ABSTRACT Background High‐fluence laser hair removal procedures have provided permanent solutions for unwanted hair growth. However, their association with uncomfortable sessions and adverse effects has prompted the evaluation of new hair removal techniques. Objective This study compares the efficacy and safety of a new laser method (linear FDHR; low fluence, high frequency, and controlled movements) with the traditional technique (DHR; high fluence and low frequency), using the Eneka PRO laser device (Termosalud Inc., Gijón, Spain). Materials and Methods Thirteen body areas (skin phototypes II–IV) were treated 8 times at 2‐month intervals. DHR mode was applied to one side of the treatment area, whereas linear FDHR mode was delivered on the contralateral side. Efficacy was evaluated 2 months after the final session by digital photographs and hair counts. Safety was assessed during the treatment period and at 6‐month follow‐up visit. Participant satisfaction was assessed via a customized questionnaire. Results At the follow‐up, hair clearance rates of the linear FDHR and DHR method (83% and 91%, respectively) were significant ( p < 0.05) and comparable ( p > 0.05). Common adverse effects were detected through the treatments and no unexpected adverse effects or long‐term adverse effects occurred. Linear FDHR method was associated with less discomfort (31%) when compared to DHR (54%) ( p < 0.05). 62% of the participants reported no difference in satisfaction levels between the 2 modes. Conclusion The linear FDHR technique is a noninvasive, effective, safe, and well‐tolerated alternative to the traditional method for the removal of unwanted hair.
ABSTRACT Background Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers remain widely used in facial rejuvenation, yet concern about overfilled syndrome and unnatural volumization has shifted attention toward biostimulators. These concerns may reflect a mismatch between volumetric treatment logic and structural problems of facial aging. Objective To propose an anatomy‐guided framework that repositions HA fillers from default volume replacement toward selective structural support and lifting‐oriented treatment planning. Methods A targeted narrative review of anatomical, clinical, rheological, biological, and vascular‐safety literature was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and relevant journal databases through July 2026. Results Facial aging involves skeletal remodeling, fat‐compartment changes, dermal deterioration, and altered relationships among retaining ligaments and mobile soft tissues. Ligament‐associated HA injection is best interpreted as mechanical scaffold augmentation in selected periosteal or periligamentous support zones rather than injection into the ligament itself or ligament regeneration. Current evidence supports the plausibility of support‐mediated contour improvement but does not establish true tissue repositioning independent of projection or volumizing effects. Product selection should consider plane, function, G′, cohesivity, viscosity, swelling tendency, and vascular risk rather than G′ alone. HA and biostimulators have complementary and overlapping roles. Conclusion HA fillers should not be viewed as obsolete because of overfilling. Appropriate patient selection, anatomy‐guided planning, conservative dosing, region‐specific product selection, and vascular safety may allow HA to function as a structural support tool. The future of HA filler treatment is not less HA, but better‐directed HA.
ABSTRACT Background Safe donor harvesting in follicular unit excision (FUE) is traditionally estimated using donor density alone, despite substantial variation in donor appearance among patients with similar densities. Objective To develop a geometric framework for estimating donor coverage and predicting visible donor thinning based on individual hair characteristics. Methods A mathematical model was developed incorporating hair shaft diameter, hair length, exit angle, and donor density. The projected scalp coverage of each hair shaft was approximated geometrically, allowing calculation of minimum residual hair density and maximum safe harvestable graft number. Clinical examples were used to illustrate model behavior. Results The model demonstrated that safe donor capacity is highly sensitive to variations in hair caliber, length, and exit angle. Patients with identical donor densities showed markedly different predicted harvesting limits based on hair geometry alone. Increased hair caliber and hair length substantially improved coverage, whereas steeper exit angles reduced donor yield. Conclusion This framework provides a quantitative, geometry‐based approach to donor assessment and may assist individualized donor planning and reduction of overharvesting risk.
ABSTRACT Background Acne conglobata (AC) is a severe, chronic relapsing inflammatory acne that often leads to disfiguring residual lesions, including sinus tracts, chronic abscesses, and epithelialized “skin bridges” on the face. Traditional surgical interventions for these sequelae have drawbacks such as prolonged recovery, risk of recurrence, and new scar formation, highlighting the need for minimally invasive effective therapies. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and patient tolerance of ultrapulse carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) laser therapy for scar lesions secondary to AC . Methods Patients diagnosed with AC who received ultrapulse fractional CO 2 laser therapy between January 2022 and January 2026 were retrospectively analyzed. Treatment outcomes were evaluated by recurrence rate, patient satisfaction, Global Improvement Score, wound healing time, and complications. Results A total of 13 patients were enrolled in this study. A total of 301 skin bridges, 51 sinus tracts, and 8 chronic abscesses were treated. The median wound healing time was 22 (20, 23.5) days, and no complications were observed. No lesion recurrence was noted during the follow‐up period (median 11 months). All patients were satisfied with their posttreatment outcomes. Conclusions Ultrapulse CO 2 laser therapy may represent a feasible minimally invasive option for chronic structural lesions secondary to AC, with favorable clinical outcomes and acceptable tolerability.
ABSTRACT Background Facial hyperpigmentation is commonly treated with pigment‐directed laser procedures and repeated low‐fluence toning. Although effective in many patients, these approaches may be followed by post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), recurrence after initial improvement, or therapeutic plateaus that limit further pigment clearance. Objectives To characterize longitudinal multimodal imaging patterns following an imaging‐guided dual‐axis picosecond Nd:YAG protocol and to determine whether changes in pigment‐associated measures were accompanied by changes in polarized‐light (PL) imaging. Methods This retrospective, nonrandomized, hypothesis‐generating study included 53 patients with persistent or recurrent facial hyperpigmentation characterized by coexisting epidermal‐predominant and dermal‐predominant pigmentary components on multimodal imaging. The dual‐axis protocol group ( n = 15) received selective 532‐nm irradiation of epidermal‐predominant pigmentation and repeated 1064‐nm irradiation of dermal‐predominant or mixed lesions, with the 1064‐nm component calibrated primarily according to transient focal erythema within a clinically acceptable sub‐purpuric range. The retrospectively identified conventional‐treatment group ( n = 38) received heterogeneous multimodal laser treatments reflecting routine clinical practice. Standardized lesion‐centered regions of interest were analyzed at baseline, Session 5, and Session 9 using normal‐light, ultraviolet (UV), and PL imaging. Outcomes included the Melanin Index (MI), UV index, and PL index. Results At Sessions 5 and 9, the dual‐axis protocol group showed greater reductions in MI, UV index, and PL index than the conventional‐treatment group. At Session 9, median percentage reductions were 43.7% for MI, 40.6% for UV index, and 18.0% for PL index in the dual‐axis protocol group, compared with 9.1%, 8.0%, and 2.6%, respectively, in the conventional‐treatment group. Baseline‐adjusted differences were significant for all three indices (all p < 0.001). Complete‐case analysis, sensitivity analysis addressing baseline UV imbalance, and single‐index responder analyses yielded directionally consistent findings. In 15 selected cases, two manual intra‐observer reassessments showed directional concordance of 94.4% and 96.7% with the original analysis. Conclusions The dual‐axis protocol was associated with coordinated longitudinal reductions across pigment‐ and PL‐associated imaging domains. These exploratory findings provide a rationale for prospectively evaluating whether multimodal imaging, including normal‐light, UV, and PL imaging, can assist treatment‐target selection, serial reassessment, and response‐calibrated treatment. They do not establish clinical utility, vascular–melanocytic decoupling, or causal treatment superiority and require validation in prospective controlled studies.
ABSTRACT Background Pathological scars result from aberrant wound healing and remain challenging to treat. Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide is the current mainstay of therapy. Recently, adjuvant laser therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance drug penetration and modulate scar vasculature and collagen remodeling. This meta‐analysis assesses the clinical efficacy of laser‐assisted intralesional triamcinolone in the treatment of pathological scars. Methods In March 2026, we conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomized studies directly assessing laser plus intralesional triamcinolone. For the meta‐analysis, we used R 4.5.0 with R Studio 2024.12.1 + 563. Results Our review included five RCTs and three non‐randomized comparative studies. Six studies encompassing 248 patients were included in the meta‐analysis. Compared with intralesional triamcinolone alone, laser combination therapy showed no significant difference in VSS/mVSS reduction (SMD = 0.28, 95% CI: −0.53 to 1.10, p = 0.496), with substantial heterogeneity (I 2 = 83.1%). However, when compared with laser monotherapy, the combination significantly improved VSS/mVSS (SMD = −1.16, 95% CI: −1.85 to −0.48, p = 0.0008; I 2 = 16.9%). Patient satisfaction appeared higher with combination therapy, but certainty was low, and the comparison with laser monotherapy was based on a single study. For VSS subscales vs. laser alone, combination therapy significantly improved vascularity, pliability, and height, but not pigmentation. Recurrence rates did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion Laser plus intralesional triamcinolone may improve scar scores and patient satisfaction compared with laser monotherapy, but current evidence does not demonstrate superiority over intralesional triamcinolone alone. Recurrence benefit remains uncertain. However, our findings are limited by the small number of RCTs and substantial heterogeneity. Future adequately powered RCTs with longer follow‐up periods are warranted.
ABSTRACT Background Temporal triangular alopecia (TTA) is a non‐scarring alopecia affecting the frontotemporal region, with estimated prevalence of 0.11%. Despite recognized aesthetic and psychological impact, particularly among children and adolescents, no systematic evaluation has synthesized available evidence on its treatment. Aims This systematic review synthesizes and evaluates surgical and medical management of TTA, with emphasis on cosmetic outcomes, durability, and safety. Methods Following PRISMA 2020, a systematic search was conducted from inception to December 30, 2025 using PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL. Eligible studies reported cosmetic outcomes, adverse events, or patient satisfaction with hair transplantation or topical minoxidil for TTA. Results Nine studies met inclusion criteria ( n = 23 patients): three case reports of topical minoxidil and five case reports and one case series of hair transplantation (follicular unit transplantation or excision). Hair transplantation was associated with cosmetic improvement (20 patients, six studies), maintained up to 6 years in one case. Topical minoxidil (three cases) was associated with cosmetic improvement; relapse after discontinuation was reported in one case, with outcomes after discontinuation not assessed in the other two. Both interventions were associated with favorable safety profiles, with no serious adverse events across the included studies. Conclusions Topical minoxidil may be a non‐invasive option for pediatric patients or those preferring non‐surgical management, and hair transplantation for adults seeking durable cosmetic correction. These findings reflect low‐level evidence from case reports and a case series (Level IV, Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine) and should be considered descriptive observations from a small evidence base. Given the scarce published evidence, higher‐quality prospective studies with longer follow‐up are needed, particularly in pediatric populations.
ABSTRACT Background Microplasma radiofrequency is frequently used for neck rejuvenation. However, the efficacy and safety of different energy protocols for neck treatment remain poorly understood. Objective To explore the optimal energy during plasma radiofrequency for neck laxity treatment. Methods Seventeen patients with mild‐to‐moderate neck wrinkles were enrolled in this split‐neck study. One side of each patient's neck was treated with low‐energy plasma radiofrequency in six sessions at two‐week intervals, while the contralateral side received high‐energy plasma radiofrequency in three sessions at four‐week intervals. Two dermatologists evaluated wrinkle improvement using Antera 3D imaging data collected before treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months after the final session. Pain severity was assessed with a visual analog scale, and any post‐treatment adverse effects were recorded. Results Both low‐ and high‐energy plasma radiofrequency treatments significantly improved neck wrinkles, with no significant difference in the degree of improvement between the two protocols. One month post‐treatment, the improvement rates from baseline were 18.5% (low‐energy) and 24.23% (high‐energy). At 3 months, the rates were 17.3% and 25.63%, respectively. Six months post‐treatment, the improvement rates were 24.37% for the low‐energy side and 15.45% for the high‐energy side. A significant difference in pain scores was observed between the two protocols ( p < 0.05). Patients experienced mild pain on the low‐energy side and moderate pain on the high‐energy side. Erythema and edema were present on both sides immediately after treatment but subsided within 6 h. No adverse reactions, such as scabbing, post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation, or scarring, were reported by any patients. Conclusion Both low and high energy plasma radiofrequency can safely and effectively improve mild to moderate neck skin laxity. Low‐energy treatments have the advantage of causing less pain, while high‐energy treatments achieve the desired results with fewer sessions.
ABSTRACT Background Delayed inflammatory reactions to hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers are uncommon but clinically significant, particularly in patients receiving immunomodulatory biologic therapies. Dupilumab, an interleukin‐4 receptor alpha (IL‐4Rα) inhibitor approved for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and other type 2 inflammatory conditions, has not been previously associated with this adverse event. Objective To report a case of delayed inflammatory filler reactions at previously injected hyaluronic acid filler sites associated with dupilumab administration, and to discuss proposed immunological mechanisms, differential diagnoses, and management considerations. Case Presentation A 34‐year‐old female with refractory CRSwNP, who had previously tolerated HA skinbooster injections without complications, developed facial warmth, pain, and hyperpigmented swelling at prior filler sites within 1 h of receiving her first dupilumab 600 mg dose. Within 24 h symptoms progressed to persistent bilateral cheek nodules. Similar, although to a lesser extent, reactions were observed after some of the later doses of dupilumab and treatment with hyaluronidase resulted in partial resolution. Reactions reappeared with additional dosing of dupilumab, requiring further doses of hyaluronidase to mitigate these reactions. Results Score on the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale: 8 (probable but not confirmed temporal correlation between dupilumab and inflammatory filler reaction). One possible mechanistic explanation is that dupilumab‐mediated IL‐4/IL‐13 inhibition may shift ambient filler sites toward Th1/Th17‐dominant immune activity; this hypothesis remains speculative without histopathological confirmation. Alternative diagnoses including infection, biofilm formation, and idiopathic granulomatous inflammation cannot be excluded. Conclusion To our knowledge the first case report of delayed inflammatory filler reactions associated with biologic therapy. This potential interaction is important since it may expose patients who are on biologics to increased susceptibility to complications following esthetic procedures, and thus clinicians performing these esthetic treatments in these patients should be aware of this risk. This is constrained by the lack of imaging and biopsy investigation. More studies are necessary for understanding the mechanisms of this association and improving management strategies.
ABSTRACT Background GLP‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) can induce rapid weight reduction, often associated with facial volume loss. However, optimal regenerative strategies remain unclear. Aims To compare the mechanotransduction profiles of the major injectable collagen biostimulator classes in GLP‐1 RA–induced facial aging. Methods A structured narrative review with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA)‐informed search and reporting was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (January 1, 2000—March 31, 2026). Results Forty‐three studies met the inclusion criteria. Each of the six biostimulator classes—PLLA, PDLLA, PDO, CaHA, particulate PCL, and liquid‐type PCL—exhibits a distinct mechanotransduction profile, though the strength of supporting evidence varies substantially across agents. Conclusions Mechanotransduction‐active collagen biostimulators provide a biologically plausible rationale for addressing facial volume loss, although current clinical evidence remains limited and no studies have directly enrolled GLP‐1 RA–associated facial aging patients. A conceptual severity‐stratified framework warrants prospective validation.
ABSTRACT Background Primary axillary hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis in adolescents cause significant physical discomfort and psychosocial distress, negatively impacting emotional well‐being and social function. While microwave thermolysis is effective in adults, its psychological benefits in adolescents remain understudied. Aims To evaluate the clinical efficacy of microwave thermolysis in adolescents and investigate its impact on quality of life, anxiety, and depression. Patients/Methods This retrospective study included 21 adolescents (mean age 15.21 years) treated with microwave thermolysis. Clinical severity was assessed using the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) and a bromhidrosis grading scale. Psychosocial outcomes were evaluated using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), a modified Quality of Life (QoL) questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at baseline and 1 month post‐treatment. Results The treatment yielded significant clinical improvement, with HDSS scores decreasing from 3.19 to 1.33 ( p < 0.0001) and bromhidrosis severity dropping from 4.19 to 0.48 ( p < 0.0001). Psychosocial burden was markedly reduced: DLQI scores improved from 17.38 to 10.71 ( p < 0.0001), and QoL scores increased from 52.10 to 84.95 ( p = 0.027). Significant reductions were observed in HADS ‐anxiety (14.05 to 1.67, p < 0.0001) and HADS ‐depression scores (7.48 to 1.05, p < 0.0001). All cases reported no major side effects. Conclusions Microwave thermolysis is a highly effective treatment for adolescent axillary hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis. Beyond symptom relief, it significantly alleviates anxiety and depression while enhancing quality of life and social function. These findings support its use as a primary therapeutic option for this vulnerable population.
ABSTRACT Background Atrophic acne scars represent a significant aesthetic and therapeutic challenge due to their multifactorial nature and morphological diversity. Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA) stands out as a versatile option, either through chemical peels or the Chemical Reconstruction of Skin Scars (CROSS) technique. Aim To map scientific evidence regarding clinical protocols, concentrations, and efficacy of TCA, alone or in combined therapies, for atrophic acne scars. Methods This scoping review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and PRISMA‐ScR guidelines. Search strategies were applied across nine databases using the PCC strategy. Thirty‐four studies published between 2002 and 2025 were included. Results The CROSS technique was the most evaluated protocol (58.8% of studies), with concentrations ranging from 50% to 100%; it demonstrated high selectivity and efficacy, particularly for ice‐pick and deep boxcar scars. Chemical peels accounted for 41.2% of studies, with superficial concentrations (10%–20%) used for texture improvement and medium concentrations (25%–50%) for shallow atrophic lesions. Combined therapies (52.9%) highlighted the synergy between TCA (15%–20%), microneedling, and subcision. Reported adverse events were primarily transient, including post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) and prolonged erythema. Conclusion TCA is a versatile, cost‐effective, and evidence‐backed tool. The findings highlight a definitive shift toward personalized multimodal approaches, where the CROSS‐technique's precision and the synergistic effects of combined therapies optimize dermal remodeling and patient outcomes.
ABSTRACT Background Collagen is the dominant structural protein of vertebrate connective tissues and a central biomaterial in skin, cornea, tendon, cartilage, bone, vessel, oral mucosa, and wound repair. Traditional collagen products have largely been extracted from bovine, porcine, fish, or other animal tissues. Although animal‐derived collagens have a long clinical history, they have limitations including batch variability, residual nonhuman epitopes, possible immunogenicity, pathogen‐related concerns, ethical constraints, and limited molecular engineering. Recombinant human collagen has emerged as a synthetic‐biology alternative designed to reproduce full‐length human collagen chains, selected human collagen domains, or engineered humanized collagen‐like sequences in controlled expression systems. Objective This systematic review and narrative synthesis summarizes the biological basis, production methods, molecular types, benefits, clinical applications, aesthetic uses, safety considerations, and translational limitations of recombinant human collagen, with emphasis on dermatology, wound healing, corneal regeneration, tissue engineering, injectable aesthetics, and dermal rejuvenation. Methods A PRISMA‐informed systematic search was performed across biomedical databases, publisher platforms, and regulatory sources for literature on recombinant human collagen, recombinant humanized collagen, recombinant type I collagen, recombinant type III collagen, recombinant collagen hydrogels, collagen‐based medical devices, dermal fillers, wound healing, corneal substitutes, tissue engineering, photoaging repair, and aesthetic applications. Because the evidence base includes heterogeneous manufacturing papers, in vitro studies, animal experiments, early clinical trials, case series, and regulatory documents, quantitative meta‐analysis was not performed. Results Recombinant human collagen offers human‐sequence design, reduced animal‐origin risk, improved batch consistency, scalable manufacturing potential, and engineering flexibility. Type I and type III recombinant collagens are most relevant to dermal, wound, tendon, corneal, and aesthetic applications, whereas type IV, VII, and XVII collagens are increasingly relevant to basement membrane and epidermal adhesion biology. Production remains technically demanding because native collagen requires triple‐helix formation and post‐translational modifications such as proline hydroxylation. Current strategies include yeast expression with prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase co‐expression, microbial production of collagen‐like fragments, mammalian and insect cell systems, transgenic plants, chemical modification, cross‐linked microgels, and collagen‐based bioinks. Conclusion Recombinant human collagen is a platform biomaterial rather than a single product class. Its clinical value depends on matching collagen type, molecular format, formulation, degradation profile, mechanical behavior, and biological indication. In aesthetic medicine, its strongest future role may be regenerative matrix restoration rather than simple volume replacement. Larger randomized trials, long‐term safety surveillance, and standardized quality‐control methods are required before broad equivalence with established animal collagens, hyaluronic acid fillers, or biostimulatory injectables can be assumed.
ABSTRACT Objective This study compared 1‐year postoperative visual attention patterns and lay‐rated aesthetic outcomes after genioplasty and hyaluronic acid (HA) injection for moderate‐to‐severe chin retrusion in Asian Chinese women. Methods Sixteen female patients with comparable baseline severity according to the China (Allergan) Chin Retrusion Scale (CACRS) were included, with eight patients in the genioplasty group and 8 in the HA injection group. Forty‐six lay observers assessed standardized 12‐month postoperative facial photographs in frontal, lateral, and 45° oblique views. Eye‐tracking was used to quantify fixation duration across predefined facial regions, and the Merz Aesthetic Rating Scales (MARS) were used for structured postoperative aesthetic assessment. Results The HA injection group showed longer fixation durations in the chin region across all three views, whereas the genioplasty group showed relatively longer fixation durations in the perioral region in the frontal view and in the periorbital region in the 45° oblique view. MARS assessment showed lower postoperative scores for symmetry and contour in the genioplasty group, with no significant between‐group difference in skin quality. Conclusions At 1 year postoperatively, genioplasty was associated with lower MARS scores for symmetry and contour and a less chin‐focused fixation pattern compared with HA injection. However, the observed fixation differences were modest and should be interpreted cautiously. Eye‐tracking analysis combined with MARS may provide a quantifiable framework for evaluating postoperative facial aesthetic perception.
ABSTRACT Introduction Alopecia areata is a long‐term autoimmune disease that causes hair loss in approximately 2% of people but does not result in permanent scarring. Intralesional corticosteroid treatment provides effective results; however, long‐term use may lead to skin atrophy and telangiectasia. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), an autologous blood‐derived preparation, represents a patient‐specific alternative that avoids steroid‐related side effects. Objectives To compare the efficacy and safety of intralesional PRP and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (ILTA) in patients with mild patch‐type (S1) alopecia areata. Methods This prospective study included patients aged 18–65 years with mild patch‐type alopecia areata who were admitted to our clinic between March 2024 and March 2025 and had not received any previous treatment. Patients were allocated into two groups; both groups received a total of three sessions of treatment every 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in SALT score from baseline to the 6th month. Secondary endpoints included the change in SALT score at the 3rd month, clinical response categories, hair pull test conversion, relapse rate during 6‐month follow‐up, and the adverse‐event profile. SALT scores were calculated at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Results Sixty patients (41 males, 19 females; mean age 27.97 ± 7.36 years) completed the study. SALT scores decreased significantly in both groups ( p < 0.001). The score decreased from 6.03 to 0.93 in the PRP group and from 6.07 to 1.27 in the ILTA group, with no statistically significant difference between groups (mean difference 0.30; 95% CI −0.77 to 1.37; p = 0.576). The very good response rate (≥ 75% improvement) at six months was 76.67% in the PRP group and 66.67% in the ILTA group. Relapse occurred in 3 of 60 patients (5.0%) during the 6‐month follow‐up (1/30 (3.33%) in the PRP group and 2/30 (6.67%) in the ILTA group). Both groups experienced only mild adverse events; no serious side effects were observed. Conclusions In mild untreated patch‐type alopecia areata, PRP showed similar efficacy to intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and may be considered an alternative treatment option for mild patch‐type alopecia areata.
