Divalent cations, particularly calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), are essential for maintaining chromosomal architecture, yet their roles in plants remain poorly characterized. This study investigated the effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the chromosomal structure of wheat (Triticum aestivum, 2n = 6x = 42), a widely used model in plant cytogenetics. Root-tip chromosomes were isolated enzymatically and treated with BAPTA (a Ca2+-specific chelator), EDTA (a broad cation chelator), and buffer solutions containing either 5 mM Mg2+ (XBE5) or no Mg2+ (XBE). Chromosomes were stained with aceto-orcein for light microscopy and processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microscopic observations revealed that chromosomes subjected to Ca2+ or Mg2+ depletion (BAPTA, EDTA, XBE) appeared elongated, thinner, and more fibrous compared to controls. Quantitative analysis showed that chelation treatments increased chromosomal length by approximately 25–40% and reduced width by about 20% (p < 0.05). The most pronounced differences were observed in EDTA-treated samples, while Mg2+ deficiency had a stronger influence on chromosomal width and area. SEM imaging confirmed decondensation and disruption of chromatin ultrastructure under Ca2+ and Mg2+-limited conditions. This study provides the first quantitative evidence that both Ca²+ and Mg²+ are vital for maintaining higher-order chromosomal organization in plants. By demonstrating their structural significance in wheat chromosomes, these findings highlight the critical role of divalent cations in stabilizing plant chromatin architecture and offer new insights into the molecular basis of chromosome organization in plant cells.
The new genus Erginia is established to accommodate Chondrilla spinosa, a species of previously uncertain systematic placement, with a highly localized distribution in Southeastern Anatolia (Türkiye) on alpine screes along two mountain ridges. Although there has been general agreement that the species is a member of the subtribe Crepidinae in its wider sense, including the Chondrillinae, its placement in Chondrilla is based on the superficial resemblance of its achene features, which also do not match any other known genus, and no molecular phylogenetic analysis had clarified its sister group. In this study, we produce additional micro- and macromorphological as well as palynological data and employ molecular phylogenetic analyses to ascertain the relationship of the species. The phylogenetic trees, one based on nrDNA ITS and the other on plastid DNA markers, show that the species is not a member of the clade comprising Chondrilla and related genera but is nested in a polytomy among other Crepidinae genera, without indicating a relationship to any of them. Together with the micro- and macromorphological evidence, this supports the conclusion that the species represents an orphan lineage within Crepidinae, best recognized as a genus of its own. Based on our field observations, the conservation status of Erginia spinosa is assessed as Endangered (EN) due to its very restricted distribution.
This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the expanding role of artificial intelligence (AI) in mycological research. It highlights how AI supports the identification of fungal taxa at both microscopic and macroscopic levels, facilitates the detection of toxic species, contributes to ecological mapping, aids in discovering new fungal bioproducts, and enhances precision agriculture practices. Advanced techniques such as convolutional neural networks, you only look once, U-shaped network (UNet), and residual network have demonstrated strong performance in classification, segmentation, and object detection tasks. Additionally, explainable AI (XAI) methods like gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME), and SHapley additive exPlanations (SHAP) improve the transparency of model decisions by providing visual and quantitative insights, thereby fostering greater clarity in scientific applications. Practical tools such as MUSH-AI showcase how these technologies can be integrated to improve mushroom cultivation through predictive models, optimisation of environmental conditions, and early detection of diseases. For high-value fungi like truffles, AI has proven valuable in identifying suitable habitats using satellite imagery, analysing mycorrhizal relationships, and interpreting spectral data, offering more efficient alternatives to traditional techniques such as searches with trained dogs. However, the wider application of AI faces several barriers, including a lack of robust training datasets, variability in annotation quality, limited generalisability of models, and insufficient transparency during field deployment. Overcoming these challenges will require the development of standardised, ecologically rich fungal image databases, strong institutional partnerships, and significant investment in infrastructure. In conclusion, AI is becoming a core element in modern fungal research, streamlining species identification, mycotoxin analysis, resource discovery, and conservation efforts through effective and scalable tools. With ongoing advancements in data quality and interpretability, AI is poised to shape the future of integrated and sustainable mycology.
The exogenous application of phytohormones plays a crucial role in the activation of adaptive mechanisms in plants under both normal and stress conditions. Therefore, the present study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanoensembles based on indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and graphene oxide (GO) nanolayers. The surface of GO synthesized by the modified Hummer method was noncovalently functionalized with IAA molecules. The structure and morphological properties of the prepared materials were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The IAA and IAA+GO nanoensemble enhanced the morphological parameters, lateral root formation, catalase and peroxidase activities, and nitric oxide production of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). It also promoted stem elongation more effectively than pure IAA. Additionally, it significantly boosted polyphenol oxidase activity in leaf tissues. However, IAA+GO reduced the primary root length compared to IAA alone at the same concentration. In summary, the IAA+GO nanoensemble offers a promising approach for enhancing plant growth and development. Its impact on stem elongation, lateral root development, and the activation of enzymatic defense systems points to its potential application in agricultural practices aimed at improving crop productivity and stress resilience. Light and ultrastructural microscopy demonstrated that both IAA and IAA+GO induced cellular gigantism across all examined vegetative organs of cotton plants. Overall, the IAA+GO nanoensemble exhibits a synergistic effect on plant stem elongation and antioxidant defense mechanisms, enhancing nitric oxide-mediated signaling without inducing osmotic stress.
Documenting species, particularly those that are threatened or endangered, is fundamental to biodiversity conservation. However, many taxa remain scientifically unrecognized, being either undiscovered or unpublished. While some plants can be easily recognized as new species, other identifications are obscured by morphological, taxonomic, and nomenclatural complexity. Detecting cryptic or “hidden” species is therefore essential to understanding biodiversity and plant evolution. Our revisionary studies on Salvia demonstrate that the morphologically complex Salvia caespitosa is not a single species but instead comprises at least four distinct species, three with narrow distributions. This conclusion is supported by integrative evidence from extensive field studies, herbarium and nomenclatural work, laboratory analyses (e.g., morphological measurements and micromorphological studies), and molecular phylogenetic data. Our results indicate that S. caespitosa sensu stricto occurs on calcareous substrates in southern and southeastern Central Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean, particularly along the Anatolian Diagonal. The newly described species are the geographically restricted S. antalyensis on limestone cliffs near Antalya, S. sivasensis of the gypsum-rich steppe around Sivas and Malatya, and S. karaeri from chalky steppe soils of the Ermenek-Karaman region. Diagnostic traits distinguishing these species include stem length, inflorescence height relative to leaf level, basal leaf morphology, terminal leaflet shape and size, leaf indumentum, and corolla and calyx characters. Lectotypification is provided for S. caespitosa and its synonym, S. pectinifolia. In addition, critical taxonomic evaluations are given for S. pachystachya and its synonym S. sintenisii, as these species are most similar to S. caespitosa. We also provide revised descriptions, an identification key, distributional data, ecological notes, and IUCN Red List assessments for S. caespitosa and the three new species. With the addition of these three species, the Turkish flora now comprises 110 species (including three hybrids) and 118 Salvia taxa, of which 66 are endemic.
The EYE2 protein is essential for eyespot assembly and localization in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its function remain poorly understood. In this study, we present a systematic evaluation and optimization of an immunoprecipitation (IP)-based workflow for isolating EYE2 and its associated protein complexes. Key methodological variables including strain selection, flagella removal, and detergent concentration were compared using western blotting to determine optimal extraction conditions. The combination of the cell wall-deficient cw15 strain, 4% digitonin extraction, and pH shock-mediated deflagellation significantly enhanced IP specificity and reproducibility. Using this optimized protocol, EYE2 and its potential interaction partners were isolated and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, resulting in the identification of 23 candidate proteins. These included chaperones, translation-associated factors, metabolic enzymes, and a subunit of a circadian RNA-binding complex, suggesting that EYE2 may serve as a multifunctional scaffold linking photoreception, metabolism, and subcellular organization. The methodological advances reported here not only improve the recovery of membrane-associated proteins in C. reinhardtii but also establish a framework for studying chloroplast-localized protein networks in algal systems. These findings provide novel insight into the broader functional landscape of EYE2 and pave the way for future validation and functional studies.
Oxytropis is a taxonomically challenging genus within the tribe Galegeae of the family Fabaceae. Despite its systematic importance, the seed morphology of Oxytropis has been poorly investigated. In the present study, we examined the seed morphology of 18 Oxytropis species representing 10 sections from the Pakistan, with the aim of evaluating the diagnostic value of seed traits using both light and scanning electron microscopy. The current investigation revealed two distinct seed shapes, namely cordiform and prolonged reniform, across the studied taxa. Seed length ranged from 1.75 mm in O. crassiuscula to 2.3 mm in O. duthieana, while seed width varied from 1.64 mm in O. mandokhailii to 2.13 mm in O. densa. Six distinct seed coat patterns were identified: microrugulate, rugulate, microreticulate, reticulate, lophate–reticulate and lophate–stellate. The observed seed morphological traits are largely consistent with those reported in previous studies and demonstrate potential taxonomic value. The results of PCA and UPGMA analyses suggest that seed traits can aid in clarifying species assemblages within Oxytropis and serve as a foundation for future systematic and phylogenetic studies.
A new species, Heracleumpapilionaceum (Apiaceae: Tordylieae), is described and illustrated from the Elmacık Mountains, Bolu Province, northwestern Türkiye. Morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosomal (nr)DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer sequences placed the new species close to H. apiifolium and H. munzurense. Comparative morphological and fruit anatomical data, images, and a distribution map are provided. An International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List assessment is also presented, supporting its classification as Critically Endangered.
This research was conducted between 2020 and 2022 in 21 villages located on the Kozak Plateau and its surroundings, in the Bergama district of İzmir province, Türkiye. The main aim of the study is to document the medicinal uses of plants by the local population and to contribute to the preservation and transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge—passed down through generations— to future generations before it disappears. Interviews were conducted with 159 informants, and the traditional medicinal uses of 126 plant taxa belonging to 54 families were identified. Among these, the therapeutic uses of 37 taxa were recorded for the first time. The scientific and local names of the identified taxa, and their methods and purposes of use were determined and compiled. The data were analyzed using statistical ethnobotanical methods including the Use Value, Informant Consensus Factor, Plant Part Value, Jaccard Index, and Sørensen Index as the statistical parameters. The selection of Kozak Plateau as the research area was influenced by the lack of prior ethnobotanical studies in the region and its significance in medical history. The findings of the study, and the newly recorded uses of particular plant species, will contribute to further ethnomedical research and may guide future studies in different disciplines.
The study of endemic species provides valuable perspectives on evolutionary history and future targets for their conservation. Salix purpurea L. subsp. leucodermis Yalt., which is endemic to Sandras Mountain in Türkiye, was analysed using morphological, anatomical, and genomic methods. This study presents the first draft short-read sequence of S. purpurea subsp. leucodermis, providing preliminary genomic evidence of differentiation from related taxa. This study also revealed a specific combination of anatomical features (prominent calcium oxalate crystals and amphistomatous leaves) and morphological characteristics (striated wood, glabrous buds, absence of stipules) that differentiate the taxon in question from the closely related species S. amplexicaulis, S. elbrusensis and S. purpurea. The results of genomic analyses identified patterns of sequence variation, a high number of unique paralogs (6,790), and putative structural variations (translocations and duplications) as well as lineage-specific transposable elements, supporting its evolutionary divergence. An identification key based on morphological and anatomical characters is presented. Consequently, based on the results of this multidisciplinary research the taxonomic status of S.purpurea subsp. leucodermis was elevated to species level: S. leucodermis (Yalt.) P.Acar & I.V.Belyaeva.
Radish is a widely cultivated vegetable with known medicinal value and produces siliques that differ significantly in number and size. The present study compares normal Duanye-13 radish (CK-type) siliques with mutant radish siliques induced by chemical mutagenesis at the young (YS), short (SS), and long (LS) silique stages. Differences in long noncoding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA) expression were investigated using high-throughput RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses, revealing 45 324 new lncRNAs in radish siliques. lncRNA expression was higher in YS and LS mutant lines than in CK-type lines, and expression in SS mutants tended to be lower than in CK-type lines. Furthermore, lncRNA expression at the LS stage tended to be lower than at the YS stage. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of the target genes revealed that the most significantly different pathways were oxidative phosphorylation, base excision repair, and linoleic acid metabolism. The present study lays the foundations for future investigations into the mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate radish seed formation and clarifies their potential role in radish breeding and biological resource development.
The genus Aethionema in T & uuml;rkiye was investigated through a comprehensive taxonomic study including morphological, seed micromorphological, and molecular methods. This study led to the synonymization of 11 taxa: A. annuum, A. dincii subsp. baytopiae, A. alidaghenicum, A. bingoelicum, A. dumelicum, A. ertughrulii, A. fruticulosum, A. gypsicola, A. huber-morathii, A. marashicum, and A. turanicum. Conversely, seven species were resurrected: A. levandowskyi, A. sintenisii, A. acarii, A. pallidiflorum, A. pseudoarmenum, A. pulchellum, and A. recurvum. Four new combinations and status changes (comb. et stat. nov.) were proposed. Reevaluation of synonymous species resulted in the reclassification of A. cardiophyllum and A. lacerum as subspecies: A. cordatum subsp. cardiophyllum and A. stylosum subsp. lacerum, respectively. Similarly, A. dincii and A. latifolium were reassigned as subspecies: A. schistosum subsp. dincii and A. stylosum subsp. latifolium. Descriptions, diagnostic characters, fruit and seed figures, and taxonomic notes are provided for all the resurrected taxa. Following these updates, the total number of Aethionema species in T & uuml;rkiye is now 47.
This research was conducted between 2020 and 2022 in 21 villages located on the Kozak Plateau and its surroundings, in the Bergama district of & Idot;zmir province, T & uuml;rkiye. The main aim of the study is to document the medicinal uses of plants by the local population and to contribute to the preservation and transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge-passed down through generations- to future generations before it disappears. Interviews were conducted with 159 informants, and the traditional medicinal uses of 126 plant taxa belonging to 54 families were identified. Among these, the therapeutic uses of 37 taxa were recorded for the first time. The scientific and local names of the identified taxa, and their methods and purposes of use were determined and compiled. The data were analyzed using statistical ethnobotanical methods including the Use Value, Informant Consensus Factor, Plant Part Value, Jaccard Index, and S & oslash;rensen Index as the statistical parameters. The selection of Kozak Plateau as the research area was influenced by the lack of prior ethnobotanical studies in the region and its significance in medical history. The findings of the study, and the newly recorded uses of particular plant species, will contribute to further ethnomedical research and may guide future studies in different disciplines.
Exploring the trait structure of grassland plant communities enhances our understanding of how these communities will respond to climate change and disturbances such as herbivory. The trait structure of a plant community was investigated in the Central Anatolian steppe, an ecoregion with high biodiversity that has been largely unexplored in terms of plant functional ecology. Fifty plant species in the community were measured across 9 plant traits, including several leaf traits (leaf area, leaf dry matter content, specific leaf area, leaf thickness, and leaf nitrogen content), two seed traits (seed mass and seed shape), as well as the plant height and stem-specific density. The structure of the plant community was characterized to unveil the functional trait space present. Compared to other grassland communities globally, the plant community in the Central Anatolian steppe exhibited similar functional traits, representing a resource-conservative life history strategy as a whole community. This study represents an initial step towards addressing the significant gap in the literature concerning the Central Anatolian steppes. Further research, including and comparing more steppe habitats in the region, is strongly encouraged.
Rising global temperatures due to climate change threaten optimal strawberry growth and sustainable yields. Limited data exist on the physiological and biochemical responses of strawberry cultivars to high-temperature stress and their tolerance mechanisms. This study evaluated the responses of 21 day-neutral and short-day strawberry cultivars to high-temperature stress and classified their tolerance levels using a novel weighted rating method. Plants were grown in 15-cm plastic pots (3:1:1 garden soil, peat, perlite) under open-field conditions until the 3-4 leaf stage and then transferred to climate chambers. After acclimatization at 25/15 degrees C (day/night) for 2 weeks, the plants were subjected to increasing temperatures (30/25, 35/25, 40/25, and 45/25 degrees C) every 48 h, with controls maintained at 25/15 degrees C. High temperatures significantly reduced relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll content, and membrane stability index (MSI), while increasing leaf surface temperature, malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline content. Among the cultivars, Portola exhibited the highest RWC, MSI, and proline content; Redlands Hope the highest chlorophyll content; and Fronteras the highest MDA content. Using a new modified weighted rating method based on MSI, proline content, and leaf wilting at 45 degrees C, the cultivars were classified as tolerant (Albion, Portola, Monterey, Sweet Ann, Osmanl & imath;, Calinda, and Splendor), moderately tolerant (Alba, Asia, Favette, Fortuna, Petaluma, Roxana, Redlands Hope, and San Andreas), or sensitive (Festival, Sabrina, Jive, Tillamook, Amiga, and Fronteras). These findings provide valuable insights for breeding heat-tolerant strawberry varieties, supporting sustainable agriculture in a warming climate.
Boron (B) toxicity disrupts multiple metabolic and signaling processes in plants, yet its interaction with posttranslational regulators remains poorly understood. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Nitrogen Limitation Adaptation (NLA) is known to control nutrient transporter turnover, but its role in B toxicity responses has not been previously characterized. Here, we present the first genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of nla mutant Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to mild (1 mM) and moderate (2 mM) B toxicity. Loss of NLA caused a profound reprogramming of gene expression, marked by constitutive activation of ribosome-and translation-related pathways and strong repression of MAPK signaling, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and glucosinolate biosynthesis. Physiologically, nla mutants were unable to induce anthocyanin accumulation under toxic B conditions and instead redirected the phenylpropanoid pathway toward lignin biosynthesis. This shift coincided with the upregulation of circadian regulators (CCA1, LHY, HY5) and the downregulation of WRKY-and ERF-type transcription factors, suggesting that NLA is required for maintaining the circadian/phenylpropanoid regulatory balance necessary for anthocyanin induction. Together, these findings identify NLA as a previously unrecognized integrator of circadian, hormonal, and phenylpropanoid networks under B toxicity, and provide a set of candidate genes and pathways for improving B stress tolerance in plants.
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting over 20% of cultivated and 33% of irrigated land worldwide, significantly limiting crop productivity and nutrient biosynthesis. Vitamin C and folate are crucial antioxidants in plant stress tolerance and human nutrition; however, their regulation under salt stress remains unclear, particularly in leafy vegetables. This study evaluated the effects of different salinity levels (0, 50, 150, 250, and 350 mM NaCl) on physiological traits, antioxidant activity, vitamin C and folate accumulation, and the expression of related biosynthetic genes in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). High salinity (250-350 mM) reduced growth, leaf area, and pigment content, while moderate salinity (50-150 mM) enhanced biomass production and antioxidant activity. Vitamin C content increased 1.99-and 1.75-fold at 50 and 150 mM NaCl, respectively. Total folate levels rose by 17.8% and 13.9% and free folate by 8.3% and 2.6% under the same treatments. Expression of the VTC2 gene, involved in vitamin C biosynthesis, increased 3.4-fold at 50 mM NaCl. Similarly, five folate biosynthetic genes-GTPCHI, ADCS, DHFS, DHFR, and FPGS-were strongly upregulated under this treatment, but their expression declined at higher salinity levels. Among these, GTPCHI and DHFR showed the highest induction (6.6-and 5.4-fold, respectively), suggesting that they serve as key regulatory points in folate biosynthesis under moderate salinity. These results highlight a coordinated physiological and metabolic adjustment that helps sustain spinach nutritional quality under moderate salinity (up to 150 mM NaCl), offering insights into biofortification strategies for saline agriculture, whereas severe salinity suppresses growth and nutrient accumulation.
Boron (B) toxicity is a major abiotic stress factor that impairs plant growth and disrupts nutrient homeostasis. The Nitrogen Limitation Adaptation (NLA) gene has been implicated in nutrient regulation; however, its role under B toxicity remains unclear. In this study, the physiological, biochemical, and nutrient responses of wild-type (Col-0) and nla mutant Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated under mild (1 mM H3BO3; 1B) and severe (2 mM H3BO3; 2B) B toxicity conditions. Excess B reduced fresh weight and photosynthetic pigment levels in both genotypes; however, nla mutants exhibited lower malondialdehyde accumulation under 1B, indicating a delayed oxidative stress response. B content increased dramatically in both genotypes, whereas Fe and Mn levels were differentially affected. Mutants of the nla gene maintained higher Fe concentrations under both stress levels and were less sensitive to Mn depletion. N remained stable under 1B but slightly decreased in nla mutants under 2B, whereas C content and the C/N ratio increased in both genotypes. Importantly, nla mutants retained significantly higher P concentrations under B stress, highlighting a potential role of NLA in P homeostasis. Other macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, and S) declined similarly in both genotypes under B stress. These findings indicate that NLA deficiency modulates specific nutrient responses and oxidative stress under B toxicity, suggesting a regulatory role of NLA in maintaining Fe and P homeostasis and contributing to stress adaptation in A. thaliana.
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important fruit that is both consumed fresh from the vine and used in the production of raisins, wine, and vinegar. One of the main factors limiting grape production is gray mold, caused by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. The cultivation of mold-resistant grape cultivars represents the most effective strategy for disease management; however, molecular tools to aid in the breeding of B. cinerea-resistant grapes remain limited. The present study maps the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with B. cinerea resistance in grape using an F1 population derived from a reciprocal cross between the "Yalova & Idot;ncisi" and "Kyoho" cultivars. A high-density genetic linkage map was constructed using 5831 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and 350 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, spanning all 19 grape chromosomes. Subsequently, four major QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2, 14, and 18, three of which (Bc2.1, Bc18.5, and Bc18.3) contained candidate genes involved in resistance to biotic stress. Furthermore, a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker-SNP2-was developed, showing 74% concordance with classical phenotyping for resistance linked to the Bc18.5 locus on chromosome 18. This is the first study to map QTLs controlling B. cinerea resistance, and to develop CAPS markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in grape breeding. The QTLs identified here can be considered valuable targets supporting the future development of molecular breeding tools.
For millennia, the Anatolian plateau has functioned as a major migratory corridor between Africa, Asia, and Europe and has subsequently been shaped by shifting settlement patterns, ranging from small communities to complex urban and imperial systems. These processes were closely associated with the development and diversification of agricultural practices. Archaeobotanical investigations at Kaymak & ccedil;& imath;, a Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 3500 years BP) site located in the middle Gediz Valley of western Anatolia, have provided substantial evidence of crop cultivation in the region. In this study, genetic variation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd.), and grape (Vitis vinifera L.) was investigated through the analysis of ancient seeds and comparison with geographically proximate modern samples. Ancient DNA extracted from charred seeds was analyzed using ribosomal (26S rDNA), chloroplast gene (rbcL), and nuclear microsatellite (SSR) markers. Sequence analyses of 26S rDNA and rbcL revealed high levels of similarity between ancient and modern samples, consistent with the conserved nature of ribosomal and plastid gene regions and supporting the taxonomic identification of the archaeobotanical remains. Microsatellite data provided additional exploratory insights into allelic patterns observed in ancient and modern samples. The genetic data presented here provide a molecular perspective on Bronze Age crop remains from western Anatolia and contribute to the growing archaeogenetic record of ancient plant remains in the region.
