In nanoscale metal particles,atoms of different elements can exhibit various condensed states:they may either fully mix to form homogeneous alloys or separate into distinct phases,creating heterogeneous structures.These diverse atomic arrangements significantly affect the electronic coupling and catalytic properties of the multimetallic nanoparticles.Precise control over the atomic condensed states within nanoparticles holds the promise of optimizing their electronic structures,offering significant opportunities for the design of novel nanocatalysts with distinctive properties.However,controlling atomic condensed states in nanoparticles using current wet-chemical methods remains challenging.In the synthesis of alloy nanomaterials,the intrinsic reduction potential differences between metal salts cause significant variations in reduction kinetics,making it difficult to achieve uniform alloying and precise control over the alloy compositions.In the synthesis of heterogeneous structures,the reduction potential differences cause galvanic replacement reactions between noble metal salts and less-stable metal nanostructures,limiting the controllability of nanocrystal growth.This paper reviews recent research progress in overcoming these synthesis limitations for controlled atomic condensed states of metal atoms in nanoparticles.Specifically,introducing an active hydrogen(i.e.,hydrogen atoms or radicals)interfacial reduction mechanism has mitigated the impact of reduction potential differences,improving the mixing homogeneity of different metal atoms within nanoparticles.This approach also allows precise control over the content of each metal component within nanoparticles.By modulating the reduction potentials of metal salts,it has become possible to suppress the galvanic replacement reaction between noble metal salts and less-stable metal nanostructures,leading to a novel family of core-shell nanostructures with a less-stable metal core and a noble metal shell.By precisely regulating the atomic condensed states within multimetallic metal nanoparticles,researchers have been able to effectively tune the electronic structures of these materials,significantly improving the catalytic performance.These advancements highlight the potential of controlled atomic condensed states in multimetallic nanoparticles for developing high-performance catalysts across various applications.
Novel and efficient techniques for low-cost and environmentally-friendly energy storage systems are imminent, in regard to the excessive consumption of non-renewable fossil energy. Hydrogen shows the advantages of high energy density, carbon neutrality and pollution-free, so it has been considered as a promising energy carrier to replace fossil fuels. However, the practical application of hydrogen is challenged by the low density, difficult storage and transportation. Therefore, efficient hydrogen storage materials for hydrogen are of great significance. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) promote the release and absorption of hydrogen through chemical reactions, so it has attracted increasing attention. Lignin is the most abundant aromatic source of natural, renewable organic carbon on Earth. The technologies of converting lignin into LOHCs through catalytic upgrading meet the demands of "carbon neutrality" and have huge application potential. Therefore, we summarized here the recent research progress in the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin and its derivatives to LOHCs. The effects of different catalyst carriers on the catalytic performance for producing LOHCs were demonstrated. The application of the saturated products from lignin and its derivatives, which are considered to be promising LOHCs, was also reviewed. In addition, we also provided a prospect on the future technical development of the production of liquid hydrogen storage materials from lignin and its derivatives.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), characterized by their high energy efficiency and environmental friendliness, are widely regarded as one of the most promising energy conversion technologies. However, the degradation and failure of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) remain key factors limiting the long-term durability and large-scale application of PEMFC systems. This study systematically reviews the three primary degradation modes of PEM-mechanical, thermal, and chemical degradation-from the perspectives of underlying mechanisms and mitigation strategies, with particular attention to their synergistic effects. The causes of these degradation modes during practical fuel cell operation, their impacts on the physicochemical structure of the membrane and on cell performance, as well as the current mitigation strategies and their limitations, are comprehensively analyzed. The results highlight that gas crossover serves as a critical link among different degradation processes: mechanical fatigue and crack propagation increase gas permeability, which intensifies chemical degradation through accelerated radical formation, while chemical degradation of the polymer backbone weakens the mechanical strength of the membrane, thereby promoting further mechanical failure and forming a vicious cycle. Finally, the study summarizes the existing challenges in PEM degradation research and proposes future directions, including the development of multi-stress coupled accelerated aging protocols, the establishment of quantitative correlations between gas permeability and membrane aging, the design of gradient composite membranes that combine durability with high electrochemical performance, and the optimization of system operation strategies to substantially extend overall lifetime and operational stability.
Accurate and real-time sensing is fundamental to advancements in health diagnostics,environmental monitoring,and industrial safety.However,conventional sensing materials such as metal oxides,conducting polymers,and carbon-based composites are constrained by intrinsic trade-offs between sensitivity,selectivity,and operational stability.To address these limitations,metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have emerged as a transformative class of materials,offering unparalleled structural tunability,ultrahigh surface areas,and programmable pore chemistry.This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of MOF-based chemiresistive sensors,moving beyond a simple catalog of examples to establish a mechanistic understanding of how molecular-level design dictates sensing performance.We systematically deconstruct the evolution from often-insulating pristine MOFs to advanced composites where MOFs synergize with conductive fillers like graphene,carbon nanotubes,and polymers and to MOF-derived porous carbons and metal oxides.Each category is critically examined to highlight strategies for overcoming inherent challenges in electrical conductivity,response kinetics,and long-term stability.The review is structured to guide the researcher in the field from fundamental design principles and charge transport mechanisms to performance benchmarking against key metrics such as sensitivity,limit of detection,selectivity,and response/recovery times.A significant focus is placed on the integration of MOFs into next-generation applications,including flexible and wearable electronics,multi-parameter sensor arrays,and intelligent systems that leverage artificial intelligence for pattern recognition and drift compensation.Furthermore,we critically address the pivotal challenges hindering practical deployment,such as hydrothermal/chemical stability,mechanical robustness for wearable formats,and the urgent need for standardized testing protocols.By synthesizing insights from fundamental research and cutting-edge applications,this review serves as a rational design guide and a forward-looking perspective,outlining a concrete roadmap for harnessing the full potential of MOFs in the development of intelligent,reliable,and commercially viable next-generation chemiresistive sensing technologies.
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensors, as an emerging analytical platform, offer significant advantages, including low background signals, high sensitivity, and operational simplicity, due to the inherent separation of the excitation source and the detection signal. The core of achieving high performance in PEC biosensors lies in the development of efficient signal amplification strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress on signal amplification mechanisms in PEC biosensors. Photoelectric dagger conversion constitutes the basis of PEC sensing, primarily involving three essential processes: light harvesting, charge carrier separation, and interfacial reaction. Based on this, the prevailing signal amplification mechanisms are reviewed from the core processes of photoelectric conversion to the design of signal output. Simultaneously, the design principles and characteristics of these mechanisms are delved. Finally, this review examines the challenges of PEC sensing technologies and explores future trends. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational design of high-performance PEC biosensors and to promote their further development in applications of analysis.
Lithium-air batteries are considered a strong candidate for next-generation electrochemical energy storage due to their exceptionally high theoretical energy density.However,the inherent issues of liquid electrolytes,such as flammability and uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth,severely restrict the safety and practical application of lithium-air batteries.Therefore,developing polymer electrolytes that combine high safety,good mechanical properties,and favorable interfacial compatibility is a critical path toward realizing practical solid-state lithium-air batteries.This review summarizes the fundamental characteristics,preparation methods,and performance in LABs of three categories of polymer electrolytes:solid polymer electrolytes,gel polymer electrolytes,and composite polymer electrolytes.A particular emphasis is placed on reviewing the roles and mechanisms of active and inert fillers in improving the polymer-filler interface,enhancing ion transport and mechanical strength,and reinforcing interfacial stability.The review concludes by summarizing the major current challenges and proposing future research directions,aiming to promote the system integration and engineering application of solid-state lithium-air batteries toward achieving high energy density and long cycle life.
Since the widespread acceptance between the 1960s and 1970s, condensed matter physics has undergone rapid development. Condensed matter physics primarily investigates the geometric and electronic structures of solid and liquid substances, as well as the resulting microscopic and macroscopic physical phenomena such as sound, light, electricity, magnetism, heat, etc. Meanwhile, the field of chemistry has also evolved significantly, especially in the last two decades, with advancements in theoretical chemistry and chemical characterization techniques. Researchers have gradually come to realize that chemical reactions are not merely straightforward transformations from reactants to products. The structural hierarchy of the reaction system plays a crucial role in the progression of chemical reactions. There has been a growing emphasis on the in-situ characterization of chemical reactions, and efforts have been made to explore the dynamic changes in the material structures at different levels within the system under reaction conditions. These developments can be considered as the nascent stages of condensed matter chemistry research. Physics and chemistry have always been intertwined and mutually reinforcing natural sciences. Currently, new phenomena and theories in condensed matter physics continue to emerge. Introducing these new physical phenomena and theories into chemical research is a highly worthwhile exploration area. The present review will briefly introduce some relatively recent concepts in condensed matter physics (e. g. , surface plasmon polariton, topological insulators, quasicrystals, local micro-electric/magnetic fields, light-matter interactions, alternating magnets, etc.) and their applications in chemistry. The aim is to illustrate the application potentials of cutting-edge condensed matter physics research in chemistry, provide insights into advancing traditional chemical research to the realm of condensed matter chemistry, and contribute to the development of condensed matter chemistry.
Amorphous materials represent a vital component of condensed matter chemistry. Their atomic arrangement, which defined by long-range disorder and short-range order, confers distinct structural, physical, and chemical properties that differ significantly from those of conventional crystalline materials. This paper, focusing on inorganic amorphous nanomaterials (ANMs), first examines the characteristics of amorphous structures from a microscopic perspective, with an emphasis on the types and mechanisms of chemical bonds as well as intermolecular interactions within these materials. Subsequently, from a macroscopic application-oriented perspective, it discusses in detail the pivotal roles and underlying mechanisms of amorphous structures in regulating material properties, chemical reaction processes, and functional applications. Then, based on a multi-scale structural perspective, the work conducts an in-depth analysis of the critical contributions of their electronic structures, defect characteristics, and amorphous disordered structure design to chemical reactions, while aiming to establish the structure-activity relationship between amorphous structures and reaction activity. Finally, it outlines the research directions and application prospects of amorphous materials and their structural features, providing a systematic reference framework for advanced studies in the field of condensed matter chemistry.
Catalytic materials offer multidimensional tunability for catalytic reactions, owing to their multi-level structural features in the condensed state, such as defect types, surface and interface configurations, and wettability. Aimed at maximizing reactive interfaces and enhancing catalytic efficiency, modulating hierarchical phase structures has emerged as a pivotal strategy for performance optimization in catalytic systems. The electrocatalytic CO(2 )reduction reaction (eCO(2)RR) system, as a typical solid-liquid-gas triple-phase interface reaction, inherently exhibits reaction kinetics and catalytic performance governed by the spatial distribution and dynamic characteristics of the triple-phase interface on catalyst surfaces. Therefore, the regulation of the triple-phase interface to maximize the reaction interface is a potent pathway to enhance the catalytic performance of eCO(2)RR. This perspective systematically reviews the evolution from traditional liquid-solid biphasic interfaces to advanced solid-liquid-gas triple-phase interfaces delves into the primary challenges of constructing stable triple-phase interfaces on gas diffusion electrodes within the eCO(2)RR system and summarizes the latest advancements in regulating the triple-phase interface by enhancing hydrophobicity. Achieving a fine balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity (i. e. , optimal wettability) is crucial for constructing an efficient triple-phase interface. On one hand, sufficient hydrophobicity is required to prevent excessive electrolyte infiltration; on the other hand, moderate hydrophilicity must be maintained to ensure the supply of reactants/ions from the electrolyte. Their dynamic equilibrium can significantly optimize the triple-phase interface structure, enhance mass transfer of reactants, and improve the effective utilization of catalytic active sites. These insights provide valuable guidelines for designing high-performance triple-phase interfaces in eCO(2)RR and other gas-involving electrochemical processes, thereby promoting the development of sustainable energy technologies.
The table salt we consume daily, sodium chloride crystal (NaCl), consists of one sodium atom for every chlorine atom. In fact, NaCl is the only crystal composed solely of sodium and chlorine elements that exists under normal temperature and pressure conditions. Recently, novel two-dimensional crystalline materials with unconventional stoichiometries, such as Na2Cl and Na3Cl, have successfully fabricated at ambient conditions. These two-dimensional (2D) crystals' unique electronic structures endow them with novel attributes, which differ from those of conventional three-dimensional crystals. This review summarizes the recent progress made in the fabrication and analysis of the structures, distinctive features, and applications of these 2D unconventional-stoichiometry crystals Na2Cl,NaCl2,CaCl,KxCl and Li2Cl on graphene surfaces in ambient conditions. Their special properties, including their piezoelectricity, metallicity, heterojunction, and room-temperature ferromagnetism, are paid particularly close attention. Finally, some significant prospects and further developments in this exciting interdisciplinary field are proposed.
Electrochemical CO2 reduction (eCO(2)R), as one of the pivotal technologies for achieving carbon neutrality strategic goals, demonstrates significant application potential in renewable energy storage and high-value chemical synthesis. The electrode-electrolyte interfacial electric double layer (EDL), serving as the highly active reaction zone, profoundly governs the overall system performance by coupling reaction kinetics at catalytic sites with interfacial mass transport processes. Conventional solid/liquid EDL systems suffer from limitations imposed by one-dimensional regulatory mechanisms relying on electric field-driven effects and static interfacial configurations, resulting in restricted ion spatial distributions and insufficient dynamic regulation dimensions. This inherent constraint hinders the synergistic optimization of interfacial reaction kinetics and mass transport processes. To address these challenges, we propose the construction of a "Metal-Organic Diffusion Layer" (MODL) architecture. Through molecular design strategies incorporating functionalized organic components (e. g. , amphiphilic molecules, coordinating and charged polymers), this approach leverages their abundant functional groups and dynamic interfacial characteristics to precisely regulate the hierarchical condensed-phase structures within the MODL at the near-field microscopic scale (e. g. , electrode crystallinity, reaction pathways), far-field mesoscopic scale (e. g. , interfacial electric field, water molecular configuration), and macroscopic scale (e. g. , interfacial wettability, mass transport channels), achieving precise regulation of spatial partitioning of electrode interfaces. This work will systematically analyze the organic-mediated dynamic coupling mechanism between the near-field catalytic core and far-field mass transport environment, elucidating their synergistic interplay in regulating CO2 conversion pathways and interfacial kinetics. The established multi-dimensional MODL interfacial model provides a theoretical framework for deciphering intricate structure-performance relationships in electrochemical interfaces, laying scientific foundations for the rational design of efficient and stable eCO(2)R catalytic systems.
Biomolecular aqueous solutions represent a crucial class of condensed matter and serve as the fundamental basis of living organisms. Investigating their structural and chemical properties holds immense scientific and practical significance. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are a powerful tool for studying biomolecular systems, where accuracy critically depends on the precision of the molecular force field. Traditional force fields employ fixed atomic charges, neglecting polarization effects and charge transfer. Over recent decades, significant efforts have been devoted to developing polarizable force fields. The atom-bond electronegativity equalization method (ABEEM) polarizable force field effectively captures molecular polarization and charge transfer. This review outlines the ABEEM methodology, with emphasis on the ABEEM-7P water model and the application of the ABEEM polarizable force field is provided. The work has carried out using both the ABEEM-7P water model and the ABEEM polarizable molecular force field for molecular dynamics simulations of biomolecule aqueous systems,and the results have been given by representative case studies.
Condensed matter chemistry possesses rich connotations and extensive potential for expansion, offering novel perspectives and insights into the understanding and recognition across multiple domains of chemistry. While its application in solid and liquid systems has been elucidated to some extent, further exploration and strengthening are required in broader chemical research fields and material states. As a substance intermediate between liquid and solid phases, gels exhibit multi-level network structures, diverse physical and chemical properties, and significant application prospects, making them an ideal candidate system for condensed matter chemistry investigations. From the perspective of condensed matter chemistry, this paper systematically expounds on the principles and applications of condensed matter chemistry within gel systems, as well as their mutual validation relationship, by exploring fundamental concepts and research contents in gel systems. Specific topics include: the application of condensed matter chemistry in gel preparation strategies and the resulting structural transformations; the multi-level structure of gels, ranging from microscopic atomic and molecular arrangements to mesoscopic nanoscale structures and macroscopic material configurations, along with their interrelationships; characterization methods and technologies in gel research and their correlation with gel structures; the utilization of condensed matter chemistry to interpret the physical and chemical properties of gels and the pathways and mechanisms of chemical reactions within gel systems; the relationship between gel material structure and performance, as well as interactions among components in complex systems; and typical applications of gel materials in tissue engineering, drug delivery, human-machine interfaces, and environmental science. The systematic elaboration and summary of these contents will enhance the understanding of condensed matter chemistry's role in gel systems and provide theoretical foundations for the design and optimization of high-performance gel materials.
This review summarizes recent advances in condensed matter chemistry within the field of macromolecular phase separation and self-assembly, with emphasis on polymer structure and morphology regulation, functional mechanisms of biomolecular condensates, and the application of multiscale theoretical simulations. Studies have shown that the hierarchical structures of polymers are highly sensitive to reaction conditions. Polymerization-induced phase separation and self-assembly represent key strategies for controlling structural evolution, while the coupling of kinetic factors plays a pivotal role in pattern formation. In biological systems, liquid-liquid phase separation of intrinsically disordered proteins and the subsequent formation of condensates are critical for cellular function. These condensates not only regulate biochemical reactions within their compartments but also undergo feedback regulation by these reactions, thereby forming complex dynamic networks. These intricately coupled processes call for more advanced methodologies. In this context, multiscale theoretical simulations, particularly hybrid approaches that integrate molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo methods, provide powerful tools to probe the formation and evolution of hierarchical structures under varying reaction conditions. Despite significant progress, several challenges remain. For instance, precise control over the driving forces of polymer phase separation and high-fidelity simulations of biomolecular condensate structure and function continue to be pressing issues. Future studies should focus on elucidating the dynamic effects of condensed-phase reactions on polymer hierarchical structures, systematically dissecting the structural regulation of biomolecular condensates, and further exploring the impact of chemical modifications on their multiscale organization. Such endeavors will not only deepen our understanding of the fundamental principles of condensed matter chemistry but also provide new theoretical support and research directions for the advancement of this field.
The advancement of characterization techniques has emerged as a pivotal driving force in refining structural theories of condensed matter chemistry. The unique interaction mechanism between neutrons and atomic nuclei/unpaired electrons enables neutron scattering techniques to provide distinctive information on light elements, isotopes, neighboring elements, and magnetism, thereby establishing complementary advantages with conventional optical, X-ray, and electron characterization approaches. Recent progress in high-flux neutron sources and in situ experimental methodologies has significantly expanded the application scope of neutron scattering from fundamental physics to complex chemical systems, making it an indispensable tool for deciphering intricate microstructures/microdynamics and reaction mechanisms. Among various techniques, neutron diffraction is mainly used to achieve a precise determination of both local and bulk structures. Concurrently, neutron spectroscopy offers unparalleled insights into dynamic processes and thus is particularly valuable for studying chemical bond breaking/formation, molecular conformation, molecule/ion diffusion/ transport, and so on. Other neutron techniques, such as neutron imaging and small-angle neutron scattering, demonstrate huge potential for providing characteristic mesoscopic and macroscopic information. This comprehensive review systematically examines recent advances in neutron scattering investigations of condensed matter chemistry, with case studies underscoring the irreplaceability of these techniques in elucidating structure-property relations in complex systems. Furthermore, we present current challenges such as flux limitations, time resolution constraints, and multimodal characterization integration. We also propose forward-looking perspectives on methodological developments and synergistic characterization frameworks. These discussions offer valuable theoretical references and methodological guidance for researchers pursuing multi-scale characterization in condensed matter chemistry.
In response to the global energy crisis and environmental challenges, photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) production has emerged as a sustainable alternative toward clean energy conversion. Among diverse photocatalysts investigated, TiO2-based nanomaterials have attracted significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, such as high chemical stability, strong redox capacity and tunable electronic structures, along with high cost-effectiveness. Extensive research on TiO2-based photocatalysts proves their enormous potential in the field of H2 production. This timely and critical review explores the recent advances in TiO2-based photocatalysts, discussing their distinctive advantages and synthesis methods in photocatalytic H2 production. Modification strategies, such as elemental doping (e. g. , precious metals, non-precious metals and non-metals), morphology engineering and composite formation, are summarised to improve photocatalytic efficiency. Advanced in/ex situ characterization techniques employed to probe photocatalytic mechanisms are also highlighted. Finally, major challenges, such as limited visible-light activity and charge recombination, are outlined, with perspectives on emerging TiO2-based nanomaterials and design strategies to overcome current bottlenecks. And the research focus in the future is prospected, such as atomic interface engineering, machine learning auxiliary material design and large-scale preparation technology. This work aims to provide insights into the rational design of TiO2-based photocatalysts for next-generation H2 production systems.
In recent years, the rapid advancement of modern technology in fields such as aerospace, electronic information, and deep-sea engineering has imposed increasingly stringent requirements on the comprehensive performance of materials serving in extreme environments (e. g. , high temperature, high humidity, strong corrosion, and high-frequency electric fields). Traditional epoxy resins, however, suffer from inherent limitations such as insufficient heat resistance and limited chemical stability. To address these issues, fluorine atoms or fluorine-containing groups have been incorporated into epoxy resin systems through precise molecular design and structural regulation, leading to the development of a series of fluorinated epoxy resins with excellent heat resistance, low dielectric constant, and high chemical stability. While retaining the inherent high mechanical strength and excellent adhesion of conventional epoxy resins, these materials exhibit significantly enhanced comprehensive performance under extreme conditions, such as high temperature, high humidity, strong corrosion, and high-frequency electric fields, attributed to the high bond energy of C-F bonds and the strong electronegativity of fluorine atoms. This review begins with the construction methods of fluorine- containing epoxy resins and the mechanisms of fluorination modification, systematically summarizes the effects of various strategies, including chemical modification, physical blending, and surface fluorination, on the aggregation state structure, interfacial characteristics, and macroscopic properties. It further reviews the application progress of such materials in heavy-duty anti-corrosion coatings, high-frequency electronic packaging, and composites for extreme environments. Current challenges related to cost control, performance balance, and environmental adaptability are discussed. Finally, future development trends and opportunities in green synthesis, intelligent responsiveness, and high-throughput design are prospected.
In recent years, visible-light-promoted palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions and C-H functionalization have witnessed remarkable advances in the field of organic synthesis. By utilizing photoexcited palladium complexes to mediate single-electron transfer (SET) processes, researchers have effectively addressed challenges associated with the activation of inert bonds in conventional thermal catalytic systems. This strategy has notably expanded the scope of applicable substrates and improved compatibility with diverse functional groups. This review highlights recent developments in visible-light-induced palladium-catalyzed Negishi coupling, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Heck reaction, three-component coupling, as well as C-H functionalization. Particular emphasis is placed on the distinct advantages of photoexcited palladium catalysis in enabling inert bond activation, regioselective control, and stereoselective transformations. This Pd/photoredox dual catalytic strategy significantly enhances reaction regioselectivity and stereocontrol, substantially broadening the substrate scope and functional group tolerance. It demonstrates particular utility in the construction of fluorinated molecules, strained rings, and heterocyclic architectures, offering a novel and efficient green pathway for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, functional materials, and natural products, thereby revealing considerable application potential.
Hydrogen energy, as a pivotal clean energy carrier under the carbon neutrality goal, urgently demands breakthroughs in its efficient preparation technology. This paper focuses on pulsed electrolysis for hydrogen production, systematically elucidating the mechanisms of reducing the diffusion layer thickness, accelerating bubble detachment, and enhancing electrode stability through periodic modulation of current/ voltage. It reveals the optimization mechanisms of suppressing the bubble shielding effect via pulse modulation and shortening the ion relaxation time using high-frequency pulses. The paper summarizes the influence laws of pulse parameters (waveform, frequency, duty cycle, etc.) on hydrogen production characteristics, compares the application potential of inductive pulses, voltage/current pulses, and fluctuating power electrolysistechnologies, and highlights their advantages in adapting to the fluctuating power sources of wind and solar energy (wide power regulation range, suppression of voltage flicker). Despite demonstrating high energy efficiency and robust performance, pulsed electrolysis still encounters bottlenecks such as insufficient electrode impact resistance and unclear multi-parameter coupling mechanisms. Future research should integrate intelligent algorithms for dynamic regulation optimization, develop integrated wind-solar-storage-hydrogen systems, promote the application of high-frequency resonance and low ripple filtering technologies, and accelerate the large-scale production of green hydrogen. This paper provides theoretical support for the advancement of pulsed electrolysis technology and its potential engineering applications.
Inspired by the stimulation of biological systems, cyclic dipeptides self-assemble through the synergistic driving of various non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and pi- pi stacking, to form functional materials with long-range ordered nanostructures, whose excellent physicochemical properties, such as unique photo-responsive properties and biocompatibility, have a wide range of applications in the fields of bio-photovoltaics and energy harvesting. In this paper, we focus on the structure-mechanism-function linkage of cyclic dipeptide self-assembly, and systematically illustrate its transition from basic research of molecular design to application. At the level of self-assembly mechanism, the entropy-driven crystallization dynamics is revealed, and the intermolecular forces and stacking arrangement are confirmed by crystallographic characterization techniques; at the level of functionality, the multi-dimensional applications of cyclic dipeptides as low-loss organic optical waveguide materials, piezoelectric sensors, and anti-bacterial and anticancer materials are analyzed. Through the establishment of non-covalent interaction network-microstructure-macroscopic performance constitutive model, we will point out the technical route for the development of biodegradable bioelectronic devices and intelligent drug delivery systems, and promote the cyclic dipeptide materials from basic research to the leapfrog development of precision medicine and flexible electronics industry.
