The early diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC) faces great challenges due to the lack of specific biomarkers. Therefore, it is crucial to discover effective markers and establish highly sensitive detection methods. This study validated the potential of BTN3A2 protein as an early GC biomarker by analyzing serum samples from patients with GC, benign gastritis, other digestive system cancers, and healthy controls across three clinical centers. Furthermore, a chemiluminescent (CL) imaging immunosensor based on copper-doped NiFe PBA (Cu-NiFe PBA) nanozyme probe was developed to achieve highly sensitive detection of BTN3A2 protein in serum of patients with GC and healthy controls. The high detection sensitivity for BTN3A2 was achieved by copper doping to enhance peroxidase-like activity of nanozyme for signal amplification. The proposed sensor exhibits a broad linear range from 0.5 to 5000 pg/mL, and achieves a detection limit of 0.15 pg/mL (S/N=3). In addition, the established sensor is successfully utilized for BTN3A2 detection in serum samples from GC and healthy individuals across three clinical centers, and demonstrates perfect correlation with clinical outcomes when compared with traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This study provides a candidate serum biomarker in the early stage of GC and offers a convenient, highly sensitive method for its detection.

Near-infrared (NIR) aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) are promising reporters for non-invasive imaging of tumor apoptosis, yet existing caspase-3 (Casp-3)-activatable AIEgens still suffer from limited target specificity. To address this challenge, we developed a tandem-targeting NIR AIEgen, Arg-Gly-Asp-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-Pra-QMT (RGDDEVD-QMT), for specific imaging of Casp-3 activity in vivo. The probe integrates a hydrophilic RGDDEVD-OH peptide substrate (i.e., a tumor-targeting Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif and a Casp-3-cleavable Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVD) segment) with a hydrophobic QMT fluorophore via a propargylglycine (Pra) linker. After selective binding to αvβ3 integrin on tumor cells and subsequent intracellular cleavage by Casp-3, RGDDEVD-QMT is hydrolyzed into a hydrophilic peptide fragment (RGDDEVD-OH) and a hydrophobic fluorophore (QMT-P), the latter self-assembling into nanoparticles that activate pronounced NIR fluorescence (FL) due to the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. This tandem targeting enzyme-mediated aggregation renders 2.1-fold FL signal enhancement of single targeting aggregation in apoptotic 4T1 tumor cells. In vivo FL imaging demonstrates effective accumulation and activation of RGDDEVD-QMT in apoptotic 4T1 tumors, affording a 6.2-fold signal enhancement relative to the control group. Collectively, the tandem-targeting design endows RGDDEVD-QMT with exceptional tumor specificity, deep-tissue penetration, and superior contrast, establishing a broadly applicable platform for real-time appraisal of therapeutic efficacy through direct visualization of tumor apoptosis.

Vitamin E plays a vital role in maintaining human health as well as in the prevention and treatment of related diseases. However, current methods for detecting vitamin E suffer from complex instrumentation, high cost, and cumbersome operation, making it difficult to meet the demand for rapid detection in serum samples. Herein, we designed an iron-doped cuprous oxide (Fe-Cu2O) nanozyme for the colorimetric detection of vitamin E in human serum. Impressively, the Fe-Cu2O nanozyme exhibits a 7.2-fold enhancement in peroxidase (POD)-like activity compared with the pure Cu2O nanozyme. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the Fe-Cu2O nanozyme catalyzes the decomposition of H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), thereby oxidizing colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into a blue product (ox TMB). As a reducing agent, vitamin E can fade the blue ox TMB, enabling the quantitative determination of vitamin E. Under optimized experimental conditions, the as-prepared Fe-Cu2O nanozyme achieves a linear detection range of 2-80 µM toward vitamin E with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.89 µM. This approach holds promise as a straightforward, economical, and highly effective strategy for clinical diagnosis and health screening of vitamin E and other bioactive molecules.

Nickel-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (Ni-ZIF) derivatives with excellent catalytic activity have been widely applied in electrocatalysts. However, there are few reports on the application of Ni-ZIF derivatives in lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs) because of unstable framework structure, prone to agglomeration during the derivation process, and poor conductivity and limited sulfur storage space. Herein, we report a MOF-sandwich-derived strategy to construct NiSe embedded in double layered nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs@NiSe@NCNTs) as efficient sulfur host for LSBs. This novel sandwich-derived strategy was achieved through the in-situ growth of polypyrrole(PPy)@Ni-ZIF@PPy and then selenization derivation. The uniformly dispersed NiSe nanoparticles between double layered NCNTs structures demonstrate rich active sites and strong catalytic activity for polysulfides (LiPSs), and can effectively promote the conversion of LiPSs. In addition, one-dimensional tubular inner and outer double carbon layers can improve the electrical conductivity of the architecture, and the large specific surface area and porous properties alleviate volume change that occurs during the storage of the active material S and electrochemical reactions. The NCNTs@NiSe@NCNTs/S as the cathode of the LSBs can cycle 300 times at a high current density of 1 C, and the attenuation of each cycle is only 0.071 %, and the capacity retention rate of 64.4 % can still be achieved at a current density of 2 C. This study provides a promising strategy for constructing reasonable sandwich-derived sulfur-carrying cathode materials efficient LSBs.

Nanozyme-based biosensing has gained a great deal of attention in various fields. However, most peroxidase-like (POD-like) nanozymes exhibit excellent enzyme-like activity, relying heavily on acidic environments, and their activity decays sharply in neutral or alkaline scenarios, posing a substantive challenge in more extensive applications. Herein, we propose an ultraviolet (UV)-mediated enzyme-like activity reversal strategy to regulate Fe3O4/CDs nanozyme, greatly recovering the enzyme-like activity of nanozymes in neutral/weakly alkaline environments. Specifically, UV irradiation of the nanozyme induces the transition of valence band electrons to the conduction band under neutral/weakly alkaline conditions. The conduction band electrons activate the Fenton-like cycle to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH), while valence band holes (h+) oxidize H2O2 to also produce ·OH. Moreover, CDs act as electron channels to accelerate electron transfer, thereby further strengthening the ·OH generation capacity of the two aforementioned pathways. Therefore, these factors endow the Fe3O4/CDs nanozyme with excellent POD-like activity at neutral/weakly alkaline pH. As proof of concept, a chemiluminescence (CL) imaging biosensing platform was constructed to detect E. coli, with a linear range of 1.5 × 101-1.5 × 107 CFU/mL. Furthermore, the generated abundant ·OH by the proposed strategy can effectively eliminate bacteria. This study offers an innovative approach to break the pH-related bottleneck of nanozymes in the catalytic process for biosensing and antibacterial applications.

Ascorbic acid (AA) participates in redox reactions in living organisms and scavenges free radicals to protect cells from oxidative damage. However, the conventional sensors for AA mainly rely on single-mode detection with insufficient accuracy. In this study, a CoFe2O4 nanozyme-mediated chemiluminescence (CL) imaging-colorimetric dual-mode sensor was proposed to monitor AA. CoFe PBA was utilized as a precursor to synthesize CoFe2O4 nanozymes through calcination, which shows high peroxidase-like activity. AA can efficiently scavenge ˙OH generated during CoFe2O4 nanozyme-catalyzed decomposition of H2O2. Due to the inhibitory effect of AA on the CoFe2O4 nanozyme-based catalytic system, the CL imaging-colorimetric dual-mode sensor was constructed to achieve rapid, accurate, and quantitative detection of AA. Experimental results demonstrate that as the AA concentration increases, the CL imaging intensity of the CoFe2O4-luminol-H2O2 system decreases, and the chromogenic reaction of the CoFe2O4-TMB-H2O2 system is significantly restrained (the blue coloration gradually fades). The detection ranges of AA are 20-200 μM (colorimetric) and 40-160 μM (CL imaging) with the detection limits of 18 μM and 25 μM, respectively. The developed dual-mode sensor features simple operation and a rapid signal response, and offers a promising approach for accurate determination of AA.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing has gained extensive attention in various fields. However, conventional SERS signal tags still show limited sensitivity for biomolecule detection. In this study, a sensitive multiplex SERS immunosensor for tumor markers detection was proposed by integrating tyramine-mediated aggregation amplification (TMAA) with Au@Ag core-shell nanocubes (Au@Ag NCs) Raman tags. Specifically, tyramine and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA, Raman-active molecule) were first functionalized on Au@Ag NCs to act as SERS signal tags. In the presence of H2O2, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed the rapid deposition of tyramine-Au@Ag NCs tags onto the labeled antibodies, thereby producing the aggregation of 4-MBA/Au@Ag signal tags for Raman signal amplification. Compared with the conventional SERS signal tags, the Au@Ag NCs-based TMAA-mode achieved an approximately 4-fold enhancement in SERS signal. By coupling the TMAA strategy with encoded silica photonic crystal beads (SPCBs), a multiplex SERS immunosensor was established for tumor markers detection. The proposed immunosensor exhibited wide linear ranges of 0.001-1000 ng/mL for AFP and 0.0001-1000 ng/mL for CEA, with low detection limits of 0.85 pg/mL and 0.12 pg/mL, respectively. This research offers a promising and cost-effective SERS signal amplification platform for the early diagnosis of cancer.

The influence of achiral surfactants on synergistically chiral effect of interfacial nucleation, assembly orientation, and morphological evolution in chiral nanostructural synthesis via a chemical solution method is largely ignored and underexplored. Herein, we report a surfactant-mediated continuous evolution of chiral Cu2-xS (0 < x < 1) from layered nanosheets to twisted nanobowties (TNBs) and uncovered a multiscale chirality amplification mechanism driven by tilted stacking of coordination nanosheets. Surfactant identity, including headgroup and alkyl chain length, controls the potential, adsorption strength, and density, as well as tail packing of interfacial layers formed by Cu2+-cysteine coordination units, thereby directing their assembly pathway. In particular, in sodium dodecyl sulfate, the anionic headgroups electrostatically anchor coordination-derived nanoparticles, while the hydrophobic tails form a dense interfacial soft-template that directs nucleation and anisotropic growth of coordination nanosheets. Under the stereochemical control of chiral cysteine, these nanosheets undergo progressive intersheet tilting and hierarchical stacking, ultimately evolving into micrometer-scale TNBs. Catalytic oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxy-l/d-phenylalanine reveals that higher structural dimensionality and increased chiroptical response of Cu2-xS improve catalytic activity and enantioselectivity. This work demonstrates a surfactant-mediated interfacial soft-template strategy for the rational design of chiral inorganic materials and the translation of molecular asymmetry into continuously tunable micrometer-scale architectures for enantioselective catalysis.

Metallothioneins (MTs) have become important biomarkers for the early clinical diagnosis of malignancies. However, the development of a cost-effective and convenient method for the rapid monitoring of MTs still remains a substantial challenge. Herein, we propose a metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived multivariate flower-like Cu-Co3O4/CoOOH nanozyme for the sensitive colorimetric biosensing of MTs. The Cu-Co3O4/CoOOH nanozyme was obtained by a novel silica (SiO2) shell-mediated hierarchical MOF-derived strategy. With the aid of SiO2 shell, bimetal-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (CuCo-ZIF) was partially pyrolyzed into Cu and Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs), while the remaining Co-ZIF was further transformed into CoOOH nanoflakes through an alkaline etching step. Benefiting from its unique structure, diverse composition, uniform and rich active sites, the synthesized Cu-Co3O4/CoOOH nanozyme exhibits greatly enhanced peroxidase (POD)-like activity. In the presence of H2O2, the Cu-Co3O4/CoOOH nanozyme catalyzes the decomposition of H2O2 to generate •OH, which oxidizes 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue ox-TMB. Metallothioneins (MTs), as a type of cysteine-rich protein, can eliminate •OH from the reaction system, and thus a nanozyme-based colorimetric biosensor was constructed for monitoring MTs with a wide linear range (0.035-1.5 × 103 μM), a low detection limit (2.2 × 10-3 μM), excellent specificity, stability, and practicability for serum samples. This work provides a universal and promising hierarchical derivatization of the MOF strategy to design structurally and compositionally diverse nanozymes for biosensing applications.

The integration of guest metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into host MOFs to design MOF@MOF nanozymes has offered new opportunity for biosensing applications. However, the precise regulation of guest MOFs still remains challenges owing to limited methods and effectiveness. Herein, we proposed a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‑mediated interfacial anchoring-remodeling strategy to construct corn-like core-shell CuFe-MIL@ZIF-8 nanozyme. As a proof of concept, CuFe-MIL@ZIF-8 nanozyme was employed to develop a sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for monitoring biomarkers. Specially, both the density and the size of the guest ZIF-8 on the host CuFe-MIL can be precisely tuned only by varying the PVP addition conditions during synthesis. The resultant CuFe-MIL@ZIF-8 nanozyme exhibited excellent peroxidase (POD)-like activity, catalyzing the decomposition of H2O2 to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH) that oxidized o-phenylenediamine (OPD) into the electroactive product (ox-OPD). Using human immunoglobulin G (HIgG) as a model, the proposed immunosensor demonstrates a wide linear range from 0.001 ng/mL to 80 ng/mL, a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.324 pg/mL, and excellent specificity and stability. This work provides promising insights into the controllable design of MOF@MOF nanozymes for constructing excellent biosensor for clinical diagnosis applications.

Monitoring acetaminophen (AP) in aquatic environments is of great significance for environmental protection and human health, yet simple and sensitive detection of trace AP remains challenging. Herein, a dandelion-like BiOBr-Bi2MoO6 composite was synthesized via a hydrothermal method coupled with an in situ growth strategy and employed as the photoactive material to construct a photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor for sensitive AP detection. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of enhanced charge separation and improved photocurrent stability, the BiOBr-Bi2MoO6 composite exhibited superior PEC performance compared with pure BiOBr and Bi2MoO6. Under visible-light irradiation, AP acted as an electron donor to consume photogenerated holes, thereby suppressing electron-hole recombination and enhancing the photocurrent response. Under optimized conditions, the proposed PEC sensor exhibited a linear range of 0.06-3.5 μM and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 μM (S/N = 3). This work provides promising insights for the design of novel photoactive materials and their application in the analysis of biomolecules.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder with very few therapeutic methods; thus, its early detection is urgently important. β-secretase (BACE1) is a well-recognized biomarker of early-stage AD, but its in vivo imaging-based diagnostic method is rarely reported. Herein, we report a BACE1-disassemblable nanoprobe, 19F-Cy5.5-NP for "Turn-On" 19F magnetic resonance/near-infrared fluorescence (19F MR/NIR-FL) imaging of the enzyme activity in AD in vivo. The "Turn-On" 19F MRI signals are employed for imaging BACE1 activity with high specificity, while the "Turn-On" NIR-FL signals are used for double checking the enzyme activity with high spatial resolution. Specifically, 19F-Cy5.5-NP, with a silent 19F MR/NIR-FL signal is obtained from the precursor Cys(StBu)-Glu-Val-Asn-Leu-Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe(CF3)-Lys(Cy5.5)-CBT (19F-Cy5.5) through a CBT-Cys click reaction. Upon BACE1 cleavage, the nanoprobe disassembles, resulting in 6.8 ± 1.3-fold and 9.5 ± 0.3-fold increases of 1 9F NMR and NIR-FL signals in vitro, respectively. Moreover, 19F-Cy5.5-NP renders 4.6 ± 0.9-fold/1.5 ± 0.1-fold higher 19F MRI/NIR-FL signal in Aβ25-35-treated PC12 cells than that in normal PC12 cells. In vivo experimental results show that this nanoprobe enables the precise imaging of BACE1 activity in AD zebrafish models. We anticipate that 19F-Cy5.5-NP could be applied for the early diagnosis of AD in clinics in the future.

Developing efficient, purely organic aggregation-induced delayed electrochemiluminescence (AIDECL) active emitters is attractive but remains a challenge. Herein, we developed a donor-acceptor-donor type of organic dot (OD) comprising dimethylacridine donors and a benzophenone acceptor, which exhibits AIDECL behaviors with a high ECL efficiency of 54.9% relative to the Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA system. Single-crystal data analysis in combination with theoretical calculation reveals that efficient ECL may arise from two synergistic effects: restriction of molecular rotation by multiple intermolecular interactions, favoring radiative decay of excited states, and promotion of intermolecular charge transport through compact molecular packing, both contributing to enhanced ECL efficiency. Significantly, an ECL sensor based on such ODs as emitters is constructed for ultrasensitive analysis of acetamiprid serving as one of pesticides, achieving a low detection limit of 4.5 aM. This work opens a window for the design of efficient organic ECL emitters and offers insights into the structure-performance relationships.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensors, as an emerging analytical platform, offer significant advantages, including low background signals, high sensitivity, and operational simplicity, due to the inherent separation of the excitation source and the detection signal. The core of achieving high performance in PEC biosensors lies in the development of efficient signal amplification strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress on signal amplification mechanisms in PEC biosensors. Photoelectric dagger conversion constitutes the basis of PEC sensing, primarily involving three essential processes: light harvesting, charge carrier separation, and interfacial reaction. Based on this, the prevailing signal amplification mechanisms are reviewed from the core processes of photoelectric conversion to the design of signal output. Simultaneously, the design principles and characteristics of these mechanisms are delved. Finally, this review examines the challenges of PEC sensing technologies and explores future trends. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational design of high-performance PEC biosensors and to promote their further development in applications of analysis.

The metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived nanozymes in air atmosphere have gained great attention in biosensing fields. Nevertheless, this derivative pattern may result in the destabilization of the MOF framework and the aggregation of active sites, consequently diminishing its catalytic activity. Herein, we reported an inert- remodeling strategy to build bimetal-confined nitrogen-doped carbon nanozyme for dual-mode cascade enzyme biosensing. The strategy was easily achieved by pyrolysis of MOFs (CoNi-ZIF-67 as model) precursor in argon atmosphere, leading to the formation of CoNi bimetallic nanoparticles uniformly confined nitrogen-doped carbon (CoNi-CN) nanozyme. This derivative nanozyme exhibits significantly enhanced peroxidase (POD)-like activity, which is 4 times higher than that of NiCo2O4 nanozyme (CoNi-ZIF-67 derivative in air atmosphere) and 54 times higher than that of CoNi-ZIF-67 precursor. The excellent POD-like activity of CoNi-CN nanozyme is ascribed to the following facts: i) integrate structure with uniformly dispersed CoNi bimetal active sites; ii) confinement effect of CoNi bimetal encapsulated in CN architecture. Integrating with glucose oxidase (GOx) to prepare cascade enzyme of CoNi-CN@GOx, colorimetric-chemiluminescent imaging sensor based on CoNi-CN@GOx cascade system was developed for glucose detection. Glucose was assayed in wide linear ranges of 0.08-15 mM (colorimetric) and 0.1-30 mM (CL imaging). This research provides a promising inert-remodeling strategy to construct high-performance nanozyme for dual mode biosensing applications.

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging of tumor caspase-3 activity can be applied for real-time monitoring of the therapeutic effect of an anticancer drug in vivo. Aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) are highly sensitive, unique fluorophores, but there is no NIR AIEgen reported for the above purpose. Herein, we rationally developed an activatable NIR AIEgen, Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-Pra-QMT (Ac-DEVD-Pra-QMT), to sensitively image caspase-3 activity in apoptotic 4T1 cells and tumor. After being internalized by cisplatin-induced apoptotic tumor cells, Ac-DEVD-Pra-QMT is subjected to caspase-3 cleavage to yield hydrophobic Pra-QMT, which spontaneously aggregates into nanoparticles to turn "On" the NIR fluorescence. Experimental results show that Ac-DEVD-Pra-QMT renders 14.9-fold and 2.7-fold higher NIR fluorescent intensities compared to those of the control groups in vitro and in vivo, respectively. We expect that Ac-DEVD-Pra-QMT could serve as a valuable tool for the early tracking of chemotherapeutic effects in the near future.

Ultrasensitive detection of multiple diseases markers is of great importance in improving diagnostic accuracy, precision, and efficiency. A versatile Au nanozyme Raman probe strategy was employed to develop an ultrasensitive multiplex surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immunosensor using encoded silica photonic crystal beads (SPCBs). The efficient Au nanozyme Raman probe strategy was constructed using a robust Au nanozyme with high dual enzyme-like activity and SERS activity. On the one hand, Au nanozyme tags with oxidase-like activity can catalyze the oxidation of Raman-inactive 3,3' ,5,5' tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to Raman-active oxidized TMB (ox-TMB) in the presence of O2 . On the other hand, Au nanozyme tags with peroxidase-like activity can catalyze Raman-inactive TMB to Ramanactive ox-TMB in the presence of H2 O2 . This dual catalysis action results in many Raman-active reporter molecules (ox-TMB) enabling highly sensitive detection. Meanwhile, the Au nanozyme as an extraordinary SERS substrate further enhances the detection signals of these Raman reporter molecules. Using reflection peaks of different SPCBs to encode tumor markers, an ultrasensitive multiplex SERS immunosensor was developed for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which exhibited wide linear ranges of 0.0 01-10 0 ng/mL for CEA and 0.01-10 0 0 ng/mL for AFP, accompanied by low detection limits of 0.66 pg/mL for CEA and 9.5 pg/mL for AFP, respectively. This work demonstrates a universal and promising nanozyme Raman probe strategy to develop ultrasensitive multiplex SERS immunosensors for precise clinical diagnosis of disease. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

Acetamiprid (ACE) poses significant threats to the environment and human health. Thus, the development of sensitive ACE detection is crucial for safeguarding human health. Herein, we developed an aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) aptasensor for ACE detection, in which polymer dots (Pdots) are used as luminescent probe. By virtue of the electrochemiluminescence-resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) mechanism, ECL signal of Pdots is quenched by black hole quencher (BHQ) linked to ACE aptamer, thereby turning "off" the signal of sensor. Upon the existence of ACE, BHQ group releases from the Pdots and escapes from the surface of sensor, consequently enabling the restoration of ECL signal of Pdots. Such sensor exhibits excellent analysis performance with a lower detection limit of 9.1 aM, over conventional ECL analysis for ACE. Significantly, the sensor is applied to lettuce sample with good recovery rate. This work provides an effective method for ACE detection, and validates its application potential in food safety supervision.

Although diverse signal-amplified methods have been committed to improve the sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensing, introducing convenient and robust signal amplification strategy into SPR biosensing remains challenging. Here, a novel nanozyme-triggered polymerization amplification strategy was proposed for constructing highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor. In detail, Au@Pd core-shell nanooctahedra nanozyme with superior peroxidase (POD)-like activity was synthesized and utilized as a label probe. Simultaneously, Au@Pd core-shell nanooctahedra nanozyme can catalyze the decomposition of H2 O2 to form hydroxyl radicals (center dot OH) that triggers the polymerization of aniline to form polyaniline attaching on the surface of sensor chip, significantly amplifying SPR responses. The sensitivity of SPR immunosensor was enhanced by nanozyme-triggered polymerization amplification strategy. Using human immunoglobulin G (HIgG) as a model, the constructed SPR immunosensor obtains a wide linear range of 0.005-1.0 mu g/mL with low detection limit of 0.106 ng/mL. This research provides new sights on establishing sensitive SPR immunosensor and may evokes more inspiration for developing signal amplification methods based on nanozyme in biosensing. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.