OBJECTIVE:To compare point-of-care (POC) glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and random plasma glucose (RPG) as a POC screening tool for prediabetes and diabetes in migrant farm workers of eastern North Carolina.DESIGN:Prospective, observational, single-center study.SETTING:Federally qualified community health center in eastern North Carolina, from August to October 2011.PARTICIPANTS:Migrant farm workers 18 years or older who resided in a migrant camp in eastern North Carolina.INTERVENTION:Diabetes screening using POC A1C and RPG via fingerstick followed by venipuncture A1C and basic metabolic panel in individuals with a positive screening.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Positive predictive value (PPV) of POC A1C and RPG, incidence of positive screening, incidence of confirmed diagnosis, concordance rate of the screening tools, and correlation between POC A1C and laboratory A1C.RESULTS:206 workers participated in the screenings; screening identified 39 individuals with a POC A1C greater than 5.7% and 1 individual with both an RPG of 200 mg/dL or more and a POC A1C greater than 5.7%. Of the 39 individuals found to have a positive screening, 24 presented to Carolina Family Health Centers, Inc., for follow-up venipuncture; however, 1 participant did not have a venipuncture A1C, leaving 23 individuals with complete data. Two participants were diagnosed with diabetes and 17 with prediabetes. POC A1C had a PPV of 82.6%; however, the PPV of RPG could not be calculated due to the number of participants lost to follow-up. POC A1C correlated well with laboratory A1C regardless of time to follow-up.CONCLUSION:POC A1C should be considered for diabetes screening in high-risk populations. If the screening had been performed with RPG alone, 38 individuals would have gone undetected. Early identification of individuals with elevated blood glucose will likely decrease the risk of long-term complications.
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La morfea es una enfermedad de la piel que se manifiesta en forma de inflamación y fibrosis. En niños y jóvenes, también se conoce como esclerodermia juvenil localizada. En edad infantil, afecta con mayor frecuencia al sexo femenino y la edad de comienzo se ha establecido en torno a los 5-7 años. Una clasificación reciente divide la morfea en: circunscrita (en placas), lineal, generalizada, panesclerótica y mixta. Alrededor de un 40% de los pacientes presentan manifestaciones extracutáneas.Los tratamientos empleados en morfea infantil son: fototerapia, calcitriol oral, calcipotriol tópico, tacrolimus 0,1% tópico, metotrexato, glucocorticoides tópicos y sistémicos, mofetil micofenolato, bosentán e imiquimod 5% tópico. Diversas medidas de resultado pueden ayudar a monitorizar el tratamiento. Los estudios pronósticos son escasos, pero apuntan hacia una enfermedad con tendencia a un curso crónico o intermitente-recurrente y una frecuencia considerable de secuelas.Morphea is an inflammatory, fibrosing skin disorder. When it occurs in childhood, it is also known as localized juvenile scleroderma. It is more common in girls and typically appears around the age of 5 to 7 years. According to a recent classification system, morphea is divided into 5 types: circumscribed (plaque), linear, generalized, pansclerotic, and mixed. Approximately 40% of patients present extracutaneous manifestations. Childhood morphea is treated with phototherapy, oral or topical calcitriol, topical tacrolimus 0.1%, methotrexate, topical or systemic corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil, bosentán, and topical imiquimod 5%. A variety of measuring tools are used to monitor response to treatment. Few prognostic studies have been conducted, but findings to date suggest that the disease tends to run a chronic or intermittent-recurrent course and frequently causes sequelae.
1490 pharmacists members of the Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Association were surveyed by mail in October 1970 to compare attitides with a similar survey in Washington State reported May 1970. Questions were asked of personal background population size served and location of pharmacy in the community whether contraceptives were sold and if so were they displayed frequency customers requested advice on contraception pharmacists attitude toward sale to unmarried or married minors and opinion on control of sale and distribution. 52% responded. The majority were male (93%) married (91%) Caucasian (99%) aged 20-59 years--statistics which corresponded with the Washington survey. Attitudes were similar with regard to kinds of contraceptives displayed and sales to unmarried minors (1/4 responding negatively with age and religion significant). Pharmacists were rarely asked for contraceptive advice. 2/3 thought there should be some control over distribution of contraceptives. Since their reasons for this stand were unknown it was suggested that there be further study of why this response was made. This study differed from the Washington study in that it showed no correlation between size of community location of pharmacy ages and sex of children or sex and race of pharmacist with sale of contraceptives to unmarried minors or in display of contraceptives. In response to an additional question not on the original survey 89% had never been approached by an authorative organization concerning the selling or display of contraceptives.
By determining the degree of irritation caused in the derma by solutions of substances in common pharmaceutical use, it can be shown that these solutions may be divided into two categories: those which exert an osmotic pressure (because they do not pass through the cell membrane) and those which exert no osmotic pressure (because they do pass through the cell membrane). Injectable solutions prepared with substances of the second group must be rendered isotonic by the addition of the same quantity of a product not freely diffusible through the cell membrane which would be necessary to render distilled water isotonic. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that slightly hypertonic solutions are better tolerated than isotonic solutions and, hence, when desiring to prepare a well tolerated injectable solution of a substance whose osmotic pressure is not known and cannot be determined by a biological method, 0.9 per cent of NaCl may be added.
The results of a study of the anatomy of the stem of Morinda citrifolia L. are described. A preliminary report of the pharmacodynamic study of a 95 per cent alcoholic extract of the root on the isolated uterine horn of an albino rat showed some measure of sedation using doses of 1 to 5,000 to 1 to 36,000. A water decoction of the crude whole root, injected intravenously in the anesthetized dog, in a dose representing 4 Gm. produced a marked lowering of blood pressure which lasted approximately twenty-six minutes. It appears that the hypotensor activity resides in the water-soluble fraction of the root of Morinda citrifolia. The results of in vivo experiments gave evidence of a low order of toxicity of Morinda citrifolia root.
An improved synthesis of benzofuran-2-carboxaldehyde and 2-methylbenzofuran-3-carboxaldehyde and the preparation of twenty-three new derivatives are reported. They were evaluated against three pathogenic fungi, together with some other derivatives which have been described in the literature. Some of these compounds showed significant in vitro antifungal activity. Of all the compounds tested, including the standard, undecylenic acid, benzofuran-2-carboxaldehyde exhibited high activity in every case against all three organisms. A discussion of the activity and structure relationship is based on the data resulting from this investigation. Further studies seem to be warranted.
A procedure for the determination of sodium pentobarbital and sodium thiopental under rigidly standardized conditions of extraction, using Allen's absorption factor, is described. This method makes possible the reliable quantitative determination of 1 mcg./ml. or smaller concentration differences. In an appendix Allen's absorption factor for sodium pentobarbital is derived.
A homolog of acetylsalicylic acid, β -( o -ace-toxyphenyl)propionic acid, has been made successfully. Its toxicity and, analgesic properties have been determined on rats. It has been found to have analgesic properties in rheumatic patients. No free salicylic acid is eliminated in the urine. It appears that this compound does not exert its analgesic properties as a salicylate.
Three plastic syringes were evaluated as to their ability to bind a number of weak organic acids. Polyethylene and polystyrene syringes did not interact with any of the seven agents included in the binding study. Benzoic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-aminobeazoic acid, and salicylic acid were bound to various degrees by the nylon syringes. No interaction was noted with any of the syringes and acetylsalicylic acid, phénobarbital, or barbital. The degree of binding was influenced by concentration, temperature, and diffusion.
When tropine is esterified with an appropriate acid, an active antispasmodic results. In order to study a change in the linkage between the nitrogen ring system and the acid moiety, a series of glycidic esters was prepared utilizing tropinone as the starting ketone in the Darzens condensation. Another series was prepared utilizing 1-methyl-4-piperidone.
A number of 4-diethylamino-2-butynyl esters and 1,4-bis-N-substituted amino-2-butynes were prepared. The compounds, in the form of their hydrochloride and/or methiodide salts, were tested in vitro against three fungi causing dermatomycoses. Several compounds exhibited good activity in comparison to the control compound, sodium undecylenate. The most effective compound in this investigation was 4- diethylamino-2-butynyl o-toluate hydrochloride.
An easily constructed apparatus for the uniform agitation of solute-solvent combinations is described. It can be used effectively in many laboratory mixing problems.
Quantitative relationships between the dose and incidence, latent period, duration of action, cumulative and minute responses of the apomorphine-induced pecking syndrome are described.
