A stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of Tafamidis in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Phenomenex Gemini ODS C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with methanol and phosphate buffer (25:75, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Detection was performed at 312 nm using a PDA detector. The method was evaluated for system suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, intermediate precision, robustness, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and stability-indicating capability. Tafamidis showed a mean retention time of approximately 3.16 min and linear response over the concentration range of 10–50 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The assay of the pharmaceutical dosage form was 99.23%. Recovery at the evaluated concentration levels was approximately 100.41–100.44%, while method precision and intermediate precision showed low percentage relative standard deviations. The calculated LOD and LOQ were 0.597 and 1.811 µg/mL, respectively. Forced-degradation studies under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, thermal, photolytic, and hydrolytic conditions demonstrated separation of Tafamidis from degradation products. The experimental dataset also provides a basis for future evaluation of artificial intelligence and machine-learning approaches for chromatographic optimisation; however, such models were not used to generate the reported validation results.
Aims: Oral diseases are associated with complex microbial biofilms and oxidative inflammatory processes. This study evaluated the phytochemical profile, total phenolic content, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, and preliminary antimicrobial activity of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of Euphorbia thymifolia and examined the activity and quality attributes of experimental oral-rinse formulations. Methodology: Aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and determination of total phenolic content. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the DPPH assay. Agar well diffusion was used as a preliminary screening method against Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Experimental oral-rinse formulations were evaluated for inhibition-zone diameter, pH, density, and microbiological quality. Results: Polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins were detected in all extracts. The aqueous extract had an IC50 of 19.3 ± 2.1 µg/mL, followed by the 60:40 hydroethanolic extract at 21.5 ± 1.8 µg/mL. Extract inhibition zones ranged from 18.1 ± 0.2 to 23.4 ± 0.4 mm. Among extract-containing formulations, inhibition zones ranged from 12.8 ± 0.3 to 18.4 ± 0.4 mm. The formulations had a mean pH of 7.28 ± 0.02 and a mean density of 1.035 ± 0.01 g/mL. The total aerobic mesophilic count was 2.2 × 10³ CFU/g and exceeded the limit applied in the study, although the specified coliforms, yeasts and moulds, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected. Conclusion: Euphorbia thymifolia extracts demonstrated DPPH radical-scavenging and preliminary agar-diffusion activity under the conditions tested, and measurable activity remained after incorporation into experimental oral-rinse formulations. These findings support further chemical standardisation and quantitative antimicrobial investigation; however, the current results do not establish clinical efficacy, product stability, or oral safety. Optimisation of preservation and additional cytotoxicity, stability, biofilm, and in vivo studies are required.
Aims: To synthesize (Z)-7-nitro-1-phenyl-3-((2-((1-phenylethylidene)amino)ethyl)amino)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives and evaluate their possible biological properties. Methods: The substituted (Z)-7-nitro-1-phenyl-3-((2-((1-phenylethylidene)amino)ethyl)amino)quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives were synthesized by reacting 3-((2-aminoethyl)amino)-7-nitro-1-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one with different substituted aromatic ketones. The synthesized compounds were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities were evaluated spectrophotometrically based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide and butyrylcholine chloride. Molecular docking was performed for compounds 1(a-g) against the three-dimensional structure of recombinant human acetylcholinesterase (PDB ID: 4EY7). Results: Compounds 1e (IC50 = 0.04 ± 0.01 µM) and 1f (IC50 = 0.75 ± 0.06 µM) were the most active acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, while compounds 1b (IC50 = 0.06 ± 0.02 µM) and 1f (IC50 = 0.84 ± 0.02 µM) showed the strongest butyrylcholinesterase inhibition among the reported compounds. The docking results revealed several interactions between ligands 1(a-g) and the protein binding pocket, highlighting the roles of specific amino acid residues and interaction types in stabilising the complexes. Each ligand displayed a distinct interaction profile contributing to its predicted binding affinity and specificity. Conclusion: The acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the synthesized compounds, together with their docking profiles, support further investigation of this derivative series as potential cholinesterase inhibitors.
Background: Necrotising fasciitis (NF) is an uncommon, fulminant infection of the superficial fascia and subcutaneous tissue that carries considerable morbidity and mortality when recognition or intervention is delayed. Primary involvement of the breast is exceptionally rare, and the small number of reported cases has arisen predominantly in the puerperium, a period during which the physiological demands of lactation compound diagnostic and therapeutic difficulty. Because puerperal breast NF simultaneously threatens maternal survival, continuation of breastfeeding, and psychological wellbeing, its management warrants a coordinated multidisciplinary approach in which the ward-based pharmacist assumes a role extending well beyond the supply of medicines. Case Presentation: A 19-year-old primiparous woman presented approximately four weeks postpartum with fever, followed by rapidly progressive swelling and severe pain of the left breast. Wound culture yielded heavy monomicrobial growth of Staphylococcus species, with susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and ampicillin, intermediate susceptibility to gentamicin, chloramphenicol and cefuroxime, and resistance to streptomycin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime. She underwent surgical debridement, with skin grafting and flap reconstruction planned for definitive closure. Pharmaceutical Care Intervention: Pharmaceutical care was structured using the Pharmacotherapy Workup framework of Cipolle et al. (2012), which assesses each prescribed medicine against four cornerstones—indication, effectiveness, safety, and adherence. Applying this framework, the surgical ward pharmacist conducted medication reconciliation, reviewed the empirical antimicrobial regimen against the culture and sensitivity report, appraised the safety of lactation-suppressing therapy, and identified non-adherence secondary to financial constraints as the principal drug therapy problem. Interventions included cost-saving substitution, facilitated access to subsidised medicines, structured counselling, and nutritional and psychosocial support. Outcome: The patient achieved satisfactory wound granulation, adequate analgesia, resolution of fever, and no progression to sepsis, with improved adherence and reduced out-of-pocket expenditure associated with the pharmacist-led intervention. Conclusion: The deliberate integration of a dedicated pharmacist into the surgical multidisciplinary team was associated with clinical, humanistic and economic benefits in this case of puerperal breast necrotising fasciitis, illustrating the potential value of embedded surgical ward pharmacy services in resource-constrained settings.
Background: Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig is a monocotyledonous perennial herb belonging to the family Zingiberaceae and genus Hedychium. It is commonly known as butterfly ginger, garland flower, butterfly lily, and cinnamon jasmine. The plant is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and has long been utilized in traditional medicine for treating disorders such as diabetes, inflammation, infections, and pain. Its medicinal importance is attributed to the presence of diverse bioactive phytochemicals. Methodology: This review is based on a comprehensive analysis of published literature focusing on the phytochemical composition, ethnomedicinal applications, and pharmacological activities of Hedychium coronarium. Relevant in vitro and in vivo studies were evaluated to understand its therapeutic potential. Results: The plant exhibits a broad range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal, cytotoxic, and neuropharmacological effects. Major phytoconstituents such as terpenoids, flavonoids, and sterols—particularly compounds like linalool, geraniol, limonene, nerolidol, and labdane diterpenes—play a key role in these activities. Importantly, several constituents demonstrate antidiabetic potential through mechanisms such as enzyme inhibition, improved insulin sensitivity, reduction of hyperglycemia, and antioxidant action. Conclusion: Hedychium coronarium is a pharmacologically significant plant with strong potential in the development of novel therapeutic agents, especially for diabetes management. Its traditional uses are supported by scientific evidence; however, further clinical research is needed to confirm its safety and efficacy.
Parkia biglobosa is a plant widely used in traditional African medicine. It has been the subject of several studies aimed at gaining a better understanding of the species, formalizing its medicinal uses, and developing its potential. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date summary of the available scientific knowledge on this plant in order to identify research opportunities and better guide the development of innovative herbal medicines. It is based on a literature review conducted on various websites, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Science Direct, Web of Science, SciFinder, BMC, Open-thesis, ResearchGate, Research4Life, and PubMed. In addition, searches were carried out directly on Google. The results of the study demonstrated that, from a pharmacological perspective, the efficacy of the various parts of the plant has been corroborated by several authors. In particular, the study highlights the antimicrobial activity of the leaves, stem bark, and roots; the antidiabetic action of the fermented seeds; the antihypertensive properties of the leaves, stem bark, and fermented seeds; and the anthelmintic effect of the seeds and leaves. From a toxicological perspective, various studies have indicated that the plant does not cause acute toxicity up to a dose of 5 000 mg/kg body weight. However, toxicological data on the species are lacking, particularly regarding issues such as mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, long-term toxicity, and so on. It is therefore essential to conduct further toxicological analysis of the plant to ensure its safety for use in herbal preparations.
Background: Periodontal diseases are associated with complex multispecies biofilms in which Porphyromonas gingivalis acts as a key virulence-associated pathogen contributing to inflammation and tissue destruction. Owing to the limitations of conventional antimicrobials, postbiotics and phytochemicals are emerging as promising alternative strategies for reducing biofilm viability and attenuating bacterial virulence. Purpose: To compare the antibiofilm and antivirulence effects of 0.12% chlorhexidine, Lactobacillus reuteri cell-free supernatant, green tea extract, and their combination against a multispecies periodontal biofilm model. Materials and Methods: Artificial saliva-conditioned hydroxyapatite discs were used to establish a sequential multispecies biofilm containing Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Biofilms were allocated to five groups: untreated control, 0.12% chlorhexidine, L. reuteri cell-free supernatant, green tea extract, and combined L. reuteri cell-free supernatant plus green tea extract. Metabolic activity, total biomass, viable bacterial proportion, relative P. gingivalis load, and gingipain activity were quantified after standardized exposure. Data from three independent biological experiments with three technical replicates per condition were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. Results: All active treatments significantly reduced biofilm-related outcomes compared with the untreated control group (P<0.001). Chlorhexidine showed the strongest bactericidal profile, reducing metabolic activity to 24.60 +/- 4.90% and viable bacterial proportion to 28.50 +/- 5.20%. The combined postbiotic-phytochemical treatment showed broad inhibition, reducing total biomass to 42.50 +/- 6.90%, relative P. gingivalis load to 33.10 +/- 6.30%, and gingipain activity to 28.40 +/- 5.50%. Green tea extract showed a marked antivirulence-dominant effect on gingipain activity. Conclusion: Chlorhexidine provided superior short-term bactericidal activity, whereas the combined postbiotic-phytochemical approach showed relevant multi-endpoint antibiofilm and antivirulence effects in this in vitro model. These findings support further mechanistic and translational evaluation of postbiotic-phytochemical adjuncts for periodontal biofilm modulation.
Background: Accurate bracket placement is essential for achieving optimal orthodontic treatment outcomes. Errors in vertical or axial positioning can alter torque expression, tip, and in–out relationships, thereby affecting the final occlusal result. Although several gauges assist in vertical positioning, their ability to ensure accuracy in both vertical and horizontal planes remains limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the accuracy of bracket positioning between the MBT gauge and the self-designed Mirror-Guided Bracket Positioner (MGBP) in maxillary anterior teeth. Materials and Methods: This prospective split-mouth in vivo clinical study was conducted on 25 orthodontic patients. The maxillary arch was divided into right and left segments (central incisor to canine), with each patient serving as their own control. A balanced randomization protocol was followed, wherein in 12 patients the right side was bonded using the MBT gauge and the left side using the MGBP positioner, while in the remaining 13 patients the allocation was reversed to minimize site bias. Bracket positioning was performed by a single operator using composite resin and LED curing. The accuracy of bracket positioning between the two devices was assessed using a digital Vernier caliper, by measuring distances from the bracket scribe line to mesial, distal, incisal, and gingival reference points. Data were analyzed using appropriate paired statistical tests, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The MGBP group demonstrated higher mean surface scores across all tooth surfaces compared to the MBT group. Statistically significant differences were observed in the mesial and occlusal surfaces of central incisors, the gingival surface of lateral incisors, and the mesial, distal, and occlusal surfaces of canines, indicating superior bracket positioning accuracy with the MGBP technique. Conclusion: The MGBP technique demonstrated enhanced accuracy and more favorable surface outcomes compared to the conventional MBT gauge. Its dual-arm design improves visualization, reduces parallax error, and facilitates precise bracket placement, making it an efficient and reliable alternative for clinical use.
Background: The geriatric population, defined as individuals aged 65 years and above, is rapidly increasing and presents unique healthcare challenges. It is categorized into young-old (65–74 years), middle-old (75–84 years), and old-old (≥85 years) based on functional and physiological differences. The high prevalence of chronic diseases in this group often leads to polypharmacy, increasing the risk of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), which may result in adverse outcomes, hospitalizations, and reduced quality of life. Objective: The study aims to promote rational prescribing practices and improve medication safety among the elderly population in India and to analyze the risks associated with the PIMs use among geriatrics. Results: The use of screening tools such as the Beers Criteria and STOPP/START criteria has been widely recognized in identifying PIMs in older adults. Regular prescription review and continuous monitoring were found to be effective strategies in minimizing inappropriate medication use and associated risks. Conclusion: Identifying and reducing PIMs through validated screening tools and regular medication review is essential to enhance therapeutic outcomes and improve the overall quality of life in the geriatric population.
Nephrotic syndrome, a prevalent pediatric renal disorder, manifests with significant proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, oedema, and hyperlipidemia. Complications associated with nephrotic syndrome include infections, ascites, and pleural effusion. Congenital cardiac anomalies, such as Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), can further complicate the management of this condition. In this case report, we present a 2-year-old female patient presenting with generalised oedema, fever, and urinary symptoms. Upon diagnosis, the patient was found to have a first-episode nephrotic syndrome complicated by urinary tract infection, mild ascites, pleural effusion, and incidental PDA. Laboratory tests revealed substantial proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia, which were corroborated by imaging studies. Echocardiography revealed a small PDA with a left-to-right shunt. The patient’s condition improved significantly with the administration of corticosteroids, antibiotics, and supportive therapy. This case underscores the paramount importance of early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and multidisciplinary management in pediatric nephrotic syndrome, particularly when comorbidities are present.
Ulcer formation in humans may be precipitated by a range of factors, including psychological stress and the prolonged use of anti-inflammatory medications. Although the aetiology remains undefined in many cases, it is widely accepted that ulcer development arises from an imbalance between aggressive factors and the mechanisms responsible for maintaining mucosal integrity via endogenous defence systems. To evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of Crossandra infundibuliformis linn extract using an In-vitro experimental study. This study examined the potential of ethanol extract of Crossandra infundibuliformis to block H+/K+ ATPase in order to determine whether it may be utilized to cure ulcers. It involved evaluating the acid-neutralizing capacity of different concentrations of extracts with a standard antacid. The extract significantly reduced acid neutralizing capacity to 25 at a concentration of 500 μg/ml as compared to 45 with standard Aluminium hydroxide + Magnesium hydroxide (50 mg/ml). While in H+ /K+ - ATPase inhibition activity, the extract showed maximum percentage inhibition of 71.76% at the concentration 500μg as compared to 90.66% with standard Omeprazole. The results of this study suggest that Crossandra infundibuliformis ethanol extract contains substances that can block enzymes and neutralize acids, making it a better treatment for digestive issues.
Background: Thrombotic disorders, characterized by fibrin-rich clot formation within blood vessels, are a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality worldwide (World Health Organization, 2023). Thrombolytic agents such as streptokinase act by converting plasminogen into plasmin, thereby degrading fibrin clots; however, their use is limited by adverse effects, high cost, and lack of fibrin specificity (GraphPad Software Inc., 2023, Rahman et al., 2022). These limitations have prompted the search for safer and cost-effective alternatives, particularly from plant-derived bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, which possess significant cardioprotective and antithrombotic activities (Collen and Lijnen, 2021). Objective: The study aims to evaluate the in vitro thrombolytic activity of Borassus flabellifer L. seed coat extract and to quantify its flavonoid content. Methods: The seed coat extract was prepared using ethanol by cold maceration and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening. Total flavonoid content was determined using UV spectrophotometry at 280 nm based on established methods. Thrombolytic activity was assessed using a gravimetric clot lysis method with chicken blood clots (Barreto, 2020). Streptokinase was used as the positive control, while distilled water served as the negative control Results: The extract exhibited a high flavonoid content with an absorbance of 4.000 at 280 nm, indicating the presence of significant polyphenolic compounds. It demonstrated dose-dependent thrombolytic activity, producing 27% clot lysis at a lower concentration and 46% at a higher concentration, compared to 72% clot lysis by streptokinase and 2.5% by distilled water (Barreto, 2020). Conclusion: The ethanolic seed coat extract of Borassus flabellifer L. exhibited significant in vitro thrombolytic activity, which may be attributed to its high flavonoid content. These findings suggest its potential as a promising candidate for the development of plant-based thrombolytic agents; however, further studies are required to isolate active constituents and evaluate in vivo efficacy.
By cyclocondensing 4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)benzoic acid with thiosemicarbazide to form a crucial intermediate and then reacting with different substituted phenacyl chlorides, a novel series of 6-aryl-2-(4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)phenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)1,3,4-thiadiazoles (3a-3e). FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis were used to confirm the chemical structures of these derivatives. Compound 3d demonstrated the greatest antifungal inhibition against Botryodiplodia theobromae, whereas compound 3e had the most reliable and strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, according to biological evaluation utilizing the Agar-Cup diffusion method. These experimental findings were corroborated by molecular docking investigations, which revealed significant binding affinities between -7.7 and -8.4 kcal/mol. With a docking score of -8.4 kcal/mol, compound 3a in particular showed the most stable interaction, establishing crucial connections with residues like ARG-52 and ARG-219(pdbid-1AD4). These results demonstrate the potential of an isoindoline moiety combined with the imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole scaffold as a promising template for the development of powerful antibacterial medicines.
Benzilic acid (2-hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetic acid) and its derivatives occupy a distinctive niche in medicinal chemistry because the scaffold naturally combines (i) a bulky, “aryl-rich” hydrophobic domain and (ii) a polar, acid/ester-bearing handle that can be tuned for permeability, residence time, and receptor selectivity. These attributes underpin clinically important antimuscarinic drugs and tool ligands whose binding modes have been structurally resolved, enabling genuinely structure-guided optimisation. In parallel, modern computer-aided drug design (CADD) has matured from “docking-first” workflows to integrated pipelines that explicitly manage protonation/tautomeric uncertainty, conformational flexibility, induced fit, binding kinetics, and developability constraints. This review synthesiseshow contemporary CADD can be applied to benzilic acid derivatives, with emphasis on (a) structure-based design empowered by high-resolution muscarinic acetylcholine receptor structures co-crystallised with benzilate-type ligands and related antagonists, (b) ligand-based modelling that leverages scaffold-centric series and robust negative data, and (c) translation-oriented in silico profiling to triage liabilities early. A structured search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar (January 2010 - March 2025) using specific scaffold and computational method terms, including peer-reviewed English articles involving benzilic acid derivatives and explicit CADD components.We outline a concise and reproducible literature-selection strategy, map the chemical and biological design space of benzilic acid derivatives, and present case-study patterns illustrating what has worked (and why) in achieving subtype selectivity and longer duration of action. Finally, we propose practical, reportable best practices—particularly around stereochemistry, protonation states, and benchmarking—that can raise confidence in CADD conclusions for this scaffold class and accelerate the design–make–test–analysecycle.
Objective: Hypertension is a chronic condition that requires long-term management. Successful control of blood pressure largely depends on patient awareness and adherence to prescribed medication. This study was designed to assess the level of knowledge and medication adherence in patients with hypertension and to examine the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on adherence behaviour. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Tumakuru from May 2025 to October 2025. A total of 147 patients diagnosed with hypertension were included in the study. Participants’ knowledge of hypertension and their medication adherence were assessed using a structured Knowledge Assessment Scale and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), respectively. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the association between sociodemographic variables and medication adherence. Results: Among 147 participants, 57.1% of participants were male. Most participants were aged 50–59 (30.6%) and resided in rural areas (66%). By knowledge assessment, most participants' knowledge level was moderate (55%), poor (24%), and good (21%). High awareness was found in lifestyle practices, including avoiding extra salt (94.5%), regular medication use (87%), daily exercise (85.7%), and monitoring of blood pressure (83.6%), complications of poorly controlled hypertension (43.5%) or alcohol as a risk factor (25.8%). Most participants' adherence levels were moderate (49.6%), poor (28.5%), and good (21.7%). We also found that sociodemographic factors like gender, age, education, and comorbidities are independent of medication adherence. Conclusion: Patients demonstrated fair knowledge and moderate adherence; gaps remain in awareness and in consistent medication use. The absence of correlation with age, gender, or education suggests that psychological and communication factors influence adherence. Enhanced education, counselling, and follow-up are essential for improving hypertension outcomes.
Background: Antibiotic misuse and self-medication contribute significantly to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a major global health threat. Medical students, despite their education, often engage in self- medication with antibiotics, highlighting a concerning gap between knowledge and practice. Aim: The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding antibiotic use and self-medication among MBBS students using a cross-sectional study method. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among MBBS students in Gujarat. Data were collected via Google Forms and analyzed using Excel 2021. A chi- square test was performed to analyze gender-based differences in self-medication behavior. Results: Among 210 respondents, 51.4% reported self-medicating with antibiotics. Knowledge levels were high, with over 90% correctly identifying antibiotics and understanding AMR. However, 64.3% obtained antibiotics without prescriptions, and 41% showed reluctance to attend AMR awareness programs. The chi-square test revealed no significant association between gender and self-medication behavior (p = 1.0). Conclusion: Despite high awareness, self-medication remains prevalent among MBBS students, demonstrating a gap between knowledge and responsible behavior. Strengthening pharmacy regulations, integrating behavioral interventions into medical curricula, and promoting responsible antibiotic use are crucial to addressing this issue.
Background: Epipremnum aureum is widely recognized in traditional medicine for its diverse therapeutic properties. Recent research has focused on its phytochemical richness and potential biomedical applications, particularly in hepatoprotection and nanotechnology-based formulations. Objective: This review aims to critically summarize the phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and emerging role of E. aureum, with special emphasis on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective potential, including its application in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Methods: A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, focusing on in vitro, in vivo, and nanotechnology-based studies. Key aspects analyzed include phytochemical profiling, biological activities, and mechanistic pathways involved in liver protection and oxidative stress reduction. Results: E. aureum contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which contribute to its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies demonstrate its efficacy in mitigating hepatotoxicity induced by agents like CCl₄ through reduction of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using E. aureum extract enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency, showing improved hepatoprotective and cytoprotective effects in experimental models. Conclusion: The findings highlight E. aureum as a promising natural source for hepatoprotective agents and nanomedicine development. However, further clinical studies and standardization are required to validate its safety and efficacy for therapeutic applications.
Background: Euphorbia pulcherrima, also known as poinsettia, is a medicinally significant decorative plant that has long been used for managing wounds, skin conditions, respiratory conditions, and inflammation. The plant's therapeutic potential is due to its bioactive phytoconstituents, like flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, and glycosides. Objective: The present review aims to comprehensively summarize the phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic potential of the plant, while highlighting existing research gaps and future prospects for drug development. Methodology: Relevant literature on Euphorbia pulcherrima involving phytochemical analysis, compound isolation, biological evaluation, molecular docking studies, and in vitro as well as in vivo pharmacological investigations was systematically collected and reviewed for the preparation of this study. Results: Phytochemical analysis of Euphorbia pulcherrima identified major bioactive constituents including rutin, spinacetin, patuletin, eupulcherol A, and several triterpenoids. Pharmacological studies demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zones up to 18 mm, while red leaf extracts exhibited notable antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀ = 79.77 ppm). Eupulcherol A showed neuroprotective potential by delaying Aβ₂–₄₂-induced paralysis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Spinacetin and patuletin displayed analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities through interactions with COX- 2, GABAᴀ, and μ-opioid receptors. Biosynthesized silver/silver chloride nanoparticles exhibited anticancer activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma via apoptosis induction through upregulation of p53 and Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. Furthermore, isolated triterpenoids effectively inhibited osteoclastogenesis with minimal cytotoxicity. Conclusion: Euphorbia pulcherrima exhibits diverse pharmacological activities attributed to its rich bioactive constituents, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, and anti- osteoclastogenic effects. However, further mechanistic, toxicological, standardization, and clinical studies are essential to validate its therapeutic potential and ensure safe phytopharmaceutical development.
Activated carbon filters are essential in pharmaceutical water systems, ensuring removal of chlorine, organic matter, and microbial contaminants. Modernization of legacy systems is critical to maintain compliance with pharmacopeial and GMP requirements. This study describes the upgrade of a dual activated carbon filter system, replacing a partially modernized unit with stainless steel construction and automated Human–Machine Interface (HMI) controls, and evaluates its impact on purified water quality. The system was qualified under structured change control following DQ, IQ, OQ, and PQ protocols. Sixty determinations of physicochemical and microbiological parameters were performed, including conductivity, nitrates, total organic carbon, residual chlorine, and microbial counts. Sampling was conducted upstream and downstream of the ACF units, with analyses aligned to USP and European Pharmacopoeia standards. Residual chlorine was consistently removed, with outlet concentrations <0.1 mg/L. Total organic carbon values ranged from 15.4 to 179 ppb, remaining below the alert limit of 200 ppb. Conductivity and nitrate concentrations met USP requirements across all determinations. Microbiological assays showed colony counts below alert thresholds (maximum 15 cfu/mL), with no pathogenic microorganisms detected. Hot‑water sanitizations at 80 °C, should be three time per week, effectively controlled microbial growth, supported by the enhanced durability of stainless‑steel piping. The upgraded dual activated carbon filter system demonstrated robust compliance with pharmacopeial standards, improved operational reliability, and sustained water quality. Modernization strategies, executed under GMP and ICH Q10 change control, proved essential for risk mitigation, reproducibility, and long‑term sustainability of pharmaceutical water systems.
Background: Shingles (Herpes Zoster) is a painful viral disease caused by reactivation of the Varicella-zoster virus, primarily affecting individuals with a history of chickenpox. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, awareness and preventive practices remain inadequate in many populations. Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding shingles among adults and to identify gaps influencing prevention and vaccine acceptance. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 310 participants aged 17 years and above. The survey collected data on demographic characteristics, history of chickenpox, awareness of shingles and vaccination, perception of disease severity, and preventive practices. Results: The findings indicated moderate awareness of shingles and its symptoms, with most participants recognizing the viral cause and common clinical features. However, awareness of the shingles vaccine was limited, and willingness to receive vaccination was relatively low. Attitudes toward prevention and information-seeking behaviour varied across demographic groups. Preventive practices such as isolation and hygiene were inconsistently followed. Conclusion: Although general knowledge about shingles was satisfactory, significant gaps were observed in vaccine awareness, preventive practices, and proactive attitudes toward disease prevention. The study highlights the need for targeted health education programs and public health interventions to improve awareness and enhance vaccine acceptance within the community.
