Background/Aim: Limited research has examined the role of facilitators in the effectiveness of intervention programs for intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators. Nevertheless, specific facilitator characteristics, such as facilitators' work experience, could potentially impact the intervention process, although empirical evidence supporting this relationship is scarce. In response to this gap, the present study investigated the influence of facilitators' work experience on key process outcomes: working alliance, stage of change, motivation to change, active participation and participants' satisfaction with the intervention. Method: The sample consisted of 428 court-mandated male IPV perpetrators and 56 group facilitators who worked in pairs. Facilitators were categorized into three experience-based groups: little-little experience, ample-little experience and ample-ample experience. Ample experience was operationalized as having facilitated at least three intervention groups. Results: The findings indicated that the participants led by the ample-ample experienced facilitators reported a stronger working alliance and higher satisfaction with the intervention. Participants led by both the ample-ample and the ample-little experienced facilitators exhibited more advanced stages of change and higher motivation to change compared to those led by the little-little experienced facilitators. Interestingly, participants led by the little-little experienced facilitators demonstrated more active participation by doing more homework than the participants led by the ample-little experienced facilitators. Conclusions: These findings have important implications for intervention practice. Engaging facilitators with substantial work experience appears to enhance the quality of the working alliance, promote motivation to change violent behavior, and improve participants' satisfaction with the intervention. Such outcomes underscore the value of practitioners' experience in achieving meaningful engagement and progress in IPV intervention programs. Antecedentes/objetivo: La investigaci & oacute;n sobre el papel de los profesionales y las profesionales en la eficacia de los programas de intervenci & oacute;n para agresores de pareja es limitada. No obstante, determinadas caracter & iacute;sticas de quienes facilitan la intervenci & oacute;n, como su experiencia laboral, podr & iacute;an influir en el proceso de intervenci & oacute;n, aunque la evidencia emp & iacute;rica que respalda esta relaci & oacute;n es escasa. En respuesta a esta carencia, el presente estudio analiza la influencia de la experiencia laboral de los y las profesionales en resultados clave del proceso: la alianza de trabajo, el estadio de cambio, la motivaci & oacute;n al cambio, la participaci & oacute;n activa y la satisfacci & oacute;n de los participantes con la intervenci & oacute;n. M & eacute;todo: La muestra la componen 428 hombres agresores de pareja con obligaci & oacute;n judicial de participar y 56 facilitadores y facilitadoras de grupo que trabajan en parejas. Los facilitadores y las facilitadoras se clasificaron en tres grupos seg & uacute;n su experiencia: poca-poca experiencia, amplia-poca experiencia y amplia-amplia experiencia. Por experiencia amplia se entiende haber facilitado al menos tres grupos de intervenci & oacute;n. Resultados: Los resultados indican que los participantes dirigidos por facilitadores y facilitadoras con amplia-amplia experiencia informan de una alianza de trabajo m & aacute;s s & oacute;lida y una mayor satisfacci & oacute;n con la intervenci & oacute;n. Los participantes dirigidos tanto por facilitadores y facilitadoras con amplia-amplia como con amplia-poca experiencia muestran etapas de cambio m & aacute;s avanzadas y una mayor motivaci & oacute;n para cambiar en comparaci & oacute;n con aquellos dirigidos por facilitadores y facilitadoras con poca-poca experiencia. Curiosamente, los participantes dirigidos por facilitadores y facilitadoras con poca-poca experiencia muestran una participaci & oacute;n m & aacute;s activa, realizando m & aacute;s tareas para casa que los participantes dirigidos por facilitadores y facilitadoras con amplia-poca experiencia. Conclusiones: Estos resultados tienen importantes implicaciones para la pr & aacute;ctica de la intervenci & oacute;n. Contar con facilitadores y facilitadoras con una experiencia laboral considerable parece mejorar la calidad de la alianza de trabajo, fomentar la motivaci & oacute;n para cambiar conductas violentas y aumentar la satisfacci & oacute;n de los participantes con la intervenci & oacute;n. Estos resultados ponen de relieve el valor de la experiencia profesional para promover una implicaci & oacute;n significativa y avances en los programas de intervenci & oacute;n en violencia de pareja.
Background/Aim: Sexual cognitions may differ depending on gender and sexual orientation. This study aimed to examine the effect of gender, sexual orientation, and their interaction on the frequency of positive sexual cognitions (PSC) and negative sexual cognitions (NSC) of dominance and submission. This is a seminal study to differentiate between PSC and NSC across diverse sexual orientations. Method: Participated in the study a total of 1,308 cisgender Spanish adults aged 18 to 79 years (M = 31.66, SD = 11.42), divided into four groups: heterosexual men (n = 394), heterosexual women (n = 397), gay men (n = 355), and lesbian women (n = 162). Results: Regarding gender, men reported higher frequencies of both dominance and submission PSC, whereas women reported higher frequencies of submission NSC. Concerning sexual orientation, significant differences emerged only for submission NSC, with lesbian and gay participants reporting higher frequencies. The gender x sexual orientation interactions revealed several counterintuitive patterns across dominance and submission PSC as well as dominance NSC. Lesbian women and heterosexual men resembled each other, and gay men resembled heterosexual women, more than their gender counterparts. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of considering gender and sexual orientation differences when examining sexual cognitions concerning dominance and submission.
Background/Aim: Omission lies (lies whereby lie tellers deliberately leave out information they do not wish the target person to know) are frequently told, yet under investigated. Detecting such lies could be challenging for practitioners because all information a lie teller provides could be truthful. We examined the effect of (1) the size of the omission (leaving out a smaller or larger pieces of information) and (2) saliency of the reported information (whether the reported information is essential - about experiences that happened just before and just after the omission - or non-essential). Method: A total of 145 participants were sent on a mission in which they followed a target of interest. During the mission the target met two people at different locations. After completing the surveillance mission truth tellers reported the mission truthfully. Small-omission lie tellers omitted the second meeting that occurred and large-omission lie tellers omitted both meetings. We only analysed the parts of the mission that all lie tellers and truth tellers could truthfully report. The dependent variables were details, complications, common knowledge details and self-handicapping strategies. Results: Regardless the size of the omission, lie tellers reported more common knowledge details than truth tellers. This veracity effect occurred in both the essential and non-essential parts of information. Conclusions: Despite lie tellers being entire truthful, verbal differences occurred between their accounts and truth tellers’ accounts.
Background/Aim: Parents who endure child-to-parent violence (CPV) often experience social isolation and feel that their environment blames them for their suffering. However, the scientific literature has not yet addressed which elements facilitate the development of support networks for victims of CPV. This study aims to propose and empirically test the first theoretical model to explain the willingness to help victims of CPV. Method: To this end, 1,589 participants from the general population responded to an online questionnaire that measured social and personal norms regarding CPV, causal explanations of CPV, attribution of blame to the victim, sexist attitudes, and emotions toward the victim. Through structural equation modeling, we obtained a theoretically consistent model that presented a good fit to the data and explained 54% of the variance of the willingness to help. This model, consistent with previous models on antisocial and prosocial behavior, goes a step further in integrating psychosocial variables and theoretical approaches that had not been tested simultaneously in a single equation. Results: The findings indicate that sexist attitudes are related to victim blaming and that this blaming, together with social norms on CPV, are internalized to give rise to a personal norm based on which we morally judge the phenomenon, a personal sense of "right and wrong" that compels us to act to help victims of CPV. Conclusions: The results are discussed in relation to their practical implications for the design of awareness and prevention strategies aimed at increasing the social support that victims of CPV receive. Antecedentes/objetivo: Los padres que sufren violencia filio-parental (VFP) a menudo experimentan aislamiento social y sienten que su entorno les culpa por su sufrimiento. Sin embargo, la literatura cient & iacute;fica a & uacute;n no ha abordado qu & eacute; elementos facilitan el desarrollo de redes de apoyo para las v & iacute;ctimas de VFP. El objetivo de este estudio es proponer y contrastar emp & iacute;ricamente el primer modelo te & oacute;rico que explique la disposici & oacute;n a ayudar a las v & iacute;ctimas de VFP. M & eacute;todo: Para ello, 1,589 participantes de la poblaci & oacute;n general respondieron a un cuestionario en l & iacute;nea que med & iacute;a las normas sociales y personales relativas a la VFP, las explicaciones causales sobre la VFP, la atribuci & oacute;n de culpa a la v & iacute;ctima, las actitudes sexistas y las emociones hacia la v & iacute;ctima. Mediante el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales obtuvimos un modelo te & oacute;ricamente coherente que se ajustaba bien a los datos y explicaba el 54% de la varianza de la disposici & oacute;n a ayudar. El modelo, coherente con modelos anteriores sobre el comportamiento antisocial y prosocial, va un paso m & aacute;s all & aacute; al integrar variables psicosociales y enfoques te & oacute;ricos que no se hab & iacute;an probado simult & aacute;neamente en un solo modelo. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos indican que las actitudes sexistas est & aacute;n relacionadas con la culpabilizaci & oacute;n de la v & iacute;ctima y que esta culpabilizaci & oacute;n, junto con las normas sociales sobre la VFP, se internaliza para dar lugar a una norma personal mediante la que juzgamos moralmente el fen & oacute;meno, un sentido personal del & laquo;bien y el mal & raquo; que nos impulsa a actuar para ayudar a las v & iacute;ctimas de VFP. Conclusiones: Los resultados se analizan a la vista de sus implicaciones pr & aacute;cticas para el dise & ntilde;o de estrategias de sensibilizaci & oacute;n y prevenci & oacute;n dirigidas a aumentar el apoyo social que reciben las v & iacute;ctimas de VFP.
Background: International best-practice guidelines for lineup administration typically address single perpetrator crimes; few guidelines exist for cases involving multiple perpetrators. In the Netherlands, lineups testing the possible presence of several perpetrators are administered in a single intermixed sequence. This combi-lineup has the advantage that the witness does not know how many people are in the lineup and that it is cognitively less demanding for witnesses. It may also enhance memory performance through cueing effects. Method: In a laboratory (N = 158) and an online experiment (N = 213), we compared identification performance and the confidence-accuracy relationship for combi-lineups versus separate standard lineups. Participants viewed a mock-theft video depicting two thieves, and completed lineup tests for both. They either made identification decisions from a 12-person combi-lineup or from two separate 6-person lineups. Results: Discriminability, confidence-accuracy characteristic curves, and Bayesian information gain curves as a function of target presence base rates were very similar across both procedures. Conclusion: These findings provide evidence that the combi-lineup leads to results very similar to those obtained with multiple, separate standard lineups. Antecedentes: Las directrices internacionales de buenas pr & aacute;cticas relativas a las ruedas de reconocimiento normalmente se centran en los delitos con un & uacute;nico sospechoso. Hay pocas normas referidas a m & uacute;ltiples sospechosos. En los Pa & iacute;ses Bajos, las ruedas de reconocimiento con varios sospechosos se administran en una & uacute;nica rueda con todos ellos. Esta rueda combinada tiene las ventajas de que el testigo no sabe cu & aacute;ntos sospechosos est & aacute;n presentes en la rueda y de que es menos exigente cognitivamente para los testigos. Tambi & eacute;n puede mejorar el rendimiento de la memoria gracias a los efectos de las se & ntilde;ales. M & eacute;todo: En un experimento de laboratorio (N = 158) y en un experimento online (N = 213) comparamos el desempe & ntilde;o en la identificaci & oacute;n en ruedas combinadas en comparaci & oacute;n con ruedas de un & uacute;nico sospechoso. Los participantes vieron el v & iacute;deo de un robo simulado con dos autores y y se les solicit & oacute; la identificaci & oacute;n de ambos, bien en una rueda combinada de 12 miembros con los dos sospechosos, bien en 2 ruedas distintas de 6 miembros con un sospechoso cada una. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la capacidad de discriminaci & oacute;n, las curvas caracter & iacute;sticas de confianza-exactitud y las curvas bayesianas de ganancia de informaci & oacute;n como funci & oacute;n de las tasas base de presencia del est & iacute;mulo objetivo (sospechosos) eran muy parecidas en ambos tipos de ruedas. Conclusiones: Los resultados demuestran que las ruedas combinadas tienen resultados muy parecidos a los obtenidos con ruedas separadas para cada sospechoso.
Background/Aim: Repressed memory and dissociative amnesia are contested concepts in psychology with serious ramifications in the courtroom. We investigated whether legal professionals (judges, prosecutors, and lawyers) had encountered these concepts in the legal arena, their beliefs concerning them, and gathered insights from their practical experiences. Method: A total of 77 legal professionals answered a survey about thier beliefs and practical experiences with repressed memories and dissociative amnesia in court. Results: Reported encountering cases involving repressed memory and dissociative amnesia, and that such cases have increased over time, particularly during 2010-2023. Interestingly, most legal professionals opposed setting time limits after which the retrieval of traumatic experiences should be considered unreliable. Moreover, many participants held inaccurate beliefs about traumatic memory. Conclusions: These findings highlight the critical need for improved education on traumatic memory loss among legal professionals and law students to ensure fair and accurate handling of cases involving such claims. Antecedentes/objetivo: La memoria reprimida y la amnesia disociativa son conceptos controvertidos en psicolog & iacute;a, con serias repercusiones en los tribunales. Hemos investigado si los operadores jur & iacute;dicos (jueces, fiscales y abogados) se han topado con estos conceptos en el terreno legal, sus creencias al respecto y su experiencia pr & aacute;ctica. M & eacute;todo: Un total de 77 operadores jur & iacute;dicos respondieron a una encuesta sobre creencias y experiencias pr & aacute;cticas en juzgados y tribunales con memorias reprimidas y amnesia disociativa. Resultados: Los operadores jur & iacute;dicos dicen que se han encontrado con casos sobre memoria reprimida y amnesia disociativa, aumentando tales casos con el tiempo, sobre todo en el periodo 2010-2023 y, lo que es m & aacute;s interesante, la mayor & iacute;a de los operadores jur & iacute;dicos se han opuesto a poner l & iacute;mites temporales, m & aacute;s all & aacute; de los cuales la recuperaci & oacute;n de experiencias traum & aacute;ticas podr & iacute;an ser consideradas poco fiables. Por otra parte, muchos operadores mantienen creencias inexactas sobre la memoria traum & aacute;tica. Conclusiones: Estos resultados destacan la necesidad imperiosa de mejorar la formaci & oacute;n de los operadores jur & iacute;dicos y estudiantes de Derecho en la p & eacute;rdida traum & aacute;tica de memoria para garantizar un manejo justo y preciso de los casos que presentan estas reclamaciones.
Background/Aim: The aim of this experiment was to investigate the impact of the interviewer's cognitive load resulting from the interview presentation modality on the interviewer's performance. Method: A total of 120 participants took on the role of the interviewer and were either exposed to a video with audio of an interview with a mock suspect (high cognitive load condition) or just the audio clip of that interview (low cognitive load condition). The suspects were either truthful or deceptive. The mock interviewers were asked to recall what the suspect said during the interview, propose follow-up questions, and determine whether the suspect was truthful or deceptive. Results: The interviewer's cognitive load did not affect recall, but participants in the interviewer's low cognitive load condition asked more questions and more high-quality questions and demonstrated better accuracy in determining whether the interviewees were truthful or deceptive than participants in the interviewer's high cognitive load condition. Conclusions: The results suggest that access to both vocal and visual cues (interviewer's high cognitive load) hampers the quality of the interview and veracity assessments. Antecedentes/Objetivo: El obejtivo del presente estudio fue investigar el impacto de la carga cognitiva del entrevistador producto del tipo de presentaci & oacute;n de la entrevista en el desempe & ntilde;o del mismo. M & eacute;todo: Un total de 120 participantes actuaron como entrevistadores, que visionaron bien un video con audio de una entrevista con un falso sospechoso (condici & oacute;n de gran carga cognitiva) o, bien un mero audioclip de dicha entrevista (condici & oacute;n de carga cognitiva baja). Los sospechosos pod & iacute;an ser verdaderos o falsos. Se pidi & oacute; a los entrevistadores simulados que recordaran lo que hab & iacute;a dicho el sospechoso durante la entrevista, propusieran preguntas de seguimiento y y determinaran si el sospechoso estaba diciendo la verdad o mintiendo. Resultados: La carga cognitiva del entrevistador no influy & oacute; en el recuerdo, si bien los participantes de la condici & oacute;n de baja carga cognitiva del entrevistador hicieron m & aacute;s preguntas y de gran calidad y mostraron una mayor precisi & oacute;n a la hora de decidir si los entrevistados estaban diciendo la verdad o mintiendo que los participantes de la condici & oacute;n de carga cognitiva alta. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que el acceso tanto a los indicadores vocales como a los visuales (carga cognitiva del entrevistador elevada) disminuye la calidad de la entrevista y la evaluaci & oacute;n de la veracidad.
Background: This study aims to update the evidence on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence in US prisons and jails by adopting part of the methodology from a prominent systematic review, specially paying attention to Open Science values, such as transparency and reproducibility for future research updates. Method: Assisted by ASReview, 36,052 papers from six databases were screened, followed by full-text reviews by two independent reviewers. Only studies using validated diagnostic instruments to assess PTSD in random samples of general prison or jail populations in the US between 1980 and 2023 were included. Results: Of the initial 221 studies selected for an in-depth full-text screening, ten studies, with a combined sample size of 4,016 participants, met the inclusion criteria-four more than the original review. Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled prevalence rates and evaluate heterogeneity and publication bias. The point prevalence of PTSD was 16% for men and 32% for women, while lifetime prevalence was 38% for men and 45% for women. Conclusions: Despite restricting the analysis to one country and applying stringent inclusion criteria, high between-study heterogeneity persists, indicating the need for caution in interpreting and generalizing the results. Antecedentes: El estudio es una actualizaci & oacute;n de las pruebas sobre la prevalencia del trastorno de estr & eacute;s postraum & aacute;tico en prisiones de EE. UU. utilizando parte de la metodolog & iacute;a de una destacada revisi & oacute;n sistem & aacute;tica, prestando atenci & oacute;n en especial a los valores de Open Science, como como la transparencia y la capacidad de reproducci & oacute;n pensando en actualizaciones futuras de la investigaci & oacute;n. M & eacute;todo: Se revisaron 36,052 trabajos de seis bases de datos con ayuda de ASReview, seguido de revisiones del texto completo por parte de dos revisores independientes. Solo se incluyeron lose estudios que utilizaban instrumentos diagn & oacute;sticos validados para evaluar el TEPT en muestras aleatorias de poblaciones generales penitenciarias en EE. UU. entre los a & ntilde;os 1980 y 2023. Resultados: Solo diez estudios de los 221 elegidos inicialmente para una revisi & oacute;n en profundidad de todo el texto, con un tama & ntilde;o muestral combinado de 4,016 participantes cumpl & iacute;an los criterios de inclusi & oacute;n (cuatro m & aacute;s que la revisi & oacute;n original). Se llevaron a cabo metaan & aacute;lisis para medir los & iacute;ndices de prevalencia acumulados y la heterogeneidad y los sesgos de publicaci & oacute;n. La prevalencia del TEPT era 16% en los varones y 32% en las mujeres y la prevalencia permanente era 38% en varones y 45% en mujeres. Conclusiones: A pesar de haber limitado el an & aacute;lisis a un pa & iacute;s y de aplicar criterios de inclusi & oacute;n rigurosos persiste una elevada heterogeneidad entre estudios, lo que indica que hay que tener precauci & oacute;n a la hora de interpretar y generalizar los resultados.
Background/aim: In child sexual abuse (CSA) cases, the forensic evaluation of psychological harm is crucial for substantiating victim testimony and informing compensation awards. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the primary diagnosis for assessing forensic harm, as it establishes the causal link between the harm and the CSA event. Thus, a meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the effect of CSA victimization on PTSD development and the probability of resulting psychological harm, and to determine the incremental harm attributable to CSA victimization. Method: A total of 126 primary studies were selected, yielding 195 effect sizes and a cumulative sample of 29,517 victims. Random effects psychometric meta-analyses were performed, correcting effect sizes for sampling error and criterion unreliability to obtain the true effect size (delta). Results: An overall large true effect size (delta = 0.93) was found between CSA victimization and PTSD outcomes. Given the heterogeneity of the studies, moderating variables were examined, revealing that female victims (delta = 0.99), intrafamilial abuse (delta = 1.68) and penetrative acts (delta = 1.23) were associated with significantly higher psychological harm attributable to CSA victimization than males (delta = 0.68), extrafamilial abuse (delta = 1.24) and non-penetrative sexual touching (delta = 1.01), respectively. The prevalence of PTSD diagnosis in CSA survivors was estimated at 33.95%. The incremental harm due to CSA victimization was estimated at 42.2% in general, with specific higher rates for intrafamilial abuse (64.3%) and for victims of penetration (54.4%). Conclusions: These findings provide robust evidence of the psychological harm (PTSD) resulting from CSA victimization and identify specific abuse characteristics that exacerbate such a harm. The judicial implications for the burden of proof are discussed and gold standards for civil compensation to victims are suggested as follows: a general gold standard of 42.2% for victims of CSA, and higher gold standards for victims of intrafamilial abuse (64.3%) and victims of penetration (54.4%). Antecedentes/objetivo: En casos de abuso sexual infantil (ASI), la evaluaci & oacute;n forense del da & ntilde;o psicol & oacute;gico es crucial para sustentar el testimonio de la v & iacute;ctima y estimar las compensaciones. El Trastorno de Estr & eacute;s Postraum & aacute;tico (TEPT) es el diagn & oacute;stico primario para establecer dicho da & ntilde;o, ya que establece el nexo causal entre la sintomatolog & iacute;a y la victimizaci & oacute;n. Por ello, se realizaron metaan & aacute;lisis con el objetivo de cuantificar el efecto de la victimizaci & oacute;n por ASI en el desarrollo del TEPT, estimar la probabilidad de da & ntilde;o psicol & oacute;gico y determinar el incremento del da & ntilde;o atribuible a dicha victimizaci & oacute;n. M & eacute;todo: Se seleccionaron un total de 126 estudios primarios, de los que se extrajeron 195 tama & ntilde;os del efecto, con una muestra acumulada de 29,517 v & iacute;ctimas. Se ejecutaron metaan & aacute;lisis psicom & eacute;tricos de efectos aleatorios, corrigiendo los tama & ntilde;os del efecto por error de muestreo y fiabilidad del criterio para obtener el tama & ntilde;o del efecto verdadero (delta). Resultados: Los resultados mostraron, para la relaci & oacute;n entre la victimizaci & oacute;n por ASI y el da & ntilde;o psicol & oacute;gico, un tama & ntilde;o del efecto verdadero promedio general de magnitud grande (delta = 0.93). Dada la heterogeneidad en los estudios primarios, se examinaron los efectos de las variables moderadoras, encontrando que las mujeres y ni & ntilde;as v & iacute;ctimas (delta = 0.99), de abuso intrafamiliar (delta = 1.68) y de abuso con penetraci & oacute;n (delta = 1.23) presentaron un da & ntilde;o psicol & oacute;gico significativamente mayor que los hombres y ni & ntilde;os v & iacute;ctimas (delta = 0.68), de abuso extrafamiliar (delta = 1.24) y de tocamientos sin penetraci & oacute;n (delta = 1.01), respectivamente. La prevalencia del diagn & oacute;stico de TEPT en v & iacute;ctimas de ASI se estim & oacute; en un 33.95 %. El incremento del da & ntilde;o psicol & oacute;gico atribuible a la victimizaci & oacute;n por ASI se estim & oacute; en un 42.2 % en general, con estimaciones mayores para las v & iacute;ctimas de abuso intrafamiliar (64.3 %) y para las v & iacute;ctimas de penetraci & oacute;n (54.4 %). Conclusiones: Los resultados dan pruebas convincentes del da & ntilde;o psicol & oacute;gico (TEP) a consecuencia de la victimizaci & oacute;n del abuso sexual infantil (ASI) y detectan caracter & iacute;sticas que agravan dicho da & ntilde;o. Se comentan las implicaciones jur & iacute;dicas del peso de la prueba y se proponen criterios de referencia para compensar civilmente a las v & iacute;ctimas: un criterio de referencia general del 42.2% para las v & iacute;ctimas del ASI y mayor a & uacute;n para las v & iacute;ctimas de abuso intrafamiliar (64.3%) y de penetraci & oacute;n (54.4%).
Background/Aim: Suicide is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that involves multiple variables, among which attitudes stand out. Given its usefulness for suicide prevention and the heteronomy found in the assessment of these attitudes, the aim of this study is to provide an updated synthesis of the instruments available for their evaluation. Method: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The search included articles published up to December 2023 in the databases Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane, and the meta-search engine EBSCOHOST. Results: A total of 105,151 papers were obtained, of which 316 were subjected to a full-text screening that identified 41 studies that met the inclusion criteria. We found 14 original instruments, 11 validations in other samples, 13 psychometric studies and 3 papers that developed modified versions of previous questionnaires. Conclusions: This review can serve as a guide for the choice of tools for the assessment of attitudes towards suicide and, in addition, as a complement for studies on the prevention of suicidal behavior. In this way, the results facilitate responsible decision making based on the available evidence and adjusted to the needs of the professional. Antecedentes/Objetivos: El suicidio es un fen & oacute;meno complejo y multidimensional en el que intervienen m & uacute;ltiples variables entre las que destacan las actitudes. Dada su utilidad para la prevenci & oacute;n del suicidio y la heteronom & iacute;a encontrada en la evaluaci & oacute;n de dichas actitudes, el objetivo del presente estudio es ofrecer una s & iacute;ntesis actualizada de los instrumentos disponibles para su evaluaci & oacute;n. M & eacute;todo: Se realiz & oacute; una revisi & oacute;n sistem & aacute;tica siguiendo las directrices PRISMA. La b & uacute;squeda incluy & oacute; art & iacute;culos publicados hasta diciembre de 2023 en las bases de datos Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, Proquest, Cochrane y el metabuscador EBSCOHOST. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 105,151 trabajos de los cuales 316 fueron sometidos a un cribado de texto completo que permiti & oacute; identificar 41 estudios que cumpl & iacute;an los criterios de inclusi & oacute;n. Se hallaron 14 instrumentos originales, 11 validaciones en otras muestras, 13 estudios psicom & eacute;tricos y 3 trabajos que desarrollaron versiones modificadas de cuestionarios previos. Conclusiones: Esta revisi & oacute;n puede servir de gu & iacute;a para la elecci & oacute;n de herramientas de evaluaci & oacute;n de actitudes hacia el suicidio, y, adem & aacute;s, ser un complemento de los estudios sobre prevenci & oacute;n de la conducta suicida. De esta forma, los resultados expuestos facilitan la toma de decisiones responsable basada en la evidencia disponible y ajustada a las necesidades del profesional.
Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the demographic patterns and temporal trends of police records of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in Spain over an eight-year period. Method: Data were police records of cases of IPVAW in Spain (excluding Catalonia and the Basque Country), recorded between 2016 and 2023 (N = 651,992). Descriptive analysis and analysis of rate differences were conducted for different demographic groups: age, nationality, and urban-rural area. Time series decomposition analyses were conducted to assess change over time, and seasonality for all police records as well as for the demographic groups. Results: Rates of police-recorded IPVAW were significantly higher among younger age groups, among foreign nationals, and in urban areas. Time series analyses showed a significant increase in police-recorded IPVAW over the eight-year period, both in general and for the different demographic groups. A clear seasonal pattern emerged both in general and for the different demographic groups (except for the older age group), with an increase in police-recorded IPVAW in the months of July and August. Conclusions: The increase in police records of IPVAW suggests that the gap between officially recorded and actual prevalence of this type of violence is narrowing in Spain. The high rates of police-recorded IPVAW among younger women and immigrant women support research suggesting that these demographic groups are at greater risk of this type of violence. Seasonal patterns are discussed in terms of changes in behavior during the summer months that seem to increase the risk of IPVAW. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los patrones demogr & aacute;ficos y las tendencias temporales de los registros policiales de violencia de pareja contra las mujeres (VPM) en Espa & ntilde;a durante un per & iacute;odo de ocho a & ntilde;os. M & eacute;todo: Los datos fueron registros policiales de casos de VPM en Espa & ntilde;a (excluyendo Catalu & ntilde;a y el Pa & iacute;s Vasco), registrados entre 2016 y 2023 (N = 651,992). Se ejecutaron an & aacute;lisis descriptivos y an & aacute;lisis de diferencias de tasas para diferentes grupos demogr & aacute;ficos: edad, nacionalidad y zona urbana-rural. Se realizaron an & aacute;lisis de descomposici & oacute;n de series temporales para evaluar el cambio en el tiempo, y la estacionalidad tanto para todos los registros policiales como para los diferentes grupos demogr & aacute;ficos. Resultados: Las tasas de VPM registradas por la polic & iacute;a fueron significativamente m & aacute;s altas entre los grupos de edad m & aacute;s j & oacute;venes, entre las extranjeras y en las zonas urbanas. Los an & aacute;lisis de series temporales mostraron un aumento significativo de la violencia contra la mujer registrada por la polic & iacute;a a lo largo del periodo de ocho a & ntilde;os, tanto en general como para los diferentes grupos demogr & aacute;ficos. Apareci & oacute; un claro patr & oacute;n estacional tanto en general como para los diferentes grupos demogr & aacute;ficos (excepto para el grupo de mayor edad), con un aumento de la VPM registrada por la polic & iacute;a en los meses de julio y agosto. Conclusiones: El aumento de los registros policiales de VPM indica que la brecha entre la prevalencia registrada oficialmente y la prevalencia real de este tipo de violencia se est & aacute; reduciendo en Espa & ntilde;a. Las elevadas tasas de VPM registradas por la polic & iacute;a entre las mujeres m & aacute;s j & oacute;venes y las mujeres inmigrantes avalan las investigaciones que sugieren que estos grupos demogr & aacute;ficos corren un mayor riesgo de sufrir este tipo de violencia. Los patrones estacionales se discuten en relaci & oacute;n a los cambios en el comportamiento durante los meses de verano que parecen aumentar el riesgo de VPM.
Background: People sometimes lie by deliberately leaving out information. Such omission lies can have different sizes: Lie tellers can deliberately omit less or more information. We examined the effect of omission size on verbal cues to deceit. Method: A total of 152 participants followed a target person during his mission in which he met two other persons. In the debrief interview, truth tellers reported all they could remember; small-omission lie tellers omitted one meeting and large-omission lie tellers omitted both meetings. The analyses focused on the parts of the mission all participants reported truthfully. We distinguished between essential information (parts of the mission surrounding the omission) and non-essential information (parts of the mission that were not close to the omission). We examined external, contextual, internal details, complications, common knowledge details, and self-handicapping strategies. We also measured participants' strategies. Results: Truth tellers reported more complications than both groups of lie tellers in both the essential and non-essential information parts. Lie tellers were more than truth tellers inclined to keep their story simple. Conclusion: It further supports the notion that omission lie tellers are inclined to keep their stories simple and that, perhaps because of that, complications emerged as a veracity indicator. Antecedentes: A veces las personas mienten deliberadamente omitiendo informaci & oacute;n. Las mentiras por omisi & oacute;n pueden tener tama & ntilde;os diferentes: los mentirosos pueden omitir m & aacute;s o menos informaci & oacute;n a prop & oacute;sito. Analizamos el efecto del tama & ntilde;o de la omisi & oacute;n en los indicios verbales asociados al enga & ntilde;o. M & eacute;todo: Un total de 152 participantes siguieron a un hombre durante una misi & oacute;n, en la que & eacute;ste se encontr & oacute; con otras dos personas. En la subsiguiente entrevista, a los que dec & iacute;an la verdad se les pidi & oacute; que narraran todo lo que pod & iacute;an recordar y a los que ment & iacute;an con una ligera omisi & oacute;n que omitieran un encuentro y a los que ment & iacute;an con una gran omisi & oacute;n que omitieran ambos encuentros. Los an & aacute;lisis se centraron en las partes de misi & oacute;n que todos los participantes contaron con sinceridad. Se distingue entre informaci & oacute;n esencial (omisi & oacute;n de informaci & oacute;n adyacente a la misi & oacute;n) e informaci & oacute;n no esencial (omisi & oacute;n de informaci & oacute;n no adyacente a la misi & oacute;n). Se analizan los detalles externos, contextuales e internos, las complicaciones, detalles de conocimiento com & uacute;n y las estrategias de auto-justificaci & oacute;n. Tambi & eacute;n se midieron las estrategias de los participantes. Resultados: Los que dec & iacute;an la verdad informaron de m & aacute;s complicaciones que ambos grupos de mentirosos, tanto en las partes esenciales como en las no esenciales de la informaci & oacute;n. Los mentirosos tend & iacute;an m & aacute;s que los sinceros a simplificar su relato. Conclusi & oacute;n: Se refuerza la idea de que los mentirosos tienden a simplificar su relato y que, tal vez por ese motivo, las complicaciones aparec & iacute;an como indicadores de veracidad.
Background/Aim: Ensuring that juvenile offenders (JOs) who stop consume cannabis during their detention remain abstinence after their sentence has been served is a fundamental preventive measure. The present study explores whether the variables of the motivational phase of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) predicted the intention not to use cannabis after the end of the detention period among JOs. It also analyzes the mediating effect of past behavior and the moderating effect of gender. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 103 JOs in detention centers in southern Spain (mean age =16.33 years, 70.6% male). Results: A multiple linear regression analysis confirmed the joint effect of motivational variables (risk perceptions, positive and negative outcome expectancies, and action self-efficacy) on intention. Except for positive outcome expectancies, all motivational variables were found to mediate the effect of age at onset on intention. Moderation analysis revealed that when risk perceptions and action self-efficacy were high, female JOs expressed a stronger intention not to use cannabis than their male counterparts. Conclusions: The results confirm the effectiveness of the HAPA for predicting the intention not to use cannabis among JOs after the end of their detention period. The present study lays the groundwork for future research, which should broaden the analysis to include the volitional stage of change and JOs serving other sentences involving less supervision and greater opportunities to use. The results presented here will help inform the design of preventive programs, with a gender perspective. Antecedentes/Objetivo: Garantizar que los menores infractores (MI) que dejan de consumir cannabis durante su detenci & oacute;n mantengan la abstinencia una vez cumplida su sentencia es una medida preventiva fundamental. Este estudio explora si las variables de la fase motivacional del Modelo del Proceso de Acci & oacute;n en Salud predicen la intenci & oacute;n de no consumir cannabis una vez finalizado el per & iacute;odo de internamiento entre los MI. Adem & aacute;s, se analiz & oacute; el efecto mediador del comportamiento pasado y el efecto moderador del g & eacute;nero. M & eacute;todo: Se realiz & oacute; un estudio transversal con 103 MI de centros de internamiento del sur de Espa & ntilde;a (edad media = 16.33 a & ntilde;os, 70.6% hombres). Resultados: Un an & aacute;lisis de regresi & oacute;n lineal m & uacute;ltiple confirm & oacute; el efecto conjunto de las variables motivacionales (percepciones de riesgo, expectativas de resultados positivos y negativos, y autoeficacia en la acci & oacute;n) sobre la intenci & oacute;n. Con excepci & oacute;n de las expectativas de resultados positivas, se encontr & oacute; que todas las variables motivacionales mediaban el efecto de la edad de inicio sobre la intenci & oacute;n. El an & aacute;lisis de moderaci & oacute;n revel & oacute; que cuando las percepciones de riesgo y la autoeficacia en la acci & oacute;n eran altas, las MI mujeres expresaban una intenci & oacute;n de no consumir cannabis m & aacute;s fuerte que sus contrapartes hombres. Conclusiones: Los resultados confirman la efectividad del EPAS para predecir la intenci & oacute;n de no consumir cannabis entre los MI despu & eacute;s de que finalice su per & iacute;odo de internamiento. El presente estudio establece las bases para futuras investigaciones, que deber & iacute;an ampliar el an & aacute;lisis para incluir la etapa volitiva del cambio y a los MI que cumplen otras penas con menos supervisi & oacute;n y mayores oportunidades de consumo. Los resultados aqu & iacute; presentados contribuir & aacute;n al dise & ntilde;o de programas preventivos con perspectiva de g & eacute;nero.
Background: The driver's license point-based system is a preventive measure for penalizing offenses committed by drivers with the aim of reducing road accidents, which has been applied in a large number of countries to date. The aim of this systematic review was to examine a set of studies that analyze the effectiveness of point-based licensing in relation to the reduction of road accidents, as well as its impact on other variables documented in the scientific literature. Method: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for reports published between date of database inception and September 2023. The review process was conducted following the PRISMA recommendations and requirements. This procedure acquired 26 items that met the eligibility requirements of the study. Results: It is noted that point-based driving licenses are beneficial for road safety as they discourage drivers from committing infractions or risky behaviors and, consequently, contribute significantly to reducing road accident rates in the regions where they are applied. Specifically, meta-analysis indicate that point-based driving license reduced, as an overall, around 21% the negative outcomes related to traffic, 10% fatalities, and 9% non-fatal injuries. In addition, it is identified that users value the measure positively, and perceive that its purpose is to raise awareness and improve road safety, rather than its sanctioning or collecting role. Conclusions: The findings support the implementation and expansion of the point-based license system in more countries around the world as a valuable strategy to reduce traffic accidents and promote a safer driving culture. Antecedentes: El sistema de carn & eacute; por puntos es una medida preventiva para sancionar las infracciones cometidas por los conductores con el objetivo de reducir los accidentes de tr & aacute;fico, que se ha aplicado en un gran n & uacute;mero de pa & iacute;ses hasta la fecha. El objetivo de esta revisi & oacute;n sistem & aacute;tica fue examinar un conjunto de estudios que analizan la eficacia del carn & eacute; por puntos en relaci & oacute;n con la reducci & oacute;n de los accidentes de tr & aacute;fico, as & iacute; como su impacto sobre otras variables documentadas en la literatura cient & iacute;fica. M & eacute;todo: En esta revisi & oacute;n sistem & aacute;tica y meta-an & aacute;lisis se realizaron b & uacute;squedas en PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science de informes publicados entre la fecha de inicio de la base de datos y septiembre de 2023. El proceso de revisi & oacute;n se realiz & oacute; siguiendo las recomendaciones y requisitos PRISMA. Con este procedimiento se obtuvieron 26 art & iacute;culos que cumpl & iacute;an los requisitos de elegibilidad del estudio. Resultados: Se constata que los permisos de conducci & oacute;n por puntos son beneficiosos para la seguridad vial, ya que disuaden a los conductores de cometer infracciones o conductas de riesgo y, en consecuencia, contribuyen significativamente a reducir la siniestralidad vial en las regiones donde se aplican. En concreto, los meta-an & aacute;lisis indican que el permiso de conducci & oacute;n por puntos redujo, en conjunto, en torno a un 21% los resultados negativos relacionados con el tr & aacute;fico, un 10% las v & iacute;ctimas mortales y un 9% las lesiones no mortales. Adem & aacute;s, se comprueba que los usuarios valoran positivamente la medida y perciben que su finalidad es concienciar y mejorar la seguridad vial, m & aacute;s que su funci & oacute;n sancionadora o recaudatoria. Conclusiones: Los resultados apoyan la implantaci & oacute;n y expansi & oacute;n del sistema de carn & eacute; por puntos en m & aacute;s pa & iacute;ses del mundo como una valiosa estrategia para reducir los accidentes de tr & aacute;fico y promover una cultura de conducci & oacute;n m & aacute;s segura.
Background/aim: The Internal and External Consent Scales (ICS and ECS) have been used to measure these constructs, primarily among college students or young adults in the United States during consensual sexual activity. The aim of this work is to examine women's internal and external consent to both consensual and nonconsensual sexual experiences. Method: Building on this research, we applied these measures to both consensual and nonconsensual contexts in a sample of 764 adult women from Spain. Then, among women who experienced nonconsensual sex (n = 252), we further analyzed situational factors associated with the encounter: setting (i.e., whether the participant was in a known vs. unknown location when the nonconsensual sex occurred), and whether the nonconsensual sex was sexual coercion or sexual assault. Results: Our results show that, with regard to external consent, when engaging in consensual sex, women indicated greater use of all cues ranging from communication/initiation behavior to nonverbal behaviors than those who experienced nonconsensual sex. Similarly, those who experienced nonconsensual reported lower physiological responses of arousal, less safety/comfort, consent/wantedness, and readiness compared with those who had consensual sex. Further, those who experienced nonconsensual sex in an unknown setting (vs. known) reported feeling less safety and readiness in term of internal consent. Finally, women who experienced sexual coercion (vs. sexual assault) indicated greater use of borderline pressure. Conclusion: Our study expands on previous conceptualization of the ICS and ECS to include both consensual and nonconsensual encounters, which provides further insight about the continuum of sexual consent. Antecedentes/objetivo: Las Escalas de Consentimiento Interno y Externo (ICS y ECS) han sido empleadas para medir estos constructos, principalmente entre estudiantes universitarios o adultos j & oacute;venes en los Estados Unidos en contextos sexuales de consentimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo consisti & oacute; en examinar el consentimiento interno y externo de las mujeres en contextos de consentimiento y no consentimiento sexual. M & eacute;todo: Se aplicaron las escalas de ICS y ECS tanto en contextos consentidos como no consentidos en una muestra de 764 mujeres adultas de Espa & ntilde;a. Entre las mujeres que experimentaron relaciones sexuales no consentidas (n = 252), se analizaron los factores situacionales asociados con el encuentro: el entorno (es decir, si la participante se encontraba en un lugar conocido frente a uno desconocido cuando se produjo la relaci & oacute;n no consentida), y el tipo de relaci & oacute;n no consentida (coacci & oacute;n sexual o agresi & oacute;n sexual). Resultados: Nuestros resultados muestran que, en lo que respecta al consentimiento externo, al participar en relaciones sexuales consentidas, las mujeres indicaron un mayor uso de todas las se & ntilde;ales que van desde comunicaci & oacute;n/comportamiento de inicio hasta conductas no verbales, en comparaci & oacute;n con quienes experimentaron sexo no consentido. De manera similar, aquellos que experimentaron un comportamiento no consentido informaron de menor excitaci & oacute;n, menos seguridad/comodidad, consentimiento/deseo, y disposici & oacute;n en comparaci & oacute;n con aquellas que tuvieron relaciones sexuales consentidas. Adem & aacute;s, las mujeres que experimentaron relaciones sexuales no consentidas en un entorno desconocido (vs. conocido) informaron sentirse menos seguras y con menor disposici & oacute;n en t & eacute;rminos de consentimiento interno. Por & uacute;ltimo, las mujeres que sufrieron coerci & oacute;n sexual (vs. agresi & oacute;n sexual) indicaron un mayor uso de la presi & oacute;n l & iacute;mite. Conclusi & oacute;n: Nuestro estudio ampl & iacute;a la conceptualizaci & oacute;n previa del ICS y el ECS para su an & aacute;lisis tanto en contextos consentidos como no consentidos, lo que proporciona m & aacute;s informaci & oacute;n sobre la continuidad del consentimiento sexual.
Background/Objective: In recent years, the use of electronic communication devices at early ages has become widespread, promoting concern about the possible risks associated with technology use. This research explores the connection between being a victim of online aggression, and anxiety and low self-esteem by analysing: 1) the level and developmental trajectory of anxiety and self-esteem; 2) the effect of anxiety and self-esteem in 4th and 5th grade of Primary Education on cyber-victimization in 6th grade, both directly and mediated by risk internet behaviours; and 3) the effect of cyber-victimization in 6th grade on anxiety and self-esteem in that same year. Method: A three-year longitudinal study was undertaken with 268 students attending nine schools in Asturias (Spain). Participants completed measures at three timepoints, separated by a year interval: when they were in 4th, 5th, and 6th grade. In 4th and 5th grade, self-report scales of anxiety and self-esteem were administered. In 6th grade, self-report scales of risk internet behaviors and cyber-victimization were also administered. Results: An increase in anxiety and a decrease in self-esteem from 5th to 6th grade was found. There was also an indirect effect of anxiety and self-esteem in 5th grade on cyber-victimization in 6th grade, mediated by risk internet behaviors. Cyber-victimization in 6th grade negatively impacted anxiety and self-esteem in that same year. Conclusions: The results obtained in this work suggest a bidirectional relationship between anxiety/low self-esteem and cyber-victimization. Antecedentes/Objetivo: En los & uacute;ltimos a & ntilde;os se ha generalizado el uso de dispositivos electr & oacute;nicos de comunicaci & oacute;n en edades tempranas, aumentando la preocupaci & oacute;n por los posibles riesgos asociados. Esta investigaci & oacute;n explora la relaci & oacute;n entre ser v & iacute;ctima de ciberagresiones, la ansiedad y la baja autoestima, analizando: 1) el nivel y trayectoria evolutiva de la ansiedad y la autoestima, 2) el efecto de la ansiedad y la autoestima en 4 degrees y 5 degrees de Educaci & oacute;n Primaria sobre la cibervictimizaci & oacute;n en 6 degrees, tanto directo como mediado por las conductas de riesgo en internet, y 3) el efecto de la cibervictimizaci & oacute;n en 6 degrees sobre la ansiedad y la autoestima ese mismo a & ntilde;o. M & eacute;todo: Se realiz & oacute; un estudio longitudinal de tres a & ntilde;os con 268 alumnos de nueve escuelas en Asturias (Espa & ntilde;a). Se les aplicaron los instrumentos en tres momentos, separados por un intervalo de un a & ntilde;o: cuando estaban en 4 degrees, 5 degrees y 6 degrees de Primaria. En 4 degrees y 5 degrees se administraron cuestionarios de autoinforme de ansiedad y autoestima y en 6 degrees se administraron adem & aacute;s cuestionarios de autoinforme de conductas de riesgo en internet y cibervictimizaci & oacute;n. Resultados: Se encontr & oacute; un aumento de la ansiedad y una disminuci & oacute;n de la autoestima de 5 degrees a 6 degrees curso. Tambi & eacute;n hubo un efecto indirecto de la ansiedad y la autoestima en 5 degrees sobre la cibervictimizaci & oacute;n en 6 degrees, mediado por las conductas de riesgo en internet. La cibervictimizaci & oacute;n en 6 degrees afect & oacute; negativamente a la ansiedad y la autoestima en ese a & ntilde;o. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo indican que hay una relaci & oacute;n bidireccional entre ansiedad/baja autoestima y cibervictimizaci & oacute;n.
Introduction: This article addresses the complex dynamics of sexual consent among female Spanish university student. The research is based on two independent studies, each employing a distinct methodology: study 1 (n = 308) employs a quantitative approach to analyze the relationship between the endorsement of heterosexual scripts, individual variables (sexual satisfaction, sexual assertiveness, and sexual communication styles), and intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) and the reasons for consenting to unwanted sex; study 2 utilized qualitative methods to explore personal narratives and deepen the understanding of consent as experienced and articulated by 8 women. Objectives: Study1 aimed at quantitatively assessing how the endorsement of heterosexual scripts, individual variables, and previous IPSV experiences impact the reasons for consenting to unwanted sex. Study 2 sought to compliment Study 1’s findings and qualitatively investigate the personal and societal narratives that shape the understanding and communication of sexual consent. Results: In Study 1, the findings reveal that endorsements of traditional sexual scripts and histories of IPSV are associated with a higher likelihood of consenting to unwanted sex, while greater sexual satisfaction and assertiveness correlate with reduced consent to unwanted sex. Study 2 provides a thematic exploration of sexual consent, identifying key themes in how consent is negotiated, perceived, and misunderstood within interpersonal and cultural contexts. Conclusions: The combined results of these studies illustrate the nuanced interplay between individual agency, cultural expectations, and past experiences in shaping sexual consent. Underscoring the importance of challenging traditional sexual scripts and enhancing assertiveness, this research contributes to ongoing efforts to foster a consent culture that respects individual boundaries and desires in sexual relationships.
Background: Emergency calls may help law enforcement determine the proper response and provide investigative leads. Time may be wasted and appropriate resources misallocated if callers provide untruthful information. However, human ability to detect deception is generally weak. Objectives: We compared the abilities of law enforcement officers and non-law enforcement staff abilities to correctly identify truthful or deceptive emergency calls reporting missing children using Grice’s maxims of communication (quantity, manner, relation, and quality of information). Method: Forty participants listened to 32 emergency calls reporting a missing child. Sixteen callers truthfully reported not knowing the child’s whereabouts, and sixteen were responsible for killing the child before falsely reporting the child missing. Participants rated the quantity (insufficient, appropriate, excessive), manner (clear/orderly, unclear/disorderly), relation (relevant, irrelevant), and quality (truthful, deceptive) of information. Participants also provided a written narrative of their impressions of the call. Results: Accuracy in identifying truthful and deceptive callers was consistent with prior research, with sworn law enforcement slightly outperforming non-sworn staff. Participant agreement on Grice’s maxims was poor. Ratings of quantity, manner, and relation of information predicted judgments of call quality, but were not associated with accurately identifying calls. Participant narratives describing reasons for judging a call to be truthful or deceptive were also not associated with accurate identification. Conclusions: Our findings do not support the use of Grice’s maxims for determining deception in emergency calls. Although law enforcement officers outperformed non-sworn staff, both groups showed inconsistent rationales to support veracity judgments and relied on cues not associated with accuracy.
Background/Objective: The risk of children being instrumentalized in contexts of gender violence poses a social and health problem that impacts children’s future development. The main purpose of this research is to ascertain which risk indicators should be addressed by security force members when facing an emergency call regarding intimate partner violence in which children are present. This tool could be helpful for evaluating and preventing the risk of future aggression as a means to hurt mothers. Method and Results: In the course of three studies, a set of proposed risk indicators was developed. In Study 1, five interviews and two group discussions with experts working in gender violence cases (n = 18) provided us with information to develop an initial version of a measurement tool, the Index of Children’s Risk of being Instrumentalized (ICRI), for gender violence cases. In Study 2, cognitive debriefing was carried out by professionals (n = 26) to evaluate the suitability of the items. This approach allowed us to obtain valid, content-based evidence. Finally, Study 3 included a pretest study in which security force members (n = 44) evaluate the appropriateness of the ICRI and, if needed, to make any necessary adjustments of the index. The results show that the indicators obtained in this initial approximation could help security forces when reporting cases of gender violence with children at the scene. Conclusions: Further attention to evaluating the risk of children living in intimate partner violence contexts is needed.
Background/Objective: Witness’ interviews within a judicial investigation represent a complex procedure because human memory is subjected to suggestions and personal re-elaboration processes. Therefore, it is necessary to use an interview method that guarantees the accuracy of the testimony. Method: This research focused on the development a modified version of the Cognitive Interview based on the use of the five Ws (who, what, where, when and why), commonly used in journalism, which we named the 5Ws-CI. The goal of the present study is to compare this method with two interrogation techniques already present in the literature, the Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI) and the Cognitive Interview with the Category Clustering Recall (CCR) and to test the moderating role of Machiavellianism. Seventy-two subjects individually watched a video-clip of a robbery and were randomly assigned to one of the three interview groups (ECI, CCR-CI, or 5Ws-CI) and the veracity condition (truth tellers vs. lie tellers). Results: Subjects in the 5Ws-CI and CCR groups remembered significantly more information than subjects in the ECI condition, without impacting on accuracy. Also, truth tellers reported more details than lie tellers. No significant difference was found between the 5Ws-CI and CI-CCR interview groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results indicate that the 5Ws-CI and CCR techniques might be effective methods and outperform the ECI.
