In this study, I examine how player rights should be accounted for under domestic regulations, international standards and the UEFA Club Licensing regulations. My aim is to identify the similarities and differences between these systems, with a particular focus on the determination of the initial cost of player rights, their measurement and their derecognition. The findings of the analysis are intended to provide guidance for sports organisations on how to implement these rules in practice.
The tourism sector has faced significant challenges over the past decades, reaching a critical peak during the COVID-19 global pandemic. These challenges have highlighted the urgent need for resilience and innovation within the sector, as well as the demand for the introduction of novel solutions. In response, the European Union has introduced strategic frameworks to strengthen the sector, including the Blueprint strategy and various sectoral initiatives such as the HyPro4ST project.This case study examines the conceptual and practical frameworks of the HyPro4ST initiative, with particular emphasis on the development of a new professional profile—the Sustainable Hybrid Project Manager—aimed at enhancing workforce resilience, sustainability, and digital readiness in the tourism sector.
The rise of social media has fundamentally transformed the tools for building and maintaining personal and corporate brands. Leaders today are not only responsible for achieving organizational goals but have also become key figures in shaping their company's credibility and public perception. Leadership personal branding and the emergence of leaders as influencers show a strong connection to the long-term success and competitiveness of organizations. This study analyzes the role of leaders as influencers, with a particular focus on how they utilize the opportunities provided by social media to consciously build their personal brands. The role of influencers in fostering authentic and personal connections, as well as influencing consumer decisions, is highlighted, especially in the case of leaders with medium to large followings. A leader's presence on social media can strengthen corporate image, foster brand loyalty, and deepen consumer engagement. Based on relevant literature and case studies, the research explores how leaders' digital skills and social media strategies contribute to the success of personal branding and how this, in turn, impacts the organization's image. The study places special emphasis on the relevance of influencer marketing, which today serves not only as a promotional tool but also as a key element of consumer relations and organizational communication.
Pathogen-stress and terror-management theories predict that lethal epidemics heighten parochial cooperation. We test this prediction experimentally in two nationally representative US samples surveyed before and at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We compare trust and expected trustworthiness across the two waves in monetarily incentivized trust games involving non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans and Hispanics. We find significant ingroup favouritism in both waves. However, the aggregate ingroup premium fell by about one-half between waves. This decline was concentrated among left-leaning and moderate respondents. While non-Hispanic Whites tended to reduce their ingroup bias in expected trustworthiness, the opposite was found for African Americans. Respondents more exposed to COVID-19 displayed higher intergroup trust, altruism and expected trustworthiness than others. These results contradict the hypothesis that lethal epidemics intensify parochialism, also suggesting that the response may be diversified across groups.
This study investigates the strategic significance of personal branding within the creative economy by analyzing the digital rebranding of an Indonesian artist on Instagram. It examines the role of consistent visual identity, authenticity, and value-driven content in enhancing audience engagement and fortifying brand equity over time. The findings, derived from a qualitative descriptive method utilizing in-depth interviews and content analysis, indicate that personal branding serves both as a communication tool and a business strategy that improves visibility, revenue potential, and career sustainability. The research highlights Instagram's efficacy as a medium for musicians to convey their artistic development and social identity. This research elucidates how creative professionals utilize digital media for strategic repositioning in a competitive cultural market, providing valuable insights for academic inquiry and practical applications in digital branding.
This study analyses ethnic diversity and player migration in the Hungarian top-tier football league (NB I) over the 2021–2024 seasons. The research builds on a self-compiled quantitative dataset of 130 observations using secondary statistics from Transfermarkt and the official database of the Hungarian Football Federation. The findings show no significant direct correlation between the proportion of foreign players and team performance, measured by final league standings, as indicated by both Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. Instead, team success appears to be driven by a complex set of factors, including coaching quality, financial resources, long-term club strategy, youth development, organizational stability and team cohesion, in line with international evidence on the link between diversity and performance in professional football. The study also highlights the hybrid nature of the Hungarian football labour market, where the share of domestic players has increased while foreign players still occupy key positions, particularly in attacking roles. From a labour market and strategic perspective, the paper argues for a balanced and sustainable player policy in NB I clubs.
The aim of this study is to examine the search engine optimization (SEO) keywords that influence the online visibility of a hotel in Debrecen, with particular attention to the structural characteristics (length), search volume, and estimated organic traffic of the keywords, as well as the relationships between them. The quantitative analysis was based on a database of 695 Hungarian keywords collected from the Semrush platform. The data were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods – correlation tests, analysis of variance, linear regression, and curve fitting. According to our results, keyword length is not significantly related to traffic or search volume. However, search volume has a weak but statistically significant positive relationship with organic traffic, meaning that more searched keywords typically generate more organic traffic. However, the low explanatory power of the regression models suggests that the variables examined alone are only very limited in their ability to predict traffic. The results have practical implications in the fields of content optimization and keyword research.
Over the past decade, the dynamic expansion of the second-hand clothing market has redefined the position of both the global and local fashion industries. Heightened societal expectations regarding sustainability, the growing critique of fast fashion, and the rapid advancement of online marketplaces have collectively contributed to the recognition of second-hand apparel as a socially accepted and economically significant alternative. The trade in pre-owned garments has emerged as one of the most frequently cited illustrations of the circular economy, as it facilitates resource conservation, reduces textile waste, and yields substantial environmental benefits. Nevertheless, second-hand purchasing should not be regarded solely as an environmental matter; it also warrants examination from economic, social, and psychological perspectives. Consumer motivations are shaped by a variety of factors, including affordability, commitment to sustainability, and the pursuit of fashion individuality. The present study seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of the second-hand clothing market through five key dimensions: environmental impacts, consumer behavior, economic implications, online versus offline shopping channels, and the interrelations between the global and the Hungarian markets.
The concept of sustainability is associated with Lester Russell Brown, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute, who mentioned the concept of sustainability in his 1981 book Building a Sustainable Society, which deals with the realization of a sustainable society. The concept of sustainable development was first formulated in the UN's Brundtland Report, Our Common Future, in 1987. The report defined sustainable development as taking into account environmental, social, and economic pillars and their interactions. Today, financial experts and investors place great emphasis on environmental, social, and corporate governance aspects in addition to financial performance when evaluating companies. By preparing and publishing sustainability reports, companies help stakeholders make informed decisions. In order to improve sustainability indicators, the decision-making bodies of the European Union support the publication of such documents and the extension of the obligation to prepare them to as wide a range of companies as possible. In November 2022, the European Parliament adopted the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). Various standards have been developed over the years to improve the quality of sustainability reports and to make companies' sustainability efforts more comparable. The data points of the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) describe the information and data that must be disclosed in relation to a company's environmental, social, and governance sustainability issues, provided that the topic in question is considered material according to the reporting company's double materiality analysis. The study presents the points belonging to the social pillar of the ESRS, supported by examples from companies' published sustainability reports.
Poorly managed change management and liquidation proceedings are often causally linked. Proactive and effective change management strategies can reduce the likelihood of going into liquidation. However, if the organization cannot adapt properly to changing circumstances, it can ultimately result in the initiation of liquidation proceedings. Understanding this connection, recognizing the challenges that arise as a result of changes in a timely manner, and then choosing the appropriate change management strategy can be vital for the survival of companies. In this paper, I address the case of organizations failing to avoid liquidation. I will present how the most well-known change management theories can help manage organizational change during liquidation, and through a concrete example – from the perspective of the liquidator as a court-appointed insolvency expert – how change management activities are actually implemented in practice.
Since our country’s accession to the European Union, we refer to project implementation when a (business) development activity is carried out using European Union funds and financial support. For the 2021–2027 period, Hungary has access to a cohesion fund budget of more than EUR 26,135.7 million, including national co-financing. The total amount of funding available to beneficiaries is approximately HUF 10,000 billion. However, for these available resources to truly contribute to Hungary’s economic and social development, numerous grant projects must be initiated and successfully implemented. The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to present the process, tools, and significance of project controlling through a case study—the implementation of the Supporting Youth Entrepreneurship in the Northern Great Plain Region project—highlighting the essential components of project success. On the other hand, it seeks to emphasize the role of project controlling in ensuring the efficient utilization of significant financial resources.
The aviation industry has become a rapidly growing sector in a turbulent environment over the past decade, especially in the case of ULCC (Ultra Low-Cost Carrier) airlines in Europe. The growth of these kinds of airlines has led to volatile airport revenues, further diversified by AI and digitalisation. The aim of this paper is to analyse, through a systematic review, the role of controlling methods in this context, with a particular focus on Europe and the Central and Eastern European market. The research was conducted using the PRISMA method on the Scopus and Web of Science databases, covering the period 2005–2025. The study is structured around three main topics: cost-cutting methods of ULCC airlines, opportunities for increasing airport revenues, and the effects of digitalisation on the aviation industry, especially on controlling systems. The results show that controlling methods are not uniform and are often unable to adapt to a rapidly changing environment and operational complexity. One of the main conclusions of this research is that it may be worthwhile to create an entirely new, industry-specific controlling method that synthesises the principles of ULCC operations, airport management, and the improvement opportunities brought by digitalisation. The primary goal of this paper is to provide a foundation for further research and for the development of such a model.
The market for plant-based milk alternatives is one of the fastest-growing segments in the functional beverage industry, driven in recent years by health-conscious lifestyles, sustainability considerations, and changing food purchasing habits. This study aims to present current consumer trends and motivations, as well as to explore the economic significance of plant-based milk alternatives in the European Union and Hungary. The research is based on secondary market data analysis and two focus group studies, which provided insights into consumer attitudes and perceptions related to advertising activities. The analysis covers revenue data from the largest markets, the diversity of consumption drivers, and the visual and messaging elements found in communication strategies. The findings may contribute to defining target group–oriented marketing communication and identifying opportunities for market development.
The aim of this research was to investigate the spread of fintech innovations, particularly digital payment solutions, and the related issues of data protection. Based on the questionnaire survey, it can be concluded that younger generations are more open to innovative fintech solutions, use them more frequently, and are less concerned about potential risks and dangers. In contrast, older age groups exhibit different characteristics. The acceptance of digital solutions increases with the level of education, especially in the case of innovations such as online banking or mobile payments. However, openness to the application of artificial intelligence in finance is still in its infancy, and no significant correlation was found between educational attainment and openness to AI-based financial services. The analysis also placed strong emphasis on issues of security and trust. The results show that while age influences which payment method individuals consider the safest, education level does not have a significant effect on this perception. These findings suggest that attitudes towards innovation are influenced not only by age-related characteristics but also, in some cases, by the level of education. Overall, the research highlights a growing acceptance of digital financial solutions, particularly among young people, but it also emphasizes the ongoing importance of trust—especially from the perspective of older generations and users concerned about data protection.
I argue that economists' distinction between 'pure' and 'applied' economic theory is often based on papers' stylistic markers rather than their methodology or scope. I illustrate this point with a model of price competition for boundedly rational consumers, due to Piccione and Spiegler. I first present its original, 'pure style' version. I then offer several 'applied style' modifications, and speculate how audiences would react to the various versions.
We examine how changes in task content over time condition occupational wage development. Using survey data from Germany, we document substantial heterogeneity in within-occupation changes in task content. Combining this evidence with administrative data on individual employment outcomes over a 25-year period, we find important heterogeneity in wage penalties amongst jobs that were initially routine-task-intensive. While occupations that remain (relatively) routine-intensive generate substantial wage penalties, occupations with a decreasing routine intensity experience stable or even increasing wages. These findings suggest that changing task profiles of occupations is an important adaptation mechanism to technological change. They cannot be explained by composition or cohort effects.
How individuals make trade-offs between socially proximate or distant groups impacts upon a wide range of social, political and economic behaviours. This paper exploits Norwegian administrative register data over the 2012-2022 period to assess whether, and if so how, such '(moral) universalism' develops as individuals age and go through major life events. We show that ageing is associated with increases in universalism in early adulthood and declining universalism among older individuals, but the magnitude of these changes remains very small. Similarly, major life events-such as starting higher education, first-time parenthood, positive income shocks and retirement-are linked to at best minor and short-lived changes in universalism. These results add important insights regarding the (in)stability of individuals' value orientations during adulthood, and raise new questions about the potential influence of broader social forces on universalism across cohorts.
Researchers have sought to quantify the extent of inequality that is inherited from previous generations or factors that are predetermined at birth in multiple ways, including a large body of work on intergenerational mobility and inequality of opportunity. Many of the most frequently used approaches to measuring mobility or inequality of opportunity fit within a general framework that involves, as a first step, an estimation of the extent to which inherited personal characteristics can predict current incomes. We suggest a new approach, within that broad framework, that is sensitive to differences across the entire conditional distributions of relevant population subgroups, rather than just in their means. Sensitivity to differences in higher moments of the conditional distributions allows for a comprehensive assessment of inherited inequality. We apply this approach to household income distributions in China, India, South Africa and the USA, to illustrate how the method performs in different settings. We find that inherited inequality accounts for large shares of total inequality, from 36% in the USA to 59% in China, 62% in India, and 81% in South Africa.
Anton Chekhov's story 'The ninny' meets the question: 'What is the meaning of economic theory?'
This paper investigates the impact of creativity on technological advancement, long-term economic development, and social welfare, where creativity is determined endogenously through interactions within social networks. The analysis shows that an economy remains stagnant, exhibiting neither networking nor long-term growth, when the size of the creative class falls below a positive threshold. Once this threshold is exceeded, active networking between creative and non-creative individuals emerges, fostering sustained technological progress and income growth. The model is calibrated and used to simulate the transition from stagnation to sustained growth. The results indicate meaningful welfare gains from such a transition, driven by the cumulative effects of technological progress facilitated by networking.
