, exploratory actions, and career indecision. Discussion Our results highlight the respective contribution of each approach. They are compared with previous findings and their practical implications are discussed.
Introduction: This study aimed to validate the French version of the Interpersonal Emotion Regulation for Couples Scale (SIERC). The SIERC is a 22-item scale consisting of two forms: The SIERC-A assesses the perception of one's own ability to regulate the partner's emotions and the SIERC-B assesses the perception of the partner's ability to regulate one's own emotions. Method: A total of 259 French-speaking participants (19-67 years, 215 females) from Switzerland completed the French version of the SIERC. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factorial structure of the original scale was confirmed in the French version. The Swiss sample was compared to the Spanish sample, on which the scale was originally developed, to test for measurement invariance. Results showed that strong invariance was achieved for the first-and second-order factors of the SIERC-A and the SIERC-B. Convergent and discriminant validity was obtained by correlating both forms of the SIERC with other variables known to be associated with interpersonal emotion regulation, such as emotional competence, attachment, or marital satisfaction. Discussion: According to the results, the French version of the SIERC is a valid instrument to assess interpersonal emotion regulation in couples.
Introduction Workplace multitasking, commonly viewed as the simultaneous engagement in two or more tasks, is a prevalent practice in modern work environments aimed at managing competing demands effectively. Despite its critical role in shaping individual behavioral performance and well-being, research on workplace multitasking remains fragmented and lacks integration. Objective This review aims to synthesize existing literature on workplace multitasking and provide a systematic framework. It consolidates various theoretical perspectives, definitions, antecedents, consequences, and moderators of workplace multitasking, proposes an integrative theoretical model, and identifies potential avenues for future research. Method This review adheres to the guidelines established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, analyzing 123 published articles related to workplace multitasking from January 2004 to April 2024. Results The review introduces a systematic framework for workplace multitasking and offers a refined definition. It categorizes the antecedents of multitasking into technological, personal, and environmental factors. It also examines the consequences of multitasking, classifying them as either impairments or enrichments across emotional, cognitive, behavioral, physiological, and social domains. Additionally, it identifies moderators across three aspects: contextual factors, personality characteristics, and personal resources. Conclusion Drawing upon the proposed framework, this review suggests an integrative theoretical model on the consequences of workplace multitasking for future research. Furthermore, it highlights substantial opportunities to move beyond individual considerations, offering a more holistic examination of how workplace multitasking arises, its broader impacts, and strategies to mitigate negative effects while enhancing positive outcomes.
Introduction. - The Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised Short-Form (SPSI-R:SF) is a self-report questionnaire which measures social problem-solving skills. Objective. - This study aims to examine the psychometric qualities of a French version of the SPSI-R:SF, in two samples of young French adults (for both samples: aged 18 to 30 years, Mage = 24 years, SD = 3.4). Method and results. - An exploratory factor analysis revealed a five dimensional model, two dimensions relating to orientation, namely positive problem orientation (PPO) and negative problem orientation (NPO), and three dimensions relating to problem-solving styles, namely rational problem-solving style (RPS), impulsive/carelessness style (ICS) and avoidance style (AS). A confirmatory factor analysis showed that this model has adequate psychometric properties for a 24-item version. Results also indicate good internal consistency, test-retest reliability as well as convergent validity. Furthermore, the SPSI-R:SF was able to distinguish in a significant manner low and high levels of depressive symptomatology. Conclusion. - The French version of the SPSI-R:SF appears to be a valid instrument for emerging adults. (c) 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Objective Although a high percentage of people seek the help of psychologists, there is an indeterminate group of people who do not do so or even show some opposition. The main objective of the present study was to develop a theory-based typology of motives for resistance to seek psychological treatment. More specifically, to examine the structure of these motives, to determine their strength, and to relate them to the demographic characteristics of the participants. Method Spanish participants (n = 706) of different ages agreed to complete an online survey that included 37 motives for no seeking psychological help (e.g., consultation would make me extremely anxious) inspired by Reversal Theory. Results Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analyses suggested a six-factor structure of motives. They were labeled, in descending order of endorsement: Unpleasant Experience, No Time-No Money, Fear of Losing Autonomy, Lack of Clear Purpose, Fear of Stigmatization, and Social Models. They correlated with demographic characteristics in a meaningful way. Conclusion If action is to be taken to encourage consultation, two main barriers should be addressed: (a) make consultation accessible to all, both financially and in terms of time, and (b) ensure that the patient does not feel uncomfortable during the sessions.
