Background: Covid-19, a zoonotic disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - 2 (SARSCov-2) has emerged as a worldwide infection and has been declared pandemic since March, 2020, by WHO. This has brought about tremendous burden on the health care system of not only the developing or the third world countries but also that of prosperous counties of the world. The recent Covid-19 pandemic has pushed the worldwide scientific and medical community to find a solution with the help of vaccines to control SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. An effective vaccine is one which leads to synthesis of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, thus aiding the control and decline of the pandemic. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the antibody titres post 1st dose and post 2nd dose Covishield vaccination and reveals the safety and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19(Recombinant) Covishield vaccine. Methodology: The levels of IgG antibodies were estimated in 215 subjects (both normal subjects and Covid-19 positive subjects) using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Technique. Results: Two hundred & fifteen subjects from Teerthanker Mahaveer Hospital of Moradabad (western Uttar Pradesh) were enrolled for the study. The participants were divided into two different groups. Group I comprised of 215 subjects who received 1st dose of the Covishield vaccine. Group II comprised of 101 subjects who received both the doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19(Recombinant) Covishield vaccine. Levels of IgG were analysed 28 days post 1st dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19(Recombinant) Covishield vaccine and post 2nd dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19(Recombinant) Covishield vaccination. After testing serologically for neutralising IgG antibodies, the titre was found to be below the threshold level of 1.1 in 67.40% of the subjects in the study group 1, whereas 32.60% (n=70) were found to be in the seroprotective range (i.e IgG titre > 1.1). Out of the total 101 participants who took both the doses, 39 participants (38.6%) were found to be in the seroprotective range (i.e IgG titre > 1.1). Conclusion: The two doses of Covishield vaccination (4 weeks interval) given to subjects resulted in increase in IgG antibody titre (Neutralising Antibodies) against both spike protein and nucleocapsid protein after 1st dose and 2nd dose and that single dose may suffice for seroprotection in subjects with previous history of COVID-19 who had recovered from the disease.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to estimate the level of creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), C-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) biomarker in myocardial infarction (MI) (troponin T-positive) and compare with normal healthy individuals (Troponin-T [TnT] negative). Methods: A cross-sectional study on 172 patients involving 100 patients with nondiabetic MI and 72 apparently healthy controls with no history of diabetes and/or MI was done from December 2017 to May 2018. The diagnosis of MI was established with electrocardiogram findings and TnT estimation. Blood samples were gathered and processed for the estimation of CK-MB, LDH, and CRP. Results: The mean age of the cases was 62.15±7.75 years and in the controls was 61.49±8.35 years (p=0.592). The mean value of CK-MB, LDH, and CRP in the TnT positive group was 111.94±29.59 IU/L, 564.43±110.99 IU/L, and 15.69±4.04 mg/L, whereas in the TnT negative group was 16.36±3.77 IU/L, 223.68±36.23 IU/L, and 6.08±2.02 mg/L, respectively (p<0.0001). CK-MB was deranged in 100% of TnT positive group, and in only 2.78% in TnT negative group (p<0.0001). LDH was deranged in 100% TnT positive group, and in 16.67% in TnT negative group (p<0.0001). CRP was deranged in 4% TnT positive group, and in 0% in TnT negative group (p=0.141). Conclusion: This study indicated that CK-MB and LDH are sensitive cardiac markers for the diagnosis of MI.

Introduction: Thyroid disorder and DM are the two most common endocrine disorders encountered in clinical practice which have been shown to mutually influence each other and relationship between both the conditions had long been reported.A certain ECG changes have been recognized in thyroid disorder.this study conducted to see the relation of Thyroid gland with diabetes mellitus in already diagnosed diabetic patients.Aim: To see the relation of Thyroid gland with diabetes mellitus in already diagnosed diabetic patients.Material and Methods: A cross sectional study conducted in Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly to see the relation of Thyroid gland with diabetes mellitus in already diagnosed diabetic patients.Total 130 Diabetes mellitus patients, 7 patients (5.4%) had T1DM and 123 patients (94.6%) had T2DM selected purposively for the study [Table 2].A patients were undergone to check the status of thyroid hormone, along with ECG.The data was collected and stastastically analyzed.Results: Mean age of the all patients were 49.20 ± 13.2 years.The most common clinical signs are a narrowed pulse pressure, diastolic hypertension, low cardiac output, reduced EF impaired diastolic function and bradycardia. [18]vert hypothyroidism is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and CAD due to hypercholesterolemia and diastolic hypertension.34% of hypothyroidism showed significant ST-T ECG changes with angina and CAD on subsequent investigation.Reduced EF and diastolic dysfunction were also significant in this study.In hyperthyroidism, sinus tachycardia, AF, wide pulse pressure, dyspnoea on exertion, exercise intolerance are common. [17]Increased LV mass due to sustained volume overload with resultant cardiac work occurs in hyperthyroidism. [25] This may cause ST-T ECG changes due to LV strain.In this study, sinus tachycardia was the commonest ECG finding (61%), LV chamber hypertrophy was the second common abnormality (43%).ST-T ECG changes are due to LV strain occurs in 21% of cases of hyperthyroidism.Conclusions: Horizontal ST-segment depression of 1mm or more 0.08 s from the J-point with T-wave inversion was the ECG finding in 15 hypothyroidism; 3 in anterior LV wall leads, 4 in inferolateral LV wall leads.10 hypothyroidism has sinus bradycardia in ECG , being the second commonest ECG abnormality.All hypothyroidism with ST-T changes had stable angina.The present study findings are in conformity with earlier studies.Sinus tachycardia was the commonest ECG finding in the hyperthyroidism 6(40%);LV hypertrophy 3 (20%); prolonged Q-Tc interval 2(13.3%);LV strain(ST-T changes), Atrial fibrillation, Atrial ectopics and Ventricular ectopics 1(6.7%).

Objectives: Proteinuria is a hallmark of glomerular diseases. Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases the risk of glomerular disease leading to proteinuria and high urinary creatinine. So an attempt was made to validate the PCI of a random urine sample as a reliable and a convenient test.Methods: Total of 42 hypertensive patients and 80 controls were selected. Their urinary protein was estimated by urinary dipstick method and colorimetric sulfosalicylic acid method. Urinary creatinine was estimated by modified Jaffe’s method. Protein creatinine index was measured for each patients and controls.Results: It was found that the amount of creatinine in urine in hypertensive patients (0.91 ± 0.29 mmol/dl) was comparable to that in the control subjects (0.86 ± 0.38 mmol/dl).The mean of urinary protein concentration in the hypertensive patients was 13.66 ± 5.77 mg/dl, and in the controls was 8.13 ± 2.82 mg/dl respectively. Highly significant value of PCI were observed in hypertensive patients (153 ±59.08) as compared to the controls where PCI was 114.64 ±47.96 (p<0.001). Conclusion: PCI of a random urine sample can serve as a reliable and convenient test to replace 24 hr urine protein estimation. It can serve as baseline predictor of progression of renal diseases.

Background: New study findings indicate that variation in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene, linked to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.In the present study, the protein structure model of TCF7L2 was generated, to understand the structure, function and mechanism of the action of proteins.The present study was designed to enlist some of the physiochemical and functional properties of TCF7L2 protein and provides information about its three-dimensional structure.Materials and Methods: The PDB file of TCF7L2[CAG38811] was generated by Phyre 2 servers.Model construction and regularization (including geometry optimization) of model were done by optimization protocol in YASARA.The energy of the model was minimized using the standard protocols of combined application of simulated annealing, conjugate gradient and steepest descent.The UCLA-DOE server was used to visual analysis of the quality of a putative crystal structure for protein.The validation for structure models was performed by using PROCHECK.The model was further analyzed by WHATIF, QMEAN and ProSA.Results: The model showed good stereo-chemical property in terms of overall G-factor value of -0.64 indicating that geometry of model corresponds to the probability conformation with 67.9% residue in the core region of Ramachandran plot showing high accuracy of model prediction.The Z-score of -6.07 predicted by ProSA represents the good quality of the model.The Z-score also measures the divergence of total energy of the structure with respect to an energy distribution derived from random conformations.The scores indicate a highly reliable structure and are well within the range of scores typically found for proteins of similar size.The energy plot shows the local model quality by plotting knowledge-based energies as a function of amino acid sequence position.Conclusions: The generated model could be supportive to understand the functional characteristics of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2).The variants in TCF7L2 associated with the risk for type 2 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress is associated with aging, which ultimately causes deterioration of muscles. Antioxidant defense system deteriorates while enhancing accumulations of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) due to lipid peroxidation and altered enzyme activities in old age. Regular practice of yoga can maintain the antioxidants level of the body, even in stressful conditions. AIM The present study was designed to assess the effects of lifestyle technique on oxidative stress and lipid profile in normotensive elderly subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy four healthy elderly subjects (43 males and 31 females) 60 to 80 years of age were selected from the Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh, India, for three months lifestyle modification program which included morning walk, Nadi shodan pranayama, dietary restrictions and increased intake of water. Blood pressure and oxidative stress markers Glutathione (GSH), Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were recorded twice, one at baseline and another after three months of lifestyle modifications. RESULTS Post lifestyle modifications technique values revealed a significant increase in GSH (88.03±9.58 ng/ml vs 93.12±9.17 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) and SOD (78.22±11.97 ng/ml vs 85.22±11.08 ng/ml, p < 0.0001), and a decline in MDA (5.28±0.52 m mol/ml vs 4.48± 0.69 m mol/ml, p < 0.0001) levels. Further, there was significant reduction in the systolic blood pressure (p <0.0001) and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.0002); besides all fasting lipids decreased significantly except High Density Lipids (HDL). CONCLUSION The findings of the present study show that lifestyle modification is helpful in reducing cardiovascular disease risk but also assuring for good health by decreasing oxidative stress level along with lipid profile. Further, all these modifications are easy to follow. However, more studies are required to make a generalized lifestyle modification program in normotensive elderly subjects.

Background: Physical exercise is the performance of some activity in order to develop or maintain physical fitness and overall health. Exercise induce proteinuria is generally benign and a function of the intensity- rather than the duration of the exercise. Quantification using a 24 hours urine collection for protein is being replaced by the urine protein creatinine ration from a random urine specimen, ideally from the first morning void. Aims & Objective: To compare protein creatinine index between normal and heavy exercise performing individual. Materials and Methods: Total 40 controls (who were not doing exercise) and 34 subjects) who were doing heavy exercise daily) were selected for the study. Their early morning urine sample was taken for estimating urinary protein by quantitative sulfosalycylic acid method and creatinine by Jaffe’s method using colorimetry. Results: The normal range of the PCI which was stabilized in this study was 62- 220. On comparison of the PCI between the control and the subject, it was found to be significantly elevated in the person who does heavy exercise (controls = 114.64 ± 47.96 and in the person who does heavy exercise = 326.98 ± 117.99) (p

BACKGROUNDProteinuria has been recognized as one of the earliest signs of renal function deterioration in Diabetes mellitus. Proteinuria occurs due to alterations in the glomerular permeability and later, due to a failure in the reabsorption of filtered protein by the tubular cells. Normally, most of the healthy adults excrete 20-150 mg of protein in urine over 24 hours.OBJECTIVESTo find out the normal urinary Protein Creatinine Index (PCI) in healthy subjects, to compare the urinary PCI of diabetic patients with that of healthy subjects and to compare the urinary PCI with dipsticks for the detection of microproteinuria.MATERIAL AND METHODSThis study was conducted on 28 type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients and 40 age and sex matched healthy controls. Freshly collected urine samples were tested qualitatively for the presence of proteinuria by Heller's test, the sulfosalicylic acid test, heat-coagulation tests and urine dipsticks. Later on, the results were compared by performing a quantitative analysis of the protein in the spot urine samples by the sulfosalicylic acid method. A quantitative analysis of creatinine was done by the modified Jaffe's test. The PCI was calculated for each of the participant in the study. The Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) of the PCI was calculated and it was compared between the two groups.RESULTSThe normal range of the PCI which was established in this study was 60 to 220. Significantly higher amount of proteins were found to be excreted in urine in diabetic patients (25.37 ± 12.51 mg/dl) as compared to those in normal subjects (8.93 ± 3.54 mg/dl). On comparison of the PCI between the controls and the diabetic subjects, it was found to be significantly elevated in the Diabetes mellitus patients (controls = 114.65 ±47.97 and in the diabetic patients =373.04 ± 98.53) (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONThe PCI of a random urine sample can provide a very useful, simple and convenient method for the quantitative assessment of proteinuria, to judge the extent of kidney damage and for avoiding the drawbacks of the 24 - hr urine collections.

Disorders of the thyroid gland are amongst the most common endocrine disorders encountered in clinical practice. Thyroid function tests are used to evaluate the thyroid’s functioning and to diagnose cause of thyroid diseases. The diagnosis of thyroid disease consists of a history and clinical examination, followed by specific confirmatory investigations. These investigations are an important diagnostic tool in thyroid disease. Also they are amongst the most common investigations ordered in clinical laboratories. These tests are relatively inexpensive individually but they account for a disproportionately large amount of health care expenditure for diagnostic testing. American thyroid association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists recommend serum TSH measurement as the single most reliable test to diagnose all common forms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism particularly in the ambulatory setting. The aim of this study was to analyze the ordering pattern for thyroid function tests by physicians in Rama super speciality hospital. Total of 483 samples were received during study period of 1st January to 15th July 2013. Outpatients accounted for 86.7% of total samples with maximum requisitions from medicine followed by obstetrics and gynaecology. 46% of requisitions were for thyroid function test and approximately equal 46.7% for TSH only. While analysing the results it was seen that percentage of samples with normal results was around 77% in both thyroid profile and only TSH. Therefore we conclude that there is need for appropriate test ordering in a rational and cost effective manner and an optimal approach to identify patients of thyroid dysfunction.