Family and domestic violence and abuse (FDVA) is a major public health issue. Emergency Departments (EDs) are critical points of contact: women affected by intimate partner violence attend EDs at triple the rate of unaffected women, and 44% of women killed by a partner presented to an ED in the 2 years prior. Normalisation of comprehensive responses is important to sustain effective care. This scoping review synthesises research regarding implementation of FDVA care models within ED, guided by Normalisation Process Theory (NPT). Systematic searches of Medline, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus identified relevant peer-reviewed publications from 1995 to 2025. Two independent reviewers screened 1,529 records; 25 met inclusion criteria (reporting implementation of FDVA models of care in ED). Extracted data were mapped to NPT to identify common themes. Eleven studies described implementation and at least two components of comprehensive care, and seven addressed all components (referral in, context of care, care delivered - the most common, referral out). Mapping to NPT revealed key themes: Coherence, driven by a 'Dedicated FDVA Practitioner' and the 'Novel Care Model'; Cognitive Participation, described as 'Hit and Miss'; Collective Action, featuring models 'Born of the ED' and 'Confidence'; Reflexive Monitoring - highlighting 'Individual Stories' and 'Closed-loop' communication as key motivators. This scoping review identified key commonalities in the current literature that support normalisation of comprehensive FDVA care within EDs. Further research is needed that explicitly addresses both comprehensive care models and their implementation. NPT is a valuable framework for research on implementing FDVA models of care.
Military sexual trauma (MST) poses a significant public health concern within military populations, with enduring health consequences including the development of eating disorders (EDs). This review synthesizes existing literature to explore the association between MST and EDs among U.S. military populations. A systematic search of electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO was conducted. Inclusion criteria included observational studies published in peer-reviewed journals, conducted within U.S. military samples, and examining the relationship between MST and EDs among primarily adult populations. Studies were assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and quantitative synthesis was performed using a random effects model. No studies were found among active-duty service members. Seven studies using Veteran samples met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 3,377,396 participants. Veterans who experienced MST had 2.42 times the odds of EDs or symptoms compared to those without MST history (OR = 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) [2.04, 2.87]). Notably, all included studies were conducted using data prior to 2012 (2002-2012) calling for updated research reflecting the changes in diagnostic criteria for EDs with the DSM-V. This review highlights the need for research on MST and EDs in active-duty populations, and targeted interventions to address the increased risk of EDs among Veterans with a history of MST.
Previous research regarding the association between relative deprivation and aggression has yielded inconsistent findings, and the moderating mechanisms underlying this association remain underexplored. In this study, we evaluated the association between relative deprivation and aggression among Chinese young people by using a three-level meta-analysis. A three-level random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on 73 independent studies (including 184 effect sizes; 75,758 participants) published between 2015 and 2025. The main effect analysis revealed a robust and significant positive correlation between relative deprivation and aggression. Moderation analyses demonstrated that both mean age and common prosperity index moderated this association, while gender (percentage of males), sampling methods (random vs. convenience), study designs (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal), publication types (journal articles vs. dissertations), and aggression subtypes (self-directed vs. other-directed; offline vs. online) did not moderate the association. These findings suggest the critical effects of developmental and macroeconomic factors in this association, as well as significant theoretical and practical implications for the early identification and prevention of young people's violence (other-directed) and suicidal behavior (self-directed).
This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted across multiple databases, including MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, ERIC, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, the Published International Literature on Traumatic Stress, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP Database), and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. The search commenced in June 2022 and was updated in April 2024. Studies were identified using keywords such as "PTSD AND (psychosocial interventions OR psychotherapy) AND randomized controlled trial." The inclusion criteria were psychological and psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents with traumatic experiences in school or clinic settings. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Effect sizes, including odds ratio (OR), standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CI), were calculated via RevMan 5.3 for the meta-analysis. A total of 22 studies (N = 1,926, ages 4-19) were included. Compared to the control group, both school-based and clinic-based interventions significantly reduced PTSD symptoms (School: SMD = -.99, 95% CI [-1.32, -0.66]; Clinic: SMD = -.50, 95% CI [-0.83, -0.17]) and improved clinical recovery rates (School: OR = 4.52, 95% CI [2.74, 7.46]; Clinic: OR = 3.44, 95% CI [2.18, 5.42]). School-based interventions showed greater effectiveness, particularly among individuals with milder symptom severity (p = .02), and were associated with higher retention rates (p < .001), indicating better participant engagement.
There have been no scoping reviews addressing the current state of research on sexual violence against deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children, adolescents, and young adults. To fill the gap, this scoping review investigates how prevalence data of sexual violence has been collected and estimated across studies. Five electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO, ERIC, Embase, PSYNDEX) were searched to identify studies reporting the prevalence of sexual violence against DHH children, adolescents, and young adults (aged ≤25 years) published in German or English between 1995 and 2024. Additionally, a manual search was conducted. Out of 834 studies, 11 met the eligibility criteria for the scoping review. Across the studies, huge methodological heterogeneity was found. Prevalence of sexual violence was described through 12-month prevalence, lifetime prevalence, retrospective periodic prevalence up to the age of 16, and retrospective periodic prevalence up to the age of 18. Studies examined the prevalence of sexual violence by any type of perpetrator, (intimate) partners, only male perpetrators, and a person known only from the internet. Combining all studies, the overall prevalence of sexual violence by any type of perpetrator differs (11.0%-50.0%). Furthermore, prevalence of unwanted sexual intercourse (8.0%-21.9%), of sexual violence with physical contact (15.2%-24.8%), and of non-physical contact (12.6%-22.2%), each by any type of perpetrator, varied. Recommendations for future research activities, policy, and practice are presented to enhance efforts to prevent sexual violence against DHH children, adolescents, and young adults.
Sexual assault evidence kits (SAEKs) are a tool that may be used to collect medical and forensic evidence from sexual assault survivors. The SAEK is completed by healthcare providers, processed by forensic scientists, and used by police/prosecutors in the criminal justice system. Evidence from the United States has identified a myriad of factors that have led to unprocessed and unused SAEKs. However, research on the SAEK process in Canada is inconsistent and lacks a synthesis of the evidence. Thus, the purpose of this scoping review was to identify and synthesize the literature on SAEKs in Canada. Studies were eligible if they were Canadian peer-reviewed studies exploring collection, processing, use, or survivors' experiences with SAEKS; the sample included adult survivors of sexual assault, and articles were published in English/French. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines were followed. Databases were searched from 1979 through 2025, yielding 28 papers that met the inclusion criteria. Articles were synthesized narratively. Overall, there was a dearth of literature on the diverse components of SAEKs, though research on collection indicated that most sexual assault survivors who received care underwent the SAEK process. Healthcare providers often deviated from SAEK standards when collecting medical forensic evidence, and SAEKs were typically not predictive of police charging decisions. The presence of injuries and biological evidence was perceived as important to case outcomes. Moreover, while survivors were satisfied with the care they received, some found the SAEK process stressful. Additional research and policy are needed to ensure effective SAEK processes in Canada that support survivors and optimize evidence.
Sexual violence survivors' help-seeking and disclosure experiences are shaped by interacting personal, relational, institutional, and sociocultural conditions. Research on help-seeking after sexual violence has often focused on individual or relational explanations, with limited synthesis of how barriers and facilitators operate across ecological levels and are differently experienced across survivors' social locations. Guided by the socio-ecological model and informed by intersectionality, this scoping review mapped barriers and facilitators to help-seeking and disclosure after sexual violence among adult survivors across diverse national contexts. Nine databases (CINAHL, Embase, Emcare, Informit, Medline, ProQuest, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched. Twenty-seven studies met inclusion criteria and proceeded to data charting and synthesis. Findings were organized across four ecological levels and examined in relation to reported social locations. Across studies, barriers were reported more frequently than facilitators and were distributed across all ecological levels. Individual-level barriers such as shame, self-blame, and nonrecognition were reinforced by relational silencing, institutional inaccessibility, and broader structural conditions including stigma, inequality, and mistrust. Facilitators were most often identified where responses increased safety, control, validation, and accessibility, particularly through trauma-informed, identity-affirming, and culturally responsive practices. The synthesis indicates that help-seeking is shaped by processes operating across ecological levels, while survivors' social locations influence how these processes are encountered. This review extends existing knowledge by clarifying how barriers and facilitators are produced within overlapping relational, institutional, and structural contexts. It identifies the need for trauma-informed culturally responsive, and structurally aware interventions that recognize survivors' differing positions within systems of power.
This systematic review aimed to identify measures assessing psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) and examine their content validity against the 21-category taxonomy of psychologically abusive behaviors. An additional aim was to determine whether existing measures had been developed or validated for use in sexuality- and gender-diverse (SGD) populations. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest One Academic databases were searched in June 2023 and updated in December 2025, with no date restrictions. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed, published in English, and developed and/or validated a measure of psychological IPV or a general IPV measure including at least one psychological IPV subscale. A total of 157 studies were included, comprising 77 measures. Most measures (82%, n = 63) covered less than half of the taxonomy. Coverage was strongest for the domains of emotional abuse, isolation, and control of personal life and limited for more covert tactics, including information control, abuse concealment, child-related coercion, and gaslighting-related behaviors. Few measures had been developed or validated for SGD populations. Among the psychological IPV measures (n = 35), the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (PMWI) was the strongest overall. The Scale of Psychological Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence (EAPA-P) had the highest coverage of the taxonomy but no English-language validation. No general IPV measures (n = 42) were found that demonstrated strong taxonomy coverage with adequate validation. These gaps highlight the urgent need for future measures to capture the full construct of psychological IPV and ensure validity across SGD populations.
Although anonymity and online disinhibition are recognized as key features of online environments, empirical findings regarding their associations with cyber aggression remain inconsistent. This study conducted a meta-analysis to examine the relationships between anonymity, online disinhibition, and cyber aggression, as well as to investigate the moderating effects of demographic and methodological factors that may account for study heterogeneity. Following title/abstract screening and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 71 articles comprising 80 independent studies (169 effect sizes) were included, with a total of 57,725 participants (52.66% female; Mage = 21.23 years). Results showed that anonymity and online disinhibition were both significantly and positively correlated with cyber aggression (r = .463, 95% CI [.342, .568]; r = .422, 95% CI [.340, .498]). Moderator analyses revealed that the association between anonymity and cyber aggression became weaker as the proportion of females increased, whereas it became stronger with age. In addition, the association between online disinhibition and cyber aggression became weaker as the proportion of females increased, stronger with age, stronger in studies conducted in the United States (vs. China), and stronger for toxic online disinhibition (vs. benign online disinhibition). These findings quantitatively support the deindividuation theory and online disinhibition effect, emphasizing that demographic and regional contexts shape the extent to which online features foster aggression. The results provide empirical and theoretical guidance for developing targeted strategies to mitigate cyber aggression and promote safer cyber environments.
While founded in principles of nonviolence, conflict resolution and restorative justice interventions are rarely evaluated against an outcome of self-reported violence and often use criminal legal system-determined metrics, such as recidivism, or occasionally, broad neighborhood crime rates. In the absence of widely used and tested relational measures of community violence, a measures review was conducted using library databases, search engines, and compendia of measures to identify tools to adapt for this purpose. The 69 measures of self-reported violence reviewed were analyzed in detail, with results cataloged and charted. Key criteria included: self-report, applicability to various age ranges, measurement of violence between two or more specific people, documentation of both victimization and offending, inclusion of violence with a weapon, and applicability to non-intimates. Four measures met these criteria, and two measures exhibited the best potential for adaptability to further exploration and application to understanding mutual violence in community settings. The review suggests that adapting intimate partner violence measures, such as the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) (in long and short form), is a promising strategy for those evaluating the ability of conflict resolution or restorative justice interventions to reduce violence in multiple settings. Adaptation of the Interpersonal Conflict and Resolution (iCOR) Partner Instrument to this research area may be the most desirable strategy. In addition to evaluating conflict resolution, violence interruption and prevention, restorative and transformative justice, and peacemaking strategies, future research applying CTS2 and iCOR to non-intimate community samples could be a useful addition to the broader literature on violence measurement.
This scoping review consolidates existing technology-enabled interventions for preventing and responding to abuse of older people (AOP). Studies reporting original, evaluated interventions in which technology delivered over 50% of the content or enabled coordination were included. Ten primary databases, four gray literature sources, and two artificial intelligence‑assisted platforms were searched for articles published between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2024. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality using JBI appraisal tools. Data were extracted by one reviewer and independently verified by a second using a standardized charting form. Of 46,195 records, 17 studies describing 14 technology-enabled interventions were included, targeting general (n = 11), financial (n = 2), or sexual (n = 1) AOP. Nine were professional training programs, and five were direct AOP prevention interventions, comprising primary (n = 1), secondary (n = 2), and tertiary prevention (n = 2). Technologies employed were: Web-based coordination portals (n = 2) and tech-assisted individual interventions (n = 12), such as e-learning and virtual reality. Although positive results for intermediate outcomes (e.g., service provision) were observed, evidence of alleviation of AOP occurrence and improvement of victim health remains limited. Current evidence is thus insufficient to recommend the adoption of technological interventions in response to AOP. We recommend (a) advancing scientific rigor by prioritizing randomized controlled trials with longitudinal follow-up, (b) employing objective, verified indicators for abuse victimization and victim health as outcome measures, and (c) establishing a standard evaluation framework to enable cross-study synthesis. This review was registered on PROSPERO (no. CRD420251139047).
Despite growing attention to paternal roles in child welfare, nonresident (NR) fathers' roles in child maltreatment (CM) risk and protection remain underexplored, limiting tailored approaches to engage NR fathers in child welfare. This scoping review examined the risk and protective factors associated with CM/CM risk among NR fathers. A search was conducted across six databases (Academic Search Complete, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Family Studies Abstracts, PsycINFO, Social Work Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts). Inclusion criteria included: peer-reviewed publications, U.S.-based samples, CM/CM risk outcomes, ≥70% NR father samples, NR father-specific findings if <70% of the sample comprised NR fathers, and quantitative methodology. Using Covidence, two reviewers screened 8,857 titles and abstracts; 22 studies met eligibility criteria and were included in analysis. Reviewed studies primarily assessed residential status and father involvement. Findings indicated that CM/CM risk was elevated in NR father-, relative to resident father-families, with higher likelihood of out-of-home placements, CM reports, and maternal depression. Elevated risks were most evident when fathers were absent, inconsistently involved, or had individual risk factors such as trauma history. Several studies demonstrated protective effects of NR father presence, including reduced maternal depression and decreased food insecurity. Other protective factors were frequent or recent father-child contact, consistent financial support, and high maternal satisfaction with paternal involvement. Findings from this scoping review reveal that NR fathers are not a uniform risk or protective factor but rather represent a diverse group whose influence on CM/CM risk depends on a range of individual, relational, and contextual characteristics.
Technology-facilitated intimate partner violence (TFIPV) is increasingly featured in cases of intimate partner violence and intimate partner homicide. There is emerging recognition of the use of technology to abuse and control intimate partners in domestic abuse research and the inherent complexity of TFIPV is evident. As such, a better understanding of the factors that influence TFIPV is necessary. This scoping review aimed to synthesise extant literature on factors known to influence TFIPV. The review included 84 peer-reviewed primary sources that focused on adult intimate relationships (at least 18 years of age), had full-text versions in English, and included individual, situational, environmental, technological, and systemic factors found to increase the likelihood of TFIPV. The influencing factors were extracted and mapped onto a systems-thinking-based framework, Rasmussen's Risk Management Framework. This synthesis identified 28 higher-order themes across the TFIPV system hierarchy. Most of the factors within these themes related to lower levels of the system (e.g. perpetrators, victim-survivors, social environment, device and software capabilities), with limited consideration of broader systemic factors that influence TFIPV. Of the broader systemic factors that were identified, most related to inadequate responses to TFIPV by government, judicial system, technology industry regulators, and police. Future research should consider the use of systems-thinking-based frameworks and methods in understanding and addressing this complex and pervasive problem from a whole-of-system perspective.
Many child mass trauma interventions are a composite of multiple practice elements which commonly are not well identified or assessed in the treatment outcome research. Understanding the practice elements used for targeted (samples of children with direct exposure, intense experiences, and/or serious reactions) and universal (general samples without consideration of exposure or reactions) populations can help clarify future directions for intervention development and delivery. A systematic review of 84 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs identified 131 psychosocial interventions addressing mass trauma. The current analysis compared frequently used elements delivered to targeted and universal populations and examined the populations served across context (country income), event types (including the COVID-19 epidemic), delivery modes, and delivery settings. Reflecting the importance of accessible interventions for those with the greatest need, most child mass trauma interventions overall were administered to targeted populations in group applications delivered in schools or other community settings. Psychoeducation for the child, affect modulation, and relaxation were the most frequently offered elements for both targeted and universal populations. Exposure, narrative, and psychoeducation for the caregiver were administered more often in targeted than universal populations while social skills training, mindfulness, self-praise, and communication skills training were administered more often in universal populations. Future evaluation research should identify, describe, and evaluate specific practice elements included in interventions in the two populations and should address concerns related to certain groups of children receiving interventions and to aspects of intervention delivery.
Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between social media use and cyberbullying victimization and perpetration among children and adolescents, yet a definitive consensus remains elusive, and a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence is still lacking. The current study conducted a three-level meta-analysis to aggregate existing findings and examine potential moderators to identify sources of heterogeneity. A systematic literature search yielded 62 studies comprising 110 cross-sectional effect sizes (67 for victimization, 43 for perpetration) and 15 longitudinal effect sizes from a total of 184,259 children and adolescents. Cross-sectional analyses revealed that social media use was significantly positively associated with both cyberbullying victimization (r = .220) and perpetration (r = .239). Longitudinal evidence showed a smaller but significant effect for the relationship between social media use and cyberbullying victimization (r = .130). Clinical status emerged as a significant moderator. Specifically, the associations were substantially stronger in clinical samples (e.g., Major Depressive Disorder; Anxiety Disorder) compared to non-clinical samples (victimization: r = .641 vs. 0.204; perpetration: r = .531 vs. .229). Together, these findings provide more comprehensive and robust empirical evidence regarding the links between social media use and cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. They also underscore the importance of considering individual vulnerabilities and highlight the need for tailored interventions targeting at-risk populations.
Understanding the experiences of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in adolescent dating relationships is critical to addressing its physical and psycho-social impacts. Intervention research on IPV in dating relationships often focuses on high-income contexts. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies on dating violence among adolescents and young people aged 10 to 25 years in Low-and-Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Twelve databases were systematically searched last in March 2023. Twenty-three publications describing 22 qualitative studies across 13 countries met the inclusion criteria. Thematic synthesis of the included study findings led to five themes: experiences of violence, causal attributions, impact, help-seeking and expectations of support. Findings revealed cross-regional experiences of physical violence, sexual coercion, control, and emotional violence both offline and online, associated with physical harm and adverse psycho-social effects. Traditional gender norms were key drivers of dating violence, maintained and normalised by myths of romantic love. Help-seeking was limited to informal sources, unless medical attention was necessary. Our findings highlight the severity of harms associated with dating violence and the limited resources available for adolescents in low-resource settings. We make a case for developing prevention interventions that address risk factors at multiple levels - individual, interpersonal, social and cultural - and that overcome the barriers identified by adolescents and young people from LMIC settings. The review protocol was registered prospectively on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021267236).
Sexual violence (SV) is pervasive, particularly on college campuses. The physical and social environments that shape SV risk are considered important intervention targets, yet less is known about how to identify and characterize such environments to intervene effectively. A scoping review was conducted to describe the range of strategies characterizing environmental and situational SV risk. The review identified 286 full-text studies that were published in English between 1990 and 2023 and described findings on environmental and situational risk factors for SV or other types of gender-based violence (GBV). Five primary strategies emerged: map marking, safety audits/walking tours, qualitative methods, incident reports, and surveys. Map marking and safety audits/walking tours focused on perceived SV risk rather than experiences, which may perpetuate biases and fail to generate effective solutions. Qualitative methods generated rich environmental and situational data but had limited generalizability. Incident reports were commonly used for spatial analysis; limitations include underreporting and biases in cases reported. Behaviorally based self-reported SV survey data is the gold standard in measuring SV incidence; survey-based measures had limited precision and their use in characterizing environmental and situational SV risk has been limited to date. While modifying social and physical environments represents a promising prevention approach, methods to characterize risk environments are in their earliest phases, and caution is recommended to avoid overreliance on risk perception. Actionable limitations include precision gaps and potential biases, suggesting the value of mixed methods, and pairing high-quality SV survey data with more precise measures of environmental and situational SV risk.
Violence against children (VAC) is a global health issue. Research that includes child participants is essential for their perspectives to be fully represented in policy and interventions that affect them. There is a gap in our understanding of how VAC researchers have engaged with young children as participants. This scoping review maps the study design, research methods, and ethical practices undertaken in VAC research with children aged 2 to 12. Eleven databases were searched, in addition to gray literature and recommendations from the EndViolence Lab. Documents were assessed against inclusion criteria, including a focus on data collection with children aged 2 to 12 on experiences of violence. Both empirical studies and guidance articles and reports were included. Data extraction from 21 empirical studies and themes from 14 guidance articles were cross-referenced to further map current practices. Engaging young children in VAC research was shown to be possible by creating a safe and comfortable research environment, using child-specific measures and engagement techniques, managing adult gatekeepers and participants, training interviewers, gaining consent from children, and establishing referral protocols. By using the study designs, methods and ethical protocols compiled in this scoping review, future researchers can continue to engage young children in VAC research and expand our knowledge of children's experiences of violence in the movement to end VAC.
Early online safety habits shape later behaviors, and core capabilities remain protective across ages, warranting population‑wide approaches. Families function as cross‑age safety systems with bidirectional learning and shared social learning mechanisms across cohorts, suggesting transferable, lifespan‑spanning intervention principles. This umbrella review synthesizes 66 systematic reviews and meta-analyses on digital interventions for cyberbullying and online harm across the lifespan. A comprehensive search following the PRISMA structure was conducted using databases including PubMed, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, ERIC, Sociological Abstracts, Social Service Abstracts, Scopus, EMBASE, for reviews published through December 31, 2025. Stronger effects were observed for multi‑component, theory‑driven programs that combine easy‑to‑hard practice, timely feedback, and reminders. At the micro level, university bystander programs and media literacy showed the largest gains, particularly in multi‑session formats. At the meso level, organizational trainings produced immediate improvements with boosters and policy supports; community and clinical delivery improved reach for older adults when paired with assisted reporting. At the macro level, platform warning messages and pause‑and‑verify prompts offer scalable benefits, and gendered risk patterns and increasing campus fraud prevalence underscore the need for tailored scenarios and just‑in‑time prompts. Policy and practice should adopt a family‑based lens, integrate boosters and cross‑sector coordination. Future research should standardize behavioral outcomes, use pragmatic and hybrid designs with longer follow‑up, and expand to underserved settings and emerging threats.
In long-term residential care, power imbalances and care-related stressors may create conditions for violence, which occurs in multiple directions and can take various forms. Both residents and staff may be affected as victims or perpetrators, particularly in contexts shaped by cognitive impairment, organizational constraints, or interpersonal stress. Despite its prevalence and complexity, systematic evidence on structured, institution-level risk assessment approaches remains limited. This scoping review therefore investigates recommendations for facility-specific risk assessments to prevent violence and identifies risk factors for violence in residential long-term care settings. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL via EBSCO, and the Cochrane Library. Grey literature was also included. Eligible publications addressed institutional risk factors or described the validation or application of risk assessment tools in long-term care settings. The search adhered to Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, with data extraction and analyses based on consensus among three reviewers. A total of 64 articles were included, with 3 focusing on the validation of risk assessments and 61 describing risk factors for violence in long-term care. Eleven risk analyses from major residential long-term care providers were identified, of which four domains for risk factors were deduced: (a) work organization and facility structures, (b) residents, (c) staff, and (d) building aspects. There is a need for evidence-based risk assessment strategies in long-term care settings. These should address identified risk factors through staff training, organizational support, and resident care strategies.
