Mallotus apelta is a perennial species of Euphorbiaceae widely distributed in subtropical East and Southeast Asia. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed its complete chloroplast genome. The genome was 164,055 bp in length and exhibited a typical quadripartite structure, comprising an LSC region of 88,899 bp, an SSC region of 18,494 bp, and two IR regions of 28,331 bp each. A total of 124 genes were annotated. Comparative analyses revealed conserved genome organization and IR boundaries among Mallotus species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that M. apelta was closely related to M. paniculatus, providing valuable resources for Mallotus phylogenetic studies.
Lenzites betulinus is a medicinal fungus in the Polyporaceae. Here, we report the first complete mitochondrial sequencing of this species. The circular genome is 61,288 bp in length, with a GC content of 26.32% and base composition of A (36.98%), T (36.70%), G (12.96%), and C (13.36%). It contains 14 core protein-coding genes (PCGs), 26 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and nine intronic ORFs within the cox1 gene. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 14 PCGs from 17 mitochondrial genomes confirmed that L. betulinus clusters within the Polyporaceae, closely related to Trametes and Fomitopsis. This served as a significant reference for ongoing research into other species within the Polyporales order.
Heterostemma pingtaoi, a species endemic to Hainan Island, China, was discovered and formally described in the family Apocynaceae in 2010. However, genetic and evolutionary information on the genus Heterostemma remains poorly understood. Here, we report the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of H. pingtaoi. The genome displays the typical quadripartite structure characteristic of dicotyledonous plant cp genomes, with a total length of 162,681 bp and a GC content of 38.25%. The cp genome encodes 131 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 39 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete cp genome sequences confirmed that the genus Heterostemma forms a monophyletic group at the base of tribe Ceropegieae (Apocynaceae), with 100% bootstrap support. This study provides essential genomic resources for future taxonomic and evolutionary studies of Heterostemma species.
C. hemsleyanum chloroplast genome is 157,356 bp with a quadripartite structure, 37.99% GC, and 132 genes (87 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, 8 rRNA). Phylogenomic analysis places it as sister to C. thesioides with 100% bootstrap support. This resource aids molecular identification, genetic diversity, and evolutionary studies in Apocynaceae.
The chloroplast genome of Artocarpus gongshanensis S. K. Wu ex C. Y. Wu & S. S. Chang 1989, a threatened species endemic to China, was sequenced for the first time using Illumina NovaSeq 6000. The complete chloroplast genome assembly reveals a quadripartite structure with a total length of 160,174 bp, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC) region (89,311 bp) and a small single-copy (SSC) region (19,489 bp), separated by two inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,687 bp each). Phylogenetic reconstruction based on chloroplast genome data strongly supports that A. gongshanensis forms a sister clade with A. hypargyreus. Comparative genomic analyses demonstrate that the structural organization of A. gongshanensis chloroplast genome is conserved with other Artocarpus species. This newly characterized chloroplast genome provides critical molecular data for resolving taxonomic uncertainties within the genus and establishing evidence-based conservation measures for this threatened plant.
This study determined the chloroplast genome of Thalictrum atriplex, which is 155,984 base pairs (bp) in length, including one large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,422 bp, one small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,594 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of equal length (26,484 bp each). The total guanine-cytosine (GC) content was 38.35%. A total of 127 genes were identified, including 83 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that T. atriplex and T. finetii are closely related, forming a monophyletic clade, which provides a basis for the phylogenetic study and resource utilization of T. atriplex.
Taxillus sutchuenensis var. duclouxii, a shrub-like hemiparasitic plant with medicinal value. This study sequenced, assembled, and annotated the chloroplast genome of T. sutchuenensis var. duclouxii using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The genome exhibits a typical circular quadripartite structure, with a total length of 122,537 bp and a GC content of 37.3%. It contains 104 genes, including 64 protein-coding genes, 32 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis shows that T. sutchuenensis var. duclouxii forms a clade with T. nigrans and T. sutchuenensis, indicating a close relationship. This study provides a basis for molecular identification and phylogenetic research in Taxillus.
This study first reported the complete chloroplast genome of Thalictrum przewalskii Maxim. and analyzed its structure and phylogeny. This circular double-stranded genome is 155,922 bp long with a GC content of 38.4%, containing an 85,347 bp LSC region, a 17,613 bp SSC region, and two 26,481 bp IR regions. A total of 131 functional genes were annotated. Phylogenetic analysis of 21 species indicated that Thalictrum przewalskii Maxim. is most closely related to Thalictrum baicalense Turcz. ex Ledeb., defining its phylogenetic position and providing a molecular basis for future studies on Thalictrum species.
The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Meganola major (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) is reported for the first time. The circular genome is 15,237 bp with an A/T content of 81.32% and comprises 37 genes, consisting of 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs, along with the A + T-rich region. Most PCGs begin with ATN, whereas each cox1 and cox2 begins with CGA and GTG, respectively. Gene order matches the typical lepidopteran arrangement, and base composition falls within the range observed in other nolids. Phylogenetic analyses using a concatenated dataset of the 13 PCGs and two rRNAs recovered the following relationships: Nolinae as sister to Risobinae, Blenina as an independent lineage consistent with recognition of Bleninae, Meganola and Nola as reciprocally monophyletic groups, and M. major a sister to the M. albula and M. strigula group. The nodal supports for the sister relationship between Nolinae and Risobinae were lower, whereas other relationships were strongly supported. Considering M. major has recently emerged as a serious pest, damaging street-planted crepe myrtle in South Korea, current mitogenome sequences will be valuable for species identification, population genetic structure, and phylogeny at a diverse taxonomic hierarchy.
Urceola huaitingii (Chun & Tsiang) D. J. Middleton 1994, a member of the Apocynaceae family, is widely distributed across southern and southwestern China and has been traditionally used in folk medicine to treat hemiplegia and paralysis. In this study, we report the first complete chloroplast genome of U. huaitingii and perform phylogenetic analysis with 30 related species within the Apocynaceae. The chloroplast genome of U. huaitingii is 155,182 bp in length and has a GC content of 38.11%. It displays a typical quadripartite structure, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,254 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,242 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,843 bp each. A total of 111 unique genes were annotated, including 77 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that U. huaitingii is closely related to the genera Aganosma, Trachelospermum, and Amalocalyx. This study provides the first chloroplast genomic resource for the genus Urceola, laying a foundation for future investigations into its evolutionary relationships. It also contributes to future molecular and phylogenetic studies within the Apocynaceae family.
Montandoniola moraguesi (Puton) is a widely deployed biological control agent against gall-inducing thrips, yet genomic resources for its accurate identification and phylogenetic placement remain limited. In this study, we present the complete mitochondrial genome of M. moraguesi to characterize its genomic organization and clarify its phylogenetic position within Anthocoridae. The circular mitogenome is 15,062 bp in length, exhibits a high A + T content of 74.04%, and contains the typical set of 37 mitochondrial genes along with a control region. Gene organization follows the ancestral insect mitochondrial pattern. Structural annotation revealed that COX2 and ATP6 terminate with incomplete stop codons (T-), while trnS1 lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. Phylogenetic analysis based on all 13 protein-coding genes strongly supported M. moraguesi as the sister lineage to the genus Orius (BS = 100, PP = 1.00). These results provide molecular validation for the morphological classification of the tribe Oriini and supply essential genetic markers for distinguishing this predator from closely related species in integrated pest management strategies.
We report the first complete mitochondrial genome of Microctonus aethiopoides (Loan, 1975) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), assembled using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing data. The circular mitogenome is 33,173 bp long and contains 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs) along with a large A + T-rich control region. It exhibits a strong AT bias (85.42%) and a unique tRNA gene arrangement, whereas protein-coding genes remain conserved across Braconidae. Phylogenetic analysis places M. aethiopoides within Euphorinae. This mitogenome offers a valuable genetic resource for future evolutionary and ecological studies and improves understanding of mitogenome evolution and gene rearrangements within Braconidae.
Murdannia medica is a Vietnamese traditional medicinal herb. Here, we report DNA super‑barcodes comprising the complete plastid genome (plastome, 177,455 bp) and 45S nuclear ribosomal DNA (45S nrDNA, 5,741 bp) of M. medica. The plastome has a large single‑copy (LSC, 100,132 bp), a small single‑copy (SSC, 21,125 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 28,099 bp each. It contains 115 annotated genes and has an overall A/T content of 68.2%. Plastome‑based phylogenetic analyses show that M. medica sister with M. edulis. These new genomic resources provide a valuable foundation for future cultivation, conservation, and systematic investigations of M. medica.
Camellia hamyenensis Ninh & Le is a yellow tea species endemic to Vietnam. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of this species was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The 156,613-bp plastome has a GC content of 37.32% and comprises an 86,187-bp large single-copy region, an 18,276-bp small single-copy region, and two 26,075-bp inverted repeat regions. It contains 134 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. hamyenensis clustered with C. flava, C. huulungensis, and C. tamdaoensis. These results provide useful resources for future phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of the genus Camellia.
The complete chloroplast genome of Amorphophallus josefbogneri Hett 2006 was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The genome is 172,957 bp in length and exhibits a typical circular quadripartite structure with LSC 94,009 bp, SSC 14,946 bp, and two IRs of 32,001 bp each. The overall GC content is 34.96%. A total of 128 genes were annotated, including 83 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes, of which 110 are single-copy genes. Phylogenetic analysis places A. josefbogneri in a clade A. muelleri, A. kiusianus, A. yunnanensis, A. coaetaneus, and A. tonkinensis. This chloroplast genome provides a resource for developing molecular markers for species identification and phylogenetic studies within Amorphophallus.
Artemisia schmidtiana Maxim. is a perennial species in the family Asteraceae. We assembled and characterized its complete chloroplast genome using Illumina sequencing data. The A. schmidtiana plastome is 151,032 bp long and has an overall GC content of 37.45%. The plastome contains 111 unique genes, comprising 79 protein-coding genes, 28 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 71 shared chloroplast protein-coding genes placed A. schmidtiana within the sampled Artemisia taxa and close to A. tournefortiana. This plastome provides a genomic resource for molecular identification, comparative plastome studies, and phylogenetic analyses of Artemisia.
Mentha sachalinensis (Briq.) Kudô is a potentially valuable aromatic plant in the Lamiaceae. Here, we assembled and characterized its complete chloroplast genome. The genome is 152,159 bp long and has a typical quadripartite structure, comprising a 83,293 bp large single-copy (LSC) region, a 17,668 bp small single-copy (SSC) region , and two 25,599 bp inverted repeats (IRs). The overall GC content is 36.99%. A total of 130 genes were annotated, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. This genome constitutes a valuable genomic resource for species identification, phylogenetic reconstruction, and evolutionary analyses within the genus Mentha.
Rhamnoneuron balansae (Drake) Gilg is the only species of the genus Rhamnoneuron in Thymelaeaceae. In this study, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the complete chloroplast genome of R. balansae. The genome is 172,971 bp in length with a typical quadripartite structure, comprising an LSC region of 85,819 bp, an SSC region of 2,900 bp, and two IR regions of 42,126 bp each. A total of 139 genes were annotated, including 93 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis strongly supported R. balansae as sister to Edgeworthia species. Our results provide valuable genetic resources for further studies of Thymelaeaceae.
Amanita franzii is a non-lethal species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae belonging to the A. pseudogemmata subclade. In this study, we report its complete mitochondrial genome assembled from Illumina paired-end reads. The mitochondrial genome is 57,020 bp with a GC content of 22.27% and contains 15 conserved PCGs, three putative ORFs, two rRNA genes, and 27 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated mitochondrial PCGs places A. franzii within sect. Phalloideae, where it forms a distinct lineage from the cyclopeptide toxin-producing clade. This study presents the first complete mitochondrial genome of A. franzii and provides a resource for evolutionary studies.
Boulenophrys xianjuensis is a member of the family Megophryidae and was first described in 2020 in Xianju County, Zhejiang Province, China. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of B. xianjuensis was sequenced, assembled, and annotated using next-generation sequencing technology. The assembled mitogenome is a circular molecule 17,602 base pairs (bp) in length, with a GC content of 41.40%, and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a single control region (D-loop). The majority of PCGs are encoded on the heavy strand (H-strand), whereas one PCG (ND6) and eight tRNA genes (trnE(uuc), trnS(tga), trnY(gua), trnC(gca), trnN(guu), trnA(ugc), trnQ(uug), and trnP(ugg)) are encoded on the light strand (L-strand). Phylogenetic analysis placed B. xianjuensis within a well-supported clade comprising other Boulenophrys species, with the genus Boulenophrys forming a sister group to Atympanophrys. This new newly characterized mitogenome provides valuable molecular data for understanding the mitochondrial genome of B. xianjuensis and contributes significantly to the clarification of the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Boulenophrys.
