Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern worldwide. It has been seen that TB control efforts worldwide are although impressive, but not sufficient. Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) are an integral and important strategy of the program to create awareness among general public. Objective: The study was conducted to assess the impact of sensitization workshop regarding tuberculosis among graduate students of rural area of Bareilly district.Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to July 2017 by interviewing 146 students in a college in rural area of Bareilly district, U.P after multistage sampling. A pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the pre-workshop and post-workshop data. The data obtained was compiled and statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23.Results: A paired-samples t-test was conducted to analyse the impact of sensitization workshop among the students. The mean scores for knowledge regarding TB symptoms pre-workshop was 3.20 ± 1.90 and post-workshop was 5.68 ± 1.58.Conclusion: Knowledge about various aspects of TB was significantly improved after students attended a training workshop. Efforts should be geared towards education in terms of training and retraining regarding TB, as it is known that IEC activities can create awareness among students, thus eradicating the stigma and fear associated with it.
Objective: Chronic kidney disease typically evolves over many years, with a long latent period when the disease is clinically silent. Diagnosis, progression and treatment of renal impairment are based mainly on biomarkers that assess kidney function. There are a number of drugs used in the therapeutics which possesses nephrotoxic properties. But till date there is no nephroprotective drug available in therapeutics. In recent years the popularity of the herbal drugs is increased for their safety, efficacy and cost effectiveness. They have also gain importance in the drug development research. Present study has been focused to evaluate the preventive effect of the ethanolic extract of Sunderban mangrove Rhizophora mucronata Lam. leaves (RME) against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in experimental animal model. Methods: In-vivo nephrotoxic model was developed using a single dose of Cisplatin (5mg/kg i.p.) in rats. The extract (RME) was administered in different doses orally for consecutive 14 days and different biochemical parameters were evaluated at the end of the study. Results: The extract (RME) significantly reduced the urine output, kidney weight, urinary microprotein, microalbumin, elevated serum urea, creatinine levels than the nephrotoxic control rats. RME at the doses 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight orally also had significant nephroprotective activity. Conclusion: Present study results indicated the protective effect of the ethanolic extract of the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata Lam. leaves in Cisplatin induced nephrotoxic model in rats. The amelioration of the nephrotoxicity might be mediated by the secondary metabolites of the plant extract, possessing significant antioxidant property.
Aim: To assess the hyperpigmentation after fever and joint pain as a cutaneous marker of chikungunya fever and to assess with serological correlation.Methods: A total of 15 patients comprised of 9 males, 6 females and neonate have aged between 14 days to 60 years presented with the pigmentation after the fever subsided were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis of chikungunya was made by detecting virus specific IgM ELISA in the serum.Results: Serological immunoglobulin M enzyme – linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA) test or chikungunya virus was positive in all the patients. Generalized dark coloured pigmentation was the most common finding after the fever subsided. On examination, out of 15 cases, in most of the cases, hyperpigmentation was observed all over the body with the facial involvement. Few cases showed pigmentation over nose, centre of upper lip, on palm, sole, eyelid, dorsum, centrofacial, reticulate pattern on the face and blotchy pigmentation.Conclusion: The presence of pigmentation after fever and joint pain helps to make a retrospective diagnosis of chikungunya fever and this may be considered as a cutaneous marker of chikungunya fever in recent past.
Background: Type II DM and obesity are metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and metabolic stress. These features were assessed in patients using fasting plasma glucose, fasting lipid profile and serum cortisol as their markers. Materials and methods: Ninety participants were recruited and classified into 3 groups of thirty each – Obese with type II DM, Non-obese with type II DM, non-obese and non-diabetics who served as controls. Anthropometric measures of weight and height were taken using standard procedures and body mass index was calculated thereafter. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast for the in vitro assay of serum cortisol, plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and colorimetry as appropriate. Data obtained were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and post hoc test for comparison of variables between groups. Pearson’s correlation was performed to assess the relationship between variables and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Serum cortisol, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol were elevated while HDL-cholesterol was reduced in both obese and non-obese subjects with type II diabetes mellitus when compared with controls. Cortisol had a significant positive association with plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol in obese subjects with type II diabetes mellitus while cortisol had a significant inverse relationship with HDL-cholesterol in both obese and non-obese subjects with type II diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: From this study, we conclude that elevated serum cortisol, a consequence of type II DM, accompanies dyslipidaemia in both obese and non-obese type II DM patients. It could therefore be inferred that ‘diabetic stress’ is the underlying factor of elevated cortisol in this group.
Introduction: Japanese encephalitis virus, a flavivirus is a significant cause of arboviral encephalitis worldwide. The virus is transmitted to humans via the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes especially C. tritaeniorhynchus, they prefer to bite outdoors and are extremely active and are extremely active in the evening and night. Neuroimaging reveals by MRI and CT scan of patients of Japanese encephalitis shows characteristic lesions particularly in the thalami, substantia nigra, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem and white matter.Material & Method: A total of 50 patients divided in 25 anti JE antibody positive patients and another 25 in anti JE antibody negative group. A cross sectional observational analytical study was performed in the time period of January 2015 to August 2016, the patients was studied using IgM capture ELISA and 1.5T MRI machine.Result Analysis: The results were analysed using chi square test and p values. It was found that gray matter structures were the most commonly affected, the thalamus, basal ganglia but white matter lesions were also noted. The thalamus was the most commonly involved structure, followed by the brainstem and cerebral cortex. Haemorrhagic lesions were noted in the cortex, midbrain and cerebellum.Conclusion: Involvement of the thalamus showed the most significant difference between JE and non JE patients with 64% of the JE patients showed thalamic involvement. No other part of the brain showed such significant difference.
Background and objective: Human milk bank plays an essential role by providing human milk to infants who would otherwise not be able to receive human milk. This retrospective study was carried out to review the basic characteristics of donors and recipients, and the amounts and contamination of breast milk donated at the human milk bank from a tertiary care hospital in South Rajasthan. Materials and methods: Milk banks collect, screen, store, process, and distribute human milk. Data regarding clinical characteristics of the donor mother and recipients, and collected human milk for a period of 9 months (April – December 2017) were obtained from medical records and analysed. Results: The donor pool consisted of 3117 mothers with total sittings of milk donation being 6787. Maximum number (1763; 56.5%) of donor mothers were recruited from gynaecological indoor units. A total of 789.8 L milk was collected, and 767.4 L milk was processed. There were 1492 neonate beneficiaries. Preterm neonates were the most common beneficiaries. Conclusion: Human milk banks serve a vital function by providing human milk for premature infants, sick or hospitalized infants and others who, for a variety of reasons, would otherwise not have access to mothers’ milk. The use of donor milk is widely endorsed. Additionally, establishing a nationwide network of human milk banking and successfully integrating human milk banking services with newborn care will further contribute to the progress of milk banking and reducing preventable newborn deaths.
Background: Since the first reported case of Lassa fever (LF) in Jos, Plateau state Nigeria in the early 70’s, the state has been plagued with increasing number of cases. This could be due to poor environmental practices, food and personal hygiene. By the end of August 2017 there were 42 reported cases with 15 confirmed cases. Sadly, over the years there have been challenges with reporting and investigation of cases. This could be due to weak health systems commonly seen in developing countries.Methods and Materials: We reviewed 2012-2016 surveillance data from the State Ministry of Health (SMoH) using Microsoft Excel. Descriptive analysis was conducted on the reported LF cases in the state.Results: Between the years 2012 – 2016 there were 109 reported LF cases, with 57 (52.3%) males and 52 (47.7%) females. The mean age of the reported cases was 27.9± 13.6 years. Out of these, 23 (21.1%) were confirmed cases: 1 (4.5%) in 2012, none in 2013, 2014 and 2015, and 21 (91.3%) in 2016.The male: female ratio was10 (43.5%): 13 (56.5%). Six (26.1%) of the confirmed cases were health workers. The case fatality rate of the confirmed cases was 52.2%. Even though there is significant association between LF and death (P-value = 0.003) the odds ratio, 0.215 (95% CI) is low. The reporting years show consistent increasing trend from 2012 to 2016, except for 2015 where there was a decline in the number of reported cases. In 2016 there were 74 (67.9%) cases, 5 (4.6%) in 2015, 15 (13.7%) in 2014, 12 (11.0%) in 2013 and 3 (2.6%) in 2012.Conclusion: Even though reported cases are increasing, there are still gaps observed in the surveillance system of the SMoH. The annual recurrence of LF outbreak in the state without reciprocal preventive efforts on ground to combating it has exposed the populace and health workers to ill-health and death.
Background and Objectives: Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. Blood pressure is summarized by two measurements, systolic and diastolic, which depend on whether the heart muscle is contracting (systole) or relaxed between beats (diastole). Our survey based study is carried out to estimate the current consequences of HTN among the populations of southern cities in Bangladesh. Methods: We have conducted our research in context on population’s age, gender, family history, addictive probability with type of drug habit, age of onset of respondents. We have compared systolic value with diastolic regarding these parameters by the help of self-designed standard questionnaire relevant with hypertension by manual data collection over six month’s period. Total 350 subject respondents were investigated by majorly visiting at their home, work places and hospitals. Descriptive statistics were applied to the collected data and analyzed using Microsoft Excel software. Results: 52.8% was male respondents and 47.8% was female of which 27.3% was the age range 56-65 years and another top most 23.4% was 46-55 years old. 90-100 mm/Hg diastolic value was noticed for 84.9% participants whereas 101-110mm/Hg was for remaining 9.3%. On the other hand, 140-150 and 151-160mm/Hg systolic pressure measured for 36.1% and 26.8% patients. Although 43.4% respondents answered yes in question for conveying hypertension from their family history but 56.6% was not at all. Narcotics substances immensely do impact in high blood pressure pathogenesis as it has showed almost 54.63% users among them betel & tobacco are experienced at least 71% following for smoking 29%. However, 68% betel & tobacco consumers had diastolic pressure 90-100 mm/Hg and 140-150 mm/Hg systolic value was measured for 37% betel and tobacco addicts followed by 26% chain smokers persist systolic pressure 151-160 mm/Hg range. Interestingly the maximum numbers of 32.2% peoples was first affected by hypertension in their age 36-45 years and 24.9% was the age range of 46-55 in second position. Conclusion: Hypertension is a major public health problem and it is diagnosed on the basis of a persistent high blood pressure. Unfortunately, the tendency to start hypertension in young age is increasing day by day. Everybody should be very conscious about this severe health issue to give up all kind of habit forming narcotic agents.
Background: The first reported Yellow fever outbreak in Nigeria occurred in 1931.The latest outbreak in Nigeria, commenced in September 2017. It is active in seven states and suspected cases have been reported in sixteen states, inclusive of Plateau state. The last reported outbreak in Plateau state occurred in Jos in 1969 with an estimated 100,000 cases.Materials and Methods: The cases and health workers involved in management were interviewed. Hospital records, laboratory and surveillance data were reviewed.Results: Case 1: A 6-year-old girl from Tudun-Wada, Jos Plateau state presented with fever (38.6oC), abdominal pain, sore throat and jaundice. Liver function test (AST: 398U/L, ALT: 96U/L). Treatment included ribavirin, ceftriaxone, anti-oxidants, intravenous fluids, blood transfusion. ELISA-IgM was positive for YF, but negative on PNRT.Case 2: A 10-year-old boy from the same family with case 1 presented with fever (39.0oC), abdominal pain, diarrhoea and jaundice. Liver function test (AST: 315 U/L, ALT: 126U/L). Treatment is same as case 1 plus metronidazole. ELISA-IgM was positive for YF, but negative on PNRT, while PCR was positive for Lassa fever.Twenty-three contacts (17 healthcare workers, 6 family members) were traced and daily monitoring instituted.Conclusion: The potential for a major urban outbreak of Yellow Fever in Plateau state and Nigeria is already present. Advocacy, health education and enforcement of vector control measures need to be intensified by the State Ministry of Health. Surveillance for rapid case finding and proactive vaccination also need to be intensified to forestall a disaster.
Background: Male and female brain develops differently. Gender is one of biological variables that influence visual evoked potentials (VEP). Some previous studies support the existence of sex related VEP difference while others not. This study is an attempt to explore if any difference exists in VEP responses between genders of children age seven to 10 years with an additional aim of documenting preliminary normative VEP data.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on consenting children taken from parents (n=76; girls, n=41, age = 8.39±1.11years; boys, n=35, age =8.40±1.09 years). Pattern reversal VEP of these children was recorded as per standard method. Latencies of N75, P100, and N145 (ms); amplitude of P100 (μV) and ratio; interocular asymmetry (ms) of both eyes were calculated. Unpaired t-test was applied for statistical analysis. Ethical clearance was obtained prior to the study. Result: Girls had decreased VEP latency of P100 than boys in left eye (108.15±8.42 vs. 112.71±11.17ms, p = 0.046), in right eye (107.71±8.52 vs. 114.46±10.98 ms, p = 0.004), and in combination of both eyes (107.92±8.07 vs. 113.58±10.36 ms, p = 0.009). Likewise, girls had decreased VEP latency of N75 than boys in right eye (67.44±6.77 vs. 71.29±8.07 ms, p = 0.027) and in combined eyes (67.23±5.19 vs. 70.14±7.31 ms, p = 0.047). A gender difference in P100 amplitude was not detected.Conclusion: Visual evoked potential differs with gender in prepubertal children aged seven to 10 years.
Objectives: To access the drug utilization pattern, drug adherence and occurrence of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients. Methods: In this prospective crossover study, data was collected from 140 hypertensive patients visiting community program (KHDC) held on first Saturday of every month for follow-up. KHDC is a community based program for early detection and management of K idney disease, H ypertension, D iabetes and C ardiovascular diseases, using structured self-constructed questionnaire (translated in Nepali also) which have been prepared after reviewing multiple literatures.For descriptive statistics, percentage, mean, Standard deviation was calculated along with graphical and tabular presentation. Results: Out of 140 patients enrolled 52.1% were male. Majority of the patient were aged between 40-59 years of age 50.7 %. Most of them were Aryans 55.7 %( followed by Mongolians 44.3% . Mean of Systolic Blood Pressure was 131.48(SD ± 16.57) and Mean of Diastolic Blood Pressure was 81.7(SD ± 9.57).The Mean Drug prescribed per patients was 2.16(1.321) with maximum number of drug prescribed to be 7 and minimum 1. Amlodipine was commonly prescribed antihypertensive 57.8%. Metformin was the most common drug prescribed among non-antihypertensive drugs.Drug adherence was seen among 76.4% of patients. The common adverse seen among these patients was fatigue (Figure 3). The occurrence of other adverse effects was low. Resistant hypertension was seen in 2 out of 140 patients. Conclusion: The common group of antihypertensive prescribed was CCB, ARB and Diuretics consistent with JNC VII.The adherence to the prescribed drugs was good amongst the patients. The occurrence of resistant hypertension was low.
Background: Fifth metacarpal neck fractures, also known as Boxer’s fractures, commonly occur as a result of axial impact on a clenched fist. There is no agreement over the optimum management of undisplaced boxers fracture. We present the results of treatment by a Bouquet technique, described by Foucher in 143 consecutive cases of displaced fifth metacarpal neck fractures.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our records for 143 consecutive cases of fifth metacarpal neck fractures treated with Bouquet technique. Clinical and radiological evaluation was done at 6 weeks, 12 weeks and 6 months. Total active motion of the fifth digit, radiography and complications if any were noted.Results: Of 143 cases, there were 113 cases with closed reduction and 30 with open reduction. Radiological union was achieved in 140 cases. Remaining 3 were lost to follow up. Good to excellent result was achieved in 95% cases. Seven cases developed bursitis at the K-wire entry site which required k-wire removal.Conclusion: The technique of flexible antegrade intramedulary nailing of fifth metacarpal neck fractures is simple, safe, soft tissue sparing, minimally invasive technique giving excellent functional and cosmetic results with minimal complications.
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, especially T2DM is on the increase worldwide and in a developing country like india, as of date approximately 30 – 40% of population are identified as having DM. Sedentary life style, obesity, increased BMI, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, delayed diagnosis and metabolic syndrome are some of the factors that lead to the development of DM. Extensive research have been conducted in this field and still more studies are being undertaken. The first organ affected in all uncontrolled DM patients is the kidney, followed by liver and cardiac. Kidney disease predominantly account for increased mortality among T2DM and is the main cause of CKD as well as DN. Treatment of CKD due to uncontrolled T2DM is still controversial because of the scarcity of evidence available. MA plays a significant role in screening pre and established DM. Increased levels of urate is identified as one of the metabolic disturbances in T2DM. This review article summaries the research findings during the last two decades on the manifestations of kidney disease in T2DM.
Background: ToRCH infection (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus) causes severe consequences in child in ongoing pregnancy. Screening for ToRCH etiologies are sought for those females who have had bad obstetrics history and in children born with birth defects. Such screening helps the couple and the clinicians to develop a consensus for preparedness of adverse fetal outcome, future prevention and planning for next conception.Objectives: This retrospective study was conducted to have an understanding on the burden of ToRCH infection in various clinically suspected cases encountered in BPKIHS.Methods: Laboratory record of 52 serum samples submitted from August 2012 to July 2013 for screening of ToRCH infections was analyzed.Result: Among 52 adult female serums, most (50) were positive for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG, but none were reactive for Rubella IgM. Both IgG and IgM were positive for CMV in 10 cases, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) in 1 case and Toxoplasma in 1 case.Conclusion: This study shows, CMV as the most common and Toxoplasma as the least common etiology among the ToRCH profile, in our setup.
Meralgia paraesthetica (MP) is a clinical syndrome produced by entrapment mono-neuropathy of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). It classically presents as numbness, paresthesia or dysesthesia of anterolateral aspect of thigh but sometime it may mimic conditions like lumbar radiculopathy, femoro-acetabular impingement, trochanteric bursitis, etc. Since it has wide spectrum of clinical presentation, it should be the diagnosis of exclusion when causes of anterolateral thigh pain is not explained by other known causes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of this clinical condition with the emphasis on various clinical presentations and anatomical variations of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Different methods of diagnosis and treatment are also explored and discussed in this paper.
Introduction: Surgical site infection in cesarean deliveries is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, increasing both in duration of patient hospitalization and hospital costs. There has been an alarming increase in the incidence of SSI in both developing and developed countries accounting for 20-25% of the nosocomial infections worldwide. Multiple risk factors causing post-cesarean SSI have been documented. Despite most modern facilities and standard protocols of preoperative preparation and antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical site infections remain a major cause of hospital-acquired infections. Material and methods: This is a prospective observational study performed from January 2015 to June 2017 with 1304 patients as the study population. All these patients were thoroughly examined and investigated. Wound was checked on day 5 of LSCS and in patients with SSI, wound swab was sent for culture sensitivity. Risk factors contributing to the SSI were noted. The wound was graded according to Southampton's grading system and further treatment was done in accordance to the grade of wound and the culture sensitivity report. Results: 1304 were LSCS patients who were eligible for analysis, of which 43 patients developed surgical site infection which was 3.29% wound infection rate, of which 69% were emergency and 31% were elective. These patients were evaluated for risk factors and prolonged leaking per vaginum was the most common one. The wounds were graded according to Southampton's wound grading system and most wounds were found to be 3a subtype while E. coli was the organism most commonly detected amongst the 18 patients with a culture positive report.
Breakpoint cluster region-abelson (BCR-ABL) leukemic fusion gene types in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) correlate with the disease clinical course and outcome. There are variations in the reports of previous studies about the frequencies and distribution of BCR-ABL transcripts in chronic myelogenous leukaemia among Sudanese patients. This research aims to determine the frequencies of BCR-ABL fusion transcript variants in Sudan. One hundred (informed consent) Philadelphia positive chronic myeloid leukaemia patients, in chronic phase, were enrolled in this study. EDTA anticoagulated peripheral blood samples were collected from each participant, RNA was extracted from mononuclear cells by (TRIzol) reagent. BCR-ABL transcripts were detected by qRT-PCR technique with specific primers forP190 and P210 BCR-ABL transcript variants. The typical p210 BCR-ABL transcripts (b3a2 or b2a2) were detected in all patients (100%) the b3a2 transcript was detected in 96/100 (96%) and the b2a2 transcript was detected in 4/100 (4%).co-expression of p210/p190 (b2a3/e1a2) was detected in 6/100 (6%). p190 variant was not detected independently.
Objectives: Proteinuria is a hallmark of glomerular diseases. Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases the risk of glomerular disease leading to proteinuria and high urinary creatinine. So an attempt was made to validate the PCI of a random urine sample as a reliable and a convenient test.Methods: Total of 42 hypertensive patients and 80 controls were selected. Their urinary protein was estimated by urinary dipstick method and colorimetric sulfosalicylic acid method. Urinary creatinine was estimated by modified Jaffe’s method. Protein creatinine index was measured for each patients and controls.Results: It was found that the amount of creatinine in urine in hypertensive patients (0.91 ± 0.29 mmol/dl) was comparable to that in the control subjects (0.86 ± 0.38 mmol/dl).The mean of urinary protein concentration in the hypertensive patients was 13.66 ± 5.77 mg/dl, and in the controls was 8.13 ± 2.82 mg/dl respectively. Highly significant value of PCI were observed in hypertensive patients (153 ±59.08) as compared to the controls where PCI was 114.64 ±47.96 (p<0.001). Conclusion: PCI of a random urine sample can serve as a reliable and convenient test to replace 24 hr urine protein estimation. It can serve as baseline predictor of progression of renal diseases.
Background & Objectives: Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is an important global health problem. Estimation of erythrocyte cholinesterase (EChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as an evidence of OP poisoning is costly and not regularly performed. There are emerging options for new cheaper biochemical markers in relation to OP poisoning like creatine phosphokinase (CPK). The objectives of this study were to measure serum CPK level and correlate it with severity of poisoning, to evaluate clinical and prognostic significance of CPK in OP poisoning, to assess if serum CPK level can be used as an alternative of BChE level to stratify OP poisoning severity.Method: Total 100 patients of OP poisoning without any prior treatment, presenting within 12 hours, were selected and their clinical severity was categorized according to Peradeniya Organophosphorus Poisoning (POP) scale. Level of serum CPK, blood BChE and pH were measured and total dose of atropine required (mg) until final clinical outcome was calculated.Results: Out of 100, 43% patients had mild, 36% moderate and 21% severe clinical picture. There was a significant positive correlation between serum CPK value and requirement of atropine dose in patient with severe POP scale category and negative correlation with pH and serum cholinesterase levels, indicating that more severe the poisoning more will be serum CPK and requirement of atropine doses while less will be pH and serum cholinesterase, (p<0.0001).Conclusions: This study suggests role of serum creatine kinase as surrogate, relatively cheap and easily quantifiable markers of severe OPC exposure and their association.
Introduction: A paradigm shift in recent years has led to the consideration of the oral cavity (and, thus, oral disease) not in isolation but as a component integrated with systemic physiology, important in maintaining systemic health and reflective of systemic disease. Saliva has been studied extensively as a potential diagnostic tool over the last decade due to its ease and noninvasive accessibility along with its abundance of biomarkers. Aim and Objective: This is a systematic review of the studies published in past 15 years in electronic databases regarding the utility of saliva as a diagnostic tool. A scrutiny of abundantly studied diagnostic areas using saliva, the analytes of significance, and methodologies was performed. Materials and Methods: Data collected from electronic databases, followed by data extraction and management. Results and Conclusion: Eighty-five studies considered among 510 studies represent the evolution of saliva in screening neoplasms, with 34 different analytes detected in this population followed by 22 in metabolic disorders, and the least being in systemic disorders. The most abundantly applied technique is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the common analyte being immunoglobulins. The application of high-throughput proteomic techniques in various studies in the past decade has led to the discovery of new biomarkers.
