Background: a-synuclein (a-syn), Ser129-phosphorylated a-synuclein (p-a-syn), and neurofi lament light chain (NfL) are potential biomarkers associated with cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigates their plasma levels in relation to cognitive severity in PD. Methods: We measured plasma a-syn, p-a-syn, and NfL levels using immunomagnetic reduction assays in 45 PD patients and 16 healthy controls. Statistical tests included Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman's correlation analyses, with Bonferroni correction (a = 0.0125). Results: Levels of a-syn and p-a-syn were significantly higher in PD compared to controls (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001, respectively; Bonferroni-adjusted p <0.0125; Cohen's d = 1.2 and 1.5, respectively). NfL levels were elevated in PD dementia (PDD) compared to controls (p = 0.048; Cohen's d = 0.92), though this did not meet the Bonferroni-adjusted threshold of p < 0.0125. NfL levels were negatively correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (p =-0.35, p < 0.0125), distinguishing PDD from controls but not from PD with normal cognition (PDNC). No significant correlations were observed between NfL levels and cognitive severity or across PD mild cognitive impairment (PDMCI) subtypes. Conclusion: While a-syn, p-a-syn, and NfL are elevated in PD, only NfL distinguishes PDD from controls, with inconclusive ties to cognitive severity. Larger studies are needed. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
Background: This study investigated the discordance between cystatin C-and creatinine-based estimates of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (EKFCcys/EKFCcre) to predict adverse outcomes in older adults. Methods: Older patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (mean age 76.7) from 2018 to 2020 were enrolled. Cystatin C, creatinine, and clinical data were assessed at baseline and followed up until death, dialysis, or administrative censorship. The subjects were stratified according to tertiles of the EKFCcys/ EKFCcre ratio. The subhazard ratios (sHR) and time ratios were measured using competing risk regression and the cause-specific accelerated failure time (CS-AFT) model. Sensitivity analysis including models with cystatin-to-creatinine (Cys/Cre) ratios was also performed. Results: In 369 older patients, the incidence rates of mortality and dialysis were 2.7 and 7.0 per 1000 patient-months, respectively. The incidences of mortality and dialysis were higher in the lowest tertile (0.9 vs. 4.2 per 1000 patient-month and 6.1 vs. 7.0 per 1000 patient-months, respectively) than in the highest tertile group. In the competing risk regression, the lowest tertile had a higher risk of mortality (sHR [95% CI] = 6.78 [2.34-19.68], p < 0.05). In CS-AFT, compared to the highest tertile group, the lowest tertile group exhibited an altered median survival time of 0.27 (0.11-0.68) and 0.36 (0.20-0.67), which is approximately 73% and 64% decrease in median survival time to mortality and dialysis, respectively (ps < 0.05). The results of the sensitivity tests were consistent. Conclusion: The lowest tertile of the cystatin C-to-creatinine based eGFR ratio is a risk factor for clinical outcomes in older patients with CKD. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of frailty, leading to adverse outcomes. The Taiwanese version of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI-T) has been validated in community dwelling older adults, but its psychometric properties have not been assessed in CKD patients. This study evaluates the reliability and validity of the Taiwan revised version of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI-TR) for this population. Methods: The cross-sectional design was conducted for outpatients with nephrology in Taiwan. Five steps were taken to test the TFI-TR. First, the modified Delphi method was performed to revise the item content of TFI-T. Second, item analysis was used to examine item determination. Third, construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Fried frailty phenotype (FP), and Kihon Checklist (KCL) for criterion validity. Fourth, the reliability was explored using the KR-20 reliability coefficient. Finally, the ROC curve was used to determine the cut points of TFI-TR. Results: A 15-item CKD-specific version of the TFI-T (TFI-TR) with three domains was developed. Item analysis showed good discrimination. CFA demonstrated good construct validity (TLI = 0.88; CFI = 0.90; RMSEA = 0.043), and criterion validity was supported by moderate correlations with FP and KCL (r = 0.45, 0.62). The KR-20 reliability coefficient was 0.70. A cut-off score of 4.5 yielded good sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.78-0.94). Conclusions: The TFI-TR demonstrates acceptable validity and reliability for screening frailty among CKD outpatients. A cut-off of 4.5 provides good diagnostic performance.
Pre-sarcopenia, characterized by low muscle mass but largely preserved physical function, is a critical period for intervention. Seventy-seven older adults were assigned to 12-month resistance training (n = 40) or control (n = 37). Lean mass, fatmass, handgrip strength, and gait velocitywere measured at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. By 12 months, the training group gained 1.2 kg total lean mass (95% CI: 0.8-1.6) with an 8.4% arm lean mass increase. Handgrip strength rose 2.1 kg (95% CI: 1.3-2.9) and correlated with arm lean mass (r = 0.68). Clinically meaningful gains (>= 2.0 kg grip or >= 1.0 kg lean mass) occurred in 65% of trainees versus 22% of controls (p < 0.001). Gait velocity improved more in the training group (0.17 vs. -0.08 m/s). These findings highlight resistance training's role in preventing muscle decline and highlight handgrip strength as an accessible marker of improvement.Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
Background: In recent years, chloride has been suggested as a potential prognostic marker for predicting mortality in heart failure (HF). However, the prognostic effect on longer-term mortality has rarely been evaluated in chronic HF with acute conditions. The current study aims to investigate the prognostic role of chloride simultaneously in the short- and long-term mortality in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV version 2.2 was applied, with 3,068 subjects included in the study. ICU mortality, in-hospital mortality, and total mortality were evaluated. Logistic regression models and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to explore the relationship between chloride levels or hypochloremia/normal group and mortalities. Results: Chloride level exhibited negative associations with ICU mortality, in-hospital mortality, and total mortality. Correspondingly, hypochloremia exhibited positive associations with ICU mortality, in-hospital mortality, and total mortality. When further adjusted for multiple demographic and clinical characteristics, the aforementioned results remained significant. Conclusion: Chloride serves as a prognostic marker for predicting mortality for HF patients admitted to ICU. The prognostic effect was revealed simultaneously in short-term mortality and long-term mortality. The add-on of chloride monitoring will be beneficial to the future prevention of mortality of HF.
Background: Effective measurement tools are needed to evaluate the self-management knowledge and behaviors of seniors. We aimed to conduct a validity and reliability study of the Partners in Health Scale for Older Adults (PIH-OA) scale, which is a measurement tool for elderly regarding the consequences of aging over time. Methods: This study is a methodological type study including 293 individuals over age 65 who applied to Eskisehir Osmangazi University Hospital between March 1and October 31, 2024. Data were collected using the sociodemographic data form, PIH-OA scale and Older People's Quality of Life-Brief scale (OPQOL-brief). Explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. Test-retest method, Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient and item total score analysis were used in reliability analysis. Results: The three-factor and eight-item structure of the PIH-OA scale, including "Knowledge", "Management" and "Coping", is highly reliable (Cronbach's alphas range from 0.606 to 0.787). As a result of test-retests, a positive significant relationship was found between the measurements (r = 0.995). PIH-OA scale and the OPQOL-brief scale, a moderate correlation was found with "Knowledge" and "Management" (r = .430 and r = .413) and a strong correlation was found with "Total PIH-OA scale" and "Coping" (r = .738 and r = .756). Conclusion: The PIH-OA scale is reliable and valid for assessing the self-management knowledge and behavior of geriatric individuals in the Turkish society. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR T-cell therapy) has emerged as a groundbreaking treatment for relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphomas and leukemia. This personalized immunotherapy has demonstrated high efficacy, with complete remission (CR) rates ranging from 40% to over 80% in aggressive forms of lymphoma. We presents three cases from MacKay Memorial Hospital, illustrating the benefits and challenges associated with CAR T-cell therapy. In the first case, a 53-year-old female with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia achieved CR after CAR T-cell therapy, with CAR T-cells detectable for least six months. The second case involved a 49-year-old female with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who experienced severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and ultimately passed away due to complications. The third case featured a 62-year-old male with mantle cell lymphoma, who initially responded to CAR T-cell therapy but later relapsed and succumbed to disease complications. The article emphasizes the importance of effective management of side effects such as CRS and neurotoxicity, which can significantly impact patient outcomes. Individualized management strategies are crucial. Future directions for CAR T-cell therapy include exploring next-generation constructs, alternative targets beyond CD19, and combining other treatment modalities. In conclusion, while CAR T-cell therapy represents a significant advancement, ongoing research is essential to optimize patient selection and management strategies. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
The diagnosis of concurrent conditions in elderly patients, such as lung adenocarcinoma, and pulmonary dirofilariasis, presents significant diagnostic challenges. This case report describes the case of a 71-year-old woman with a complex medical history, including chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis, who required a meticulous evaluation of multiple lung lesions. Imaging revealed stable pleural-based nodular consolidation and a new nodule in the right upper lobe, raising concerns about malignancy and prompting surgical resection. Pathological examination confirmed lung adenocarcinoma and unexpectedly revealed Dirofilaria in the right lower lobe. This case highlights the importance of thorough diagnostic procedures and multidisciplinary approaches in elderly patients with complex presentations. A broad differential diagnosis is crucial for optimizing outcomes in such cases. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
Background: Hypothyroidism commonly affects elderly individuals, involving complex interactions within the endocrine system. This study explores the relationship between various endocrine factors and the effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement therapy (THRT) in an elderly hypothyroid population. Methods: A total of 150 elderly patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism and subsequently treated with THRT were enrolled. Clinical evaluations, laboratory data, and symptom assessments were recorded. Multivariate regression models were then employed to investigate the impact of endocrine changes on THRT efficacy. Results: The overall success rate of THRT was 85.3%, with a significant association between hormone levels and treatment effectiveness. When stratified by body mass index (BMI), patients with a normal BMI (18.5-24.9) demonstrated the highest success rate (93.5%), while those classified as obese (BMI >= 30) showed the lowest (75.8%). Furthermore, both insulin and leptin levels were significantly correlated with THRT outcomes; abnormal levels were linked to diminished response rates. Logistic regression confirmed that insulin and leptin were strong predictors of THRT efficacy, highlighting their critical roles in guiding treatment. Conclusion: Endocrine factors - particularly insulin and leptin - exert a notable influence on the effectiveness of THRT in elderly hypothyroid patients. Early evaluation of these parameters may enable more targeted and successful treatment strategies, ultimately improving therapeutic outcomes in this population.
Background: Stress hyperglycemia, a critical illness response, is linked to poor outcomes. Its impact on geriatric sepsis patients remains unclear. This study investigates stress hyperglycemia's influence in geriatric sepsis patients. Methods: These patients were identified by searching the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases codes that were sepsis-related diagnoses, and they were categorized into two age groups: 18-65 years and over 65 years. Stress hyperglycemia was assessed using the glycemic gap (the difference between admission glucose and estimated average glucose (eAG)) and glycemic ratio (the ratio of admission glucose to eAG). Mortality risk during hospitalization was assessed using logistic regression and ROC analysis. Results: The study analyzed 16,582 sepsis patients, with 9,602 in the older group (>= 65 years) and 6,980 in the younger group. The diabetic patients were 29.5% in the younger group and 37.7% in the older group. Comorbidities, except obesity, were more prevalent in the older group. The older group had higher initial glucose levels, while younger patients had higher HbA1C levels. In younger patients, a higher glycemic ratio was significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality (p = 0.0492). In contrast, among older diabetic patients, both the glycemic gap and ratio were lower in non-survivors than in survivors, and a higher glycemic ratio was independently associated with reduced mortality (adjusted RR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.451-0.996, p = 0.048). Conclusion: Stress hyperglycemia in older sepsis patients may indicate preserved endocrine function and a better prognosis, warranting age-specific hyperglycemia management strategies. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
Background: The Novak Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) is commonly used to assess caregiver burden in caregivers of people with dementia. Although the CBI's five-factor structure has been supported in previous studies, the unidimensionality of each individual domain requires further validation, particularly in culturally specific populations and disease contexts. This study aimed to examine the domain-level unidimensionality of the CBI among caregivers of people with dementia in Taiwan. Internal consistency and ceiling and floor effects were also examined. Methods: A total of 200 caregivers of people with dementia completed the CBI. The mean ages of the caregivers was 55.9 years (standard deviation = 13.4), with the most were female (70.0%), and an average caregiving duration was 5.2 years (standard deviation = 4.2). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis were performed to examine the unidimensionality of each domain. Cronbach's alpha was applied to examine internal consistency. The percentages of participants with maximum and minimum scores in each domain were used to estimate ceiling and floor effects, respectively. Results: The four CFA fit indices of the five domains were: comparative fit index = 0.98-1.00, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.95-1.00, root mean square error of approximation = 0.000-0.170, and standardized root mean square residual = 0.023-0.055. Based on Rasch analysis, Infit and outfit mean squares of the five domains were 0.61-1.69 and 0.61-1.43, respectively. The alpha values of the five domains were 0.79-0.92. Ceiling effects ranged from 2.5% to 17.5% and floor effects ranged from 1.0% to 9.5%. Conclusion: Our results supported the unidimensionality, demonstrated good internal consistency, and showed no notable ceiling or floor effects in the five CBI domains for caregivers of people with dementia. The total score for each domain can be utilized to indicate domain-specific caregiver burden. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
Background: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a responsibility system integrated holistic care model during the perioperative period in elderly patients with hip fractures. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 104 patients with hip fractures who underwent surgical treatment at our hospital between July 2019 and January 2021. Based on different nursing protocols, patients were categorized into a control group (CG, n = 50, received routine care) and a research group (RG, n = 54, received a responsibility system integrated holistic care model). Perioperative indicators, hip joint function, functional independence, balance, quality of life, treatment compliance, and nursing quality were compared between the two groups. Results: The RG demonstrated significantly shorter periods for admission to surgery, fracture healing time, return to normal walking, and postoperative hospital stay than the CG (p < 0.05); The RG had higher post-intervention Harris Hip scores, Functional Independence Measure scores, Berg Balance Scale score, Short Form 36 score, and ServQual scale score than the CG (p < 0.05). The overall treatment compliance rate was higher in the RG (96.30%) than in the CG (80.00%), and the complication rate was lower in RG (9.26%) than in the CG (26.00%) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Application of a responsibility-based integrated nursing model in the perioperative period of elderly patients with hip fractures showed significant nursing effects. It can enhance treatment compliance, shorten fracture healing time, improve hip joint function and balance ability, enhance functional independence, improve the quality of life, and reduce complications.
Background: With the increase in the aging population, improving community care services to solve the care problems of China's older adult population has become an urgent task. This study explored the community care needs of older people and how these needs are influenced by personal characteristics and level of dysfunction. Methods: A questionnaire survey was administered to 400 older adults in 10 communities in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, between May and October 2023. The participants completed a demographics questionnaire, a measure assessing performance in activities of daily living, and a measure of community care needs. Results: The mean for the level of overall community care needs was 44.87 +/- 2.56, indicating low demand. The order of community care needs from high to low were medical services (17.02 +/- 1.89), spiritual comfort services (13.96 +/- 1.56), and life care services (13.89 +/- 1.19). Factors influencing participants' community care needs included level of dysfunction, age, monthly income, and living situation (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Community care needs of older adults with different degrees of dysfunction vary and are influenced by several community factors. These findings provide a scientific basis for community-specific aging reform.
Background: The use of beta-blockers in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and coexisting COPD remains controversial. This study evaluated their feasibility, prognosis, and dose-dependent effects. Methods: This retrospective study included 805 patients with HFrEF co-existed with COPD. 279 received beta-blockers and 526 did not. Beta-blocker users were stratified into < 25% and >= 25% of the recommended dose. Two- and five-year outcomes were assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results: Patients on <25% beta-blocker dose had significantly lower two-and five-year all-cause mortality than non-users (both p < 0.05). This benefit persisted after adjusting for age, ejection fraction, and bronchodilator use (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.48-0.94; p = 0.021). Conclusions: This study suggests that beta-blockers may be safely used in HFrEF patients with COPD, starting at low doses. Further studies should assess their effect on HF-related readmissions.
Background: Recent studies suggest music and physical activity may enhance brain plasticity and alleviate depressive symptoms, offering effective non-pharmacological interventions, especially for older adults with mild to moderate depression. Objective: This study evaluated the prognosis of elderly patients with depression when rehabilitative nursing care was incorporated as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy. Methods: A total of 80 patients aged >= 60 years with major depressive disorder (DSM-5 criteria) were enrolled and divided into a study group (n = 45; nursing care + pharmacotherapy) and a control group (n = 35; pharmacotherapy only). The study group received a structured six-week program including cognitive restructuring, health education, and rehabilitation exercises. Standardized assessments - the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) - were administered preand post-intervention across a 20-week study period. Result: The study group showed significantly greater reduction in GDS scores compared to controls (OGDS = -3.7 +/- 3.9 vs. -0.8 +/- 2.45, p = 0.008, Cohen's d = 0.95). BDI and BAI also showed notable improvements (OBDI = -8.9 +/- 12.9, p = 0.026; OBAI = -9.2 +/- 14.9, p = 0.033). Cognitive outcomes revealed no significant between-group differences. Conclusion: Rehabilitative nursing care significantly improved depression outcomes and showed promising effects on anxiety among older adults when combined with pharmacotherapy. These results support its integration into standard geriatric depression management. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
Purpose. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of institutionalized geriatric population with NVAF according to the type of anticoagulant treatment, especially in patients with severe functional and cognitive decline and those who met palliative care criteria. Methods. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 13 nursing homes with a population diagnosed with NVAF. Sociodemographic and functional assessment variables, the type of prescribed anticoagulant treatment, frailty status and palliative care criteria were collected. The clinical and functional assessment was analysed based on treatment type. Results. Of the 342 residents fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 78.1% were women and 48% were >= 90 years of age. Furthermore, 99.4% had high comorbidity (Charlson >= 3), 98.8% were at high risk of stroke (CHADS2-VASc >= 2), 90.1% were in a frailty stage (IF-CSS > 0.2), and 86.3% were polymedicated. Additionally, 51.4% were anticoagulated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOAcs), 28.4% with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), and 1.8% with low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs). Finally, 8.5% were receiving antiplatelet agents (AAs), while 9.9% were not receiving any antithrombotic treatment. Patients treated with AAs were older (p = 0.028), while those not receiving treatment had greater cognitive deterioration (p = 0.004), met the palliative criteria (p = 0.027), and had a lower frequency of polymedication (p < 0.001). Conclusions. Our study shows that very elderly patients consume DOAcs and VKAs in advanced stages of frailty and dependency. The findings suggest the need to tailor anticoagulation in geriatric patients to align treatment with quality of life and end-of-life goals. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
Background: The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is a minimally invasive technique widely used for skull base tumor removal. Elderly patients present unique challenges due to age-related physiological changes and comorbidities. This study evaluates the impact of reconstruction techniques on postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks in elderly (>= 65 years) and non-elderly (< 65 years) patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study, conducted at MacKay Memorial Hospital, included 132 patients who underwent EEA with skull base reconstruction between October 2020 and September 2024. Patients were stratified into elderly and non-elderly groups. Data on demographics, tumor characteristics, surgical variables, and postoperative complication of CSF leakage were analyzed. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in intraoperative CSF leak grading or nasoseptal flap (NSF) usage. Postoperative CSF leaks requiring revision surgery occurred in 3.1% of non-elderly patients and none in the elderly group (p = 0.569). Key contributors to CSF leaks included delayed mucosal recovery, residual tumor bleeding, and inadequate patient education. Conclusion: Advanced age was not associated with increased postoperative CSF leak risk, supporting the safety and efficacy of EEA in elderly patients. Tailored surgical planning and perioperative care remain essential for optimizing outcomes
In recent years, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) has emerged as a more abundant and difficult-to-treat pathogen. Colistin seemed to be the last-resort antibiotic. We treated an eighty-year-old male who had colistin-resistant and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia during hospitalization. Since there was no effective antibiotic available, the patient expired in 2019. We later used next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the patient's blood isolate to identify the resistant mechanisms of the pathogen. The blaOXA-48 resistant gene could indicate resistance to carbapenem. NGS technology became available in our research laboratory in 2024 to precisely detect antimicrobial resistance. In comparison with rapid BioFire FilmArray system, NGS could be used to precisely detect antimicrobial resistance and could be considered as one of the diagnostic tools to improve patient care. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
Background: Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disorder characterized by increased bone fragility and fracture risk. Current treatments are limited, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic agents. Methods: RAW264.7 cells were treated with CBT (0, 10, 20,40 mu g/mL) and stimulated with RANKL to induce osteoclast differentiation. Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay, while osteoclast differentiation was evaluated through TRAP staining. Immunoblot analysis was conducted to confirm the underlying mechanism. Results: Columbianetin significantly inhibited the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts. Furthermore, Columbianetin was found to suppress autophagy in osteoclasts. Mechanically, Columbianetin exerted its effects by inhibiting the SGK1/FOXO3a signaling pathway. Conclusion: Columbianetin effectively inhibits osteoclast differentiation and autophagy by modulating the SGK1/FOXO3a pathway, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis treatment. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
Accidental foreign body ingestion in elderly patients presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, especially when complicated by comorbidities such as dementia. We report the case of an 87-year-old man with dementia who unintentionally swallowed a segment of a plastic chopstick. Initial esophagogastroduodenoscopy did not reveal the foreign body, but a subsequent abdominal computed tomography scan identified a 5.5 cm rod-like object in the jejunum. The foreign body was successfully removed via single-balloon enteroscopy, and the patient recovered without complications. This case highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and the utility of advanced endoscopic techniques in managing small bowel foreign bodies in elderly patients. Copyright (c) 2025, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.
