The current study aimed to know the role of attitudes towards the Gaza War and perceptions of its risk in predicting manifestations of PTSD among Egyptian society. The sample consisted of 42 individuals (26 males, 16 females), aged between 20-57 years (M = 28.74, SD = 8.13). Participants completed the Attitudes toward Gaza War Scale (AGWS), the Risk Perception of the War Scale (RPWS) and the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (PTSDS). Results showed attitudes toward the Gaza war predict manifestations of PTSD, except for the cognitive component of attitudes. Perceptions of the risk of the Gaza war predict manifestations of PTSD, except for the component of responsibility prevalence. The study concluded that there is no interaction between attitudes toward the Gaza war and perceptions of its risk in predicting manifestations of PTSD.
Parenting coordination is a specialized court-ordered family intervention aimed at reducing high conflict between parents after separation, with the goal of protecting the children and facilitating compliance with judicial measures or parenting plans. This study analyzes its application in Spanish court decisions between 2018 and 2024. A total of 326 judicial decisions were selected from the case law database of the General Council of the Judiciary (CENDOJ). The analysis followed the model of the previous study by Farina et al. (2017) and the guidelines of the AFCC (Association of Family and Conciliation Courts). Inmost cases, the coordinator was appointed by the court. The most common objectives were to reduce conflict, improve coparenting, implement parenting plans, and restore parent-child relationships. The main functions included conflict management, supervision of compliance with measures, and psychoeducational support. The conclusion is that parenting coordination is being implemented in Spain in accordance with international guidelines.
This study presents the psychometric properties and standardization of the Suicide Risk Assessment Scale for the National Police (VRS-PN), a psychometric tool specifically designed to evaluate suicide risk among Spanish National Police officers. The validation and standardization process involved a psychometric analysis with a sample of 652 officers, categorized into risk and non-risk groups. The study utilized exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, resulting in a robust factorial structure comprising eight key factors. Normative benchmarks were established, and reliability and validity indices were determined. The ROC curve analysis demonstrated an 84.3% discrimination capacity between groups, confirming the scale's diagnostic parameters. A significant advancement of the VRS-PN is the incorporation of response validity scales, addressing bias factors such as simulation (malingering) and dissimulation, which are critical in high-risk occupational settings like law enforcement. These scales enhance the accuracy of suicide risk assessment, a feature rarely integrated into traditional suicide screening tools. Unlike generalist instruments, the VRS-PN is tailored to the unique psychological, organizational, and cultural characteristics of police officers, ensuring greater specificity and applicability. The findings suggest that this scale is a robust and reliable tool for detecting suicide risk within this high-impact professional group. Future research should explore its applicability across other security forces to expand its utility in law enforcement psychological evaluation. Este estudio presenta las propiedades psicom & eacute;tricas y la estandarizaci & oacute;n de la Escala de Evaluaci & oacute;n del Riesgo de Suicidio en la Polic & iacute;a Nacional (VRS-PN), una herramienta psicom & eacute;trica dise & ntilde;ada espec & iacute;ficamente para evaluar el riesgo de suicidio en agentes de la Polic & iacute;a Nacional Espa & ntilde;ola. El proceso de validaci & oacute;n y estandarizaci & oacute;n implic & oacute; un an & aacute;lisis psicom & eacute;trico con una muestra de 652 agentes, categorizados en grupos con riesgo y sin riesgo. El estudio utiliz & oacute; el an & aacute;lisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, dando lugar a una estructura factorial robusta compuesta por ocho factores clave. Se establecieron puntos de referencia normativos y se determinaron los & iacute;ndices de fiabilidad y validez. El an & aacute;lisis de la curva ROC demostr & oacute; una capacidad de discriminaci & oacute;n entre grupos del 84.3%, lo que confirma los par & aacute;metros diagn & oacute;sticos de la escala. Un avance significativo de la VRS-PN es la incorporaci & oacute;n de escalas de validez de respuesta, que abordan factores de sesgo como la simulaci & oacute;n y el disimulo, que son cr & iacute;ticos en entornos laborales de alto riesgo como las Fuerzas de Seguridad del Estado. Estas escalas mejoran la precisi & oacute;n de la evaluaci & oacute;n del riesgo de suicidio, una caracter & iacute;stica rara vez integrada en las herramientas tradicionales de cribado del suicidio. A diferencia de los instrumentos generalistas, la VRS-PN se adapta a las caracter & iacute;sticas psicol & oacute;gicas, organizativas y culturales & uacute;nicas de los agentes de polic & iacute;a, lo que garantiza una mayor especificidad y relevancia. Los resultados sugieren que esta escala es una herramienta robusta y fiable para detectar el riesgo de suicidio en este grupo profesional de gran impacto. Investigaciones futuras deber & iacute;an explorar su relevancia para otras fuerzas de seguridad para ampliar su utilidad en la evaluaci & oacute;n psicol & oacute;gica policial.
Economic abuse is a different type of intimate partner violence; however, it is little researched in Latin American women. The aim of the research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Scale of Economic Abuse Peruvian version (SEA-P). Two purposive samples were used. In the first sample (n(1) = 300, M-age = 30.6) the exploratory factor analysis proposed a unidimensional solution of 11 items (explained variance = 60%) and the replicability of the construct was optimal (latent H-index = .96 and observed = .85). In the second sample (n(2) = 294 M-age = 31.63) confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional model and reliability was excellent (alpha(ordinal) = .86, omega = .83). Configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance was found (Delta CFI 0.010, Delta SRMR 0.030), revealing that the construct has the same meaning in both age groups (18-29 and 30-56 years old). Furthermore, in both samples, statistically significant relationships were found with four types of intimate partner violence: psychological, physical, sexual, and controlling behaviors. It is concluded that the SEA-P is a valid and reliable unidimensional instrument to measure economic abuse within the couple relationship.
El abuso económico es un tipo diferente de violencia de pareja; sin embargo, es poco investigado en mujeres latinoamericanas. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Abuso Económico versión peruana (SEA-P). Se usaron dos muestras intencionales. En la primera muestra (n 1 = 300, M edad = 30.6) el análisis factorial exploratorio propuso una solución unidimensional de 11 ítems (varianza explicada = 60%) y la replicabilidad del constructo fue sobresaliente (índice H latente = .96 y observado = .85). En la segunda muestra (n 2 = 294, M edad = 31.63) el análisis factorial confirmatorio apoyó el modelo unidimensional y la confiabilidad fue excelente (αordinal = .86, ω = .83). Se halló invarianza configural, métrica, escalar y estricta (ΔCFI 0.010, ΔSRMR 0.030) respecto de la edad (18-29 y 30-56 años), lo que indica que el constructo tiene el mismo significado para ambos grupos. Además, en ambas muestras se encontraron relaciones estadísticamente significativas con cuatro tipos de violencia de pareja: psicológica, física, sexual y comportamientos controladores. Se concluye que la SEA-P es un instrumento unidimensional válido y confiable para medir el abuso económico dentro de la relación de pareja.
The purpose of the present study is to analyze the difference between the long-term memories of victims and witnesses/observers of a traumatic event and the effect of post-traumatic symptoms on the quality of memories. The event was the 11th of March, 2004, terrorist attacks in Madrid. Results showed that the victims characterized the event with higher quality and accessibility than the witnesses, particularly flashbulb memories. These differences could be related to the victims' greater emotional reaction experienced during the event and the relevance/importance attributed to it, supporting the emotional-integrative and the importance-driven emotional reactions models of flashbulb memory formation. The intensity and quantity of post-traumatic symptoms present in the victims significantly affected the quality and accessibility of memories, as well as the associated emotions. The 'Continuous Accessibility Model of Memory' could explain the accessibility of autobiographical memories, where limitations to remembering could range from amnesia to PTSD, with flashbulb memories being the non-pathological prelude to the latter. El prop & oacute;sito del presente estudio es analizar la diferencia entre las memorias a largo plazo de las v & iacute;ctimas y los testigos/observadores de un evento traum & aacute;tico, as & iacute; como el efecto de los s & iacute;ntomas postraum & aacute;ticos en la calidad de esas memorias. El hecho analizado fue el atentado terrorista del 11 de marzo de 2004 en Madrid. Los resultados mostraron que las v & iacute;ctimas caracterizaron el evento con mayor calidad y accesibilidad que los testigos, especialmente con recuerdos v & iacute;vidos. Estas diferencias podr & iacute;an estar relacionadas con la mayor reacci & oacute;n emocional experimentada por las v & iacute;ctimas durante el evento y la relevancia/importancia atribuida al mismo, respaldando los modelos de formaci & oacute;n de memoria v & iacute;vida basados en la integraci & oacute;n emocional y la importancia emocional. La intensidad y la cantidad de s & iacute;ntomas postraum & aacute;ticos presentes en las v & iacute;ctimas afectaron significativamente a la calidad y accesibilidad de los recuerdos, as & iacute; como las emociones asociadas. El "Modelo Continuo de Accesibilidad de la Memoria" podr & iacute;a explicar la accesibilidad de los recuerdos autobiogr & aacute;ficos, donde las limitaciones para recordar podr & iacute;an ir desde la amnesia hasta el TEPT, siendo los recuerdos fotogr & aacute;ficos un preludio no patol & oacute;gico de este & uacute;ltimo.
The main objective of this article was to compare socio-criminogenic characteristics between a group of inmates who exhibited penitentiary criminal recidivism and another group that did not, over a three-year follow-up period during which they remained free. The research was non-experimental, observational/analytical, with a comparative scope between groups. The sample consisted of 44 (63.8%) non-recidivists and a group of 25 (36.2%) recidivists. The 7D-63 Recidivism Questionnaire was employed as the assessment instrument, evaluating the risk in the Colombian penitentiary population. The study's results lead to the conclusion that the main differences between the two groups were substance use, harm to individuals caused in the commission of the first legally sanctioned conduct, and the group execution of the first legally sanctioned conduct.
This study examined the independent and combined effects of verbally describing a target face and conducting a target-absent interpolated photo lineup on accuracy in a subsequent target-present lineup. Four hundred and sixty participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: verbal description only, interpolated lineup only, both tasks, or control. After viewing the target face and completing a distractor task, participants performed their assigned pre-identification procedure(s) before a lineup featuring the suspect. Correct rejections in the first lineup successfully predicted correct identifications in the second. A hierarchical log-linear analysis revealed that both verbal description and interpolated lineup, when administered separately, impaired performance in the second lineup; however, no additional decrement emerged when both tasks were combined. Therefore, incorporating a brief verbal description prior to any interpolated lineup is recommended to optimize eyewitness reliability.
Child and adolescent victimization can impact cognitive processes and individuals' subsequent social adjustment. These early experiences may affect the presence of biases in social information processing skills, increasing aggressive and maladaptive behaviors in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between direct and indirect victimization experienced by a group of adolescents and their social information processing skills and engagement in antisocial behaviors over the last year. The sample comprised 364 adolescents from a high school in Spain. Aggressive self-efficacy has an indirect mediating effect on the relation between childhood and adolescent victimization and the development of antisocial behaviors. Indirect victimization is a slightly stronger predictor of antisocial behaviors than direct victimization. Understanding the behavioral and cognitive repercussions of childhood and adolescent victimization may help design and/or perfect interventions to avoid biased processing patterns being perpetuated and behavioral problems becoming chronic. La victimizaci & oacute;n infantil y adolescente puede afectar a los procesos cognitivos y al posterior ajuste social de los individuos. Espec & iacute;ficamente estas experiencias tempranas influyen en la presencia de sesgos en las habilidades del procesamiento de la informaci & oacute;n social, aumentando la conducta agresiva y desadaptada en ni & ntilde;os y adolescentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la asociaci & oacute;n entre la victimizaci & oacute;n infantil directa e indirecta experimentada por un grupo de adolescentes, con sus habilidades de procesamiento de la informaci & oacute;n social y las conductas antisociales del & uacute;ltimo a & ntilde;o. La muestra la compon & iacute;an 364 adolescentes de un instituto de Espa & ntilde;a. La autoeficacia agresiva tuvo un efecto mediador indirecto en la relaci & oacute;n entre la victimizaci & oacute;n infantil y adolescente y el desarrollo de conductas antisociales. La victimizaci & oacute;n indirecta tiene un poder predictivo de los comportamientos antisociales ligeramente mayor que la directa. Conocer las secuelas conductuales y cognitivas de las experiencias de victimizaci & oacute;n infantil y adolescente puede ayudar a dise & ntilde;ar y/o perfeccionar la intervenci & oacute;n para evitar que se perpet & uacute;en los patrones de comportamiento sesgados y los problemas conductuales.
Evidence suggests that secondary victimization exacerbates the impact of sexual violence and undermines victim recovery. This study aims to a) provide evidence of the validity and reliability of the Secondary Victimization Scale (SVS) and b) test the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between personality and secondary victimization. A sample of 285 Portuguese adults (aged 18-75, 86% females) completed an online survey. The original three-dimensional structure of the SVS was retained, and appropriate reliability was found - Minimising of Suffering (alpha = .87), Victim Blaming (alpha = .89), and Victim Avoidance (alpha = .85). High SVS scores were associated with greater endorsement of sexual violence beliefs and higher social dominance. Indirect effects of empathy on the relationship between agreeableness, openness to experience, and secondary victimization were also found. The SVS is a valid and reliable measure that enables further cross-cultural studies on secondary victimization. Raising social awareness of sexual violence is critical to protect victims and prevent secondary victimization. Los estudios se & ntilde;alan que la victimizaci & oacute;n secundaria agrava el impacto de la violencia sexual y mina la recuperaci & oacute;n de las v & iacute;ctimas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo a) proporcionar pruebas de la validez y fiabilidad de la Escala de Victimizaci & oacute;n Secundaria (SVS) y b) examinar el papel mediador de la empat & iacute;a en la relaci & oacute;n entre la personalidad y la victimizaci & oacute;n secundaria. Una muestra de 285 adultos portugueses (entre 18 y 75 a & ntilde;os, 86% mujeres) completaron una encuesta online. Se mantuvo la estructura tridimensional original del SVS y se obtuvo una fiabilidad adecuada: minimizaci & oacute;n del sufrimiento (alpha = .87), culpabilizaci & oacute;n de la v & iacute;ctima (alpha = .89) y evitaci & oacute;n de la v & iacute;ctima (alpha = .85). Las puntuaciones altas en el SVS se asociaron a una mayor aprobaci & oacute;n de las creencias acerca de la violencia sexual y una mayor dominaci & oacute;n social. Se hallaron efectos indirectos de la empat & iacute;a en la relaci & oacute;n entre condescendencia, apertura a la experiencia y victimizaci & oacute;n secundaria. El SVS es una medida v & aacute;lida y fiable que permite realizar m & aacute;s estudios transculturales sobre la victimizaci & oacute;n secundaria. La concienciaci & oacute;n social acerca de la violencia sexual es fundamental para proteger a las v & iacute;ctimas y evitar la victimizaci & oacute;n secundaria.
Developing tools to assess the risk of violent extremism in prison is a common concern for penitentiary institutions. In order for first-line practitioners in the penitentiary context to become familiar with and better understand these tools, improve their evaluations, and even adapt or develop new instruments, the aim of this manuscript is to compare the tools and to delve into the strengths and weaknesses of two instruments with different characteristics but similar objectives: the VERA-2R and the DRAVY-3. A systematic comparison of their development, characteristics, structure, indicators, and validity is presented. The analyses show that these tools differ from their theoretical conception and their more specific objectives. However, they also show similarities at the indicator level with several dimensions overlapping. Regarding their validity, both have limitations that should be addressed in future studies. Finally, a review of the main differences and limitations is presented, providing avenues to improve these tools. El desarrollo de herramientas para evaluar el riesgo de extremismo violento en prisi & oacute;n es una preocupaci & oacute;n com & uacute;n de las instituciones penitenciarias. El objetivo de este manuscrito es comparar las fortalezas y debilidades de dos instrumentos con caracter & iacute;sticas diferentes, pero objetivos similares y profundizar en ellas, el VERA-2R y el DRAVY-3, con el fin de que los profesionales de primera l & iacute;nea en el contexto penitenciario conozcan y comprendan mejor estas herramientas, mejoren su evaluaci & oacute;n e incluso adapten o desarrollen nuevos instrumentos. Se presenta una comparaci & oacute;n sistem & aacute;tica de su desarrollo, caracter & iacute;sticas, estructura, indicadores y validez. Los an & aacute;lisis muestran que estas herramientas difieren en su concepci & oacute;n te & oacute;rica y sus objetivos m & aacute;s espec & iacute;ficos. Sin embargo, tambi & eacute;n muestran semejanzas en sus indicadores, con varias dimensiones superpuestas. En cuanto a su validez, ambas tienen limitaciones que deber & iacute;an abordarse en futuros estudios. Finalmente, se ofrece una revisi & oacute;n de las principales diferencias y limitaciones, se & ntilde;alando algunas formas de mejorar estas herramientas.
Callous-unemotional (CU) traits have been consistently linked to harmful interpersonal behaviors such as schadenfreude and sadism. However, limited empirical research has examined these associations within law enforcement populations, particularly in the Pakistani context. This study aimed to examine the influence of CU traits on schadenfreude (pleasure derived from others' misfortunes) and sadism among Pakistani police constables. It further investigated whether revenge tendencies moderate these relationships. A sample of 160 police constables (56.3% male, n = 90; 43.8% female, n = 70) was recruited through convenience sampling. Participants completed four validated self-report instruments: the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, the Vengeance Scale, the Perceived Schadenfreude Scale, and the Short Sadistic Impulse Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS and the PROCESS macro (version 4.2) to test moderation effects. CU traits were significantly positively correlated with both schadenfreude and sadism. Moreover, revenge tendencies significantly moderated these associations, amplifying the expression of both behaviors among individuals high in CU traits. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how CU traits and revenge tendencies interact to influence antisocial behaviors within law enforcement personnel. The results underscore the need for targeted psychological interventions to mitigate harmful tendencies and promote ethical conduct in policing. Limitations, including reliance on self-report data and the specific occupational sample, are acknowledged, with suggestions for future research directions. Se ha relacionado a los rasgos de insensibilidad emocional con los comportamientos interpersonales da & ntilde;inos como la shadenfreude [alegrarse del mal ajeno] y el sadismo, pese a lo cual hay poca investigaci & oacute;n emp & iacute;rica sobre esta asociaci & oacute;n en el mundo judicial, especialmente en Paquist & aacute;n. El estudio pretende analizar la influencia de los rasgos de insensibilidad emocional en la schadenfreude y el sadismo en los polic & iacute;as paquistan & iacute;es. Se investiga adem & aacute;s si la tendencia a la venganza modera estas asociaciones. Se reclut & oacute; una muestra de 160 agentes de polic & iacute;a (90 varones, 56.3%, y 70 mujeres, 43.8%) a trav & eacute;s de un muestreo de conveniencia. Los participantes cumplimentaron cuatro instrumentos de autoinforme validados: el Inventario de Rasgos de Insensibilidad Emocional, la Escala de Venganza, la Escala de Schadenfreude Percibida y la Escala Breve de Impulsos S & aacute;dicos. Los datos se analizaron con el SPSS y la macro PROCESS v. 4.2 para comprobar el efecto de la moderaci & oacute;n. Los rasgos de insensibilidad emocional correlacionaban positiva y significativamente con la schadenfreude y el sadismo. Adem & aacute;s la tendencia a la venganza moderaban tales asociaciones de modo significativo, amplificando la expresi & oacute;n de ambos comportamientos en las personas con fuertes rasgos de insensibilidad emocional. Los resultados contribuyen a un conocimiento m & aacute;s profundo sobre c & oacute;mo interact & uacute;an los rasgos de insensibilidad emocional y la tendencia a vengarse para influir en los comportamientos antisociales en el colectivo de agentes policiales. Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de intervenciones psicol & oacute;gicas dirigidas a mitigar las tendencias perjudiciales y fomentar el comportamiento & eacute;tico en la polic & iacute;a. Se reconocen limitaciones, como confiar en los datos de autoinforme y en una muestra ocupacional espec & iacute;fica, con sugerencias para la investigaci & oacute;n futura.
This paper explores the reliability of assessment instruments used in the prison population to measure the Dark Triad, a constellation of personality traits including machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. A systematic literature review was conducted using six databases, and 12 articles were selected according to the eligibility criteria. A Cronbach's alpha reliability generalization meta-analysis was carried out, which reported acceptable internal consistencies (>= .70) for all three subscales, with machiavellianism achieving the best estimated alpha, and good internal consistency (>= .80) for the Dirty Dozen, the most commonly used scale in this context. However, the paucity of studies, publication bias, and high heterogeneity reflected in Cochran's Q statistic and I2 index (>= 75%) compromise the generalizability of the estimates and underline the need to examine the which moderating variables that influence this variability. Este trabajo explora la fiabilidad de los instrumentos de evaluaci & oacute;n empleados en poblaci & oacute;n penitenciaria para medir la Tr & iacute;ada Oscura, constelaci & oacute;n de rasgos de personalidad que incluye el maquiavelismo, el narcisismo y la psicopat & iacute;a. Se realiz & oacute; una revisi & oacute;n sistem & aacute;tica de la literatura en seis bases de datos, seleccionando doce art & iacute;culos acordes a los criterios de elegibilidad. Se llev & oacute; a cabo un metaan & aacute;lisis de generalizaci & oacute;n de la fiabilidad de alfa de Cronbach, que mostr & oacute; una consistencia interna aceptable (>= .70) en las tres subescalas, siendo el maquiavelismo el que mejor alfa estimada ten & iacute;a y una buena consistencia interna (>= .80) en el Dirty Dozen, la escala m & aacute;s utilizada en este contexto. Sin embargo, la escasez de estudios, el sesgo de la publicaci & oacute;n y la gran heterogeneidad reflejada en el estad & iacute;stico Q de Cochran y el & iacute;ndice I2 (>= 75%) ponen en peligro la generalizaci & oacute;n de las estimaciones y subrayan la necesidad de examinar qu & eacute; variables moderadoras influyen en esta variabilidad.
This study examines Dark Triad personality profiles in economic versus common criminals, assessing their links to power sensation, moral disengagement, and social dominance. It involves 682 inmates in a Spanish prison, divided into 350 economic and 332 common criminals. Participants answered questionnaires on Dark Triad traits (machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy), power types (hard, soft), moral disengagement, and social dominance orientation. Findings reveal common criminals scored higher in machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and moral disengagement but lower in soft power compared to economic criminals. Regression analysis identified psychopathy, moral disengagement, and soft power as predictors of criminal type. Economic criminals showed lower psychopathy and moral disengagement but higher soft power scores. The results indicate distinct psychological profiles for each group, suggesting tailored rehabilitation approaches: ethical reinforcement for economic criminals and empathy development for common criminals. This study contributes to understanding criminal behavior, emphasizing the need for differentiated criminal justice and rehabilitation strategies based on specific personality traits. Este estudio examina los perfiles de personalidad de la "tr & iacute;ada oscura" en delincuentes econ & oacute;micos frente a delincuentes comunes, evaluando sus v & iacute;nculos con la sensaci & oacute;n de poder, la desvinculaci & oacute;n moral y el dominio social. Participaron 682 reclusos de prisiones espa & ntilde;olas, divididos en 350 delincuentes econ & oacute;micos y 332 comunes. Los participantes respondieron a cuestionarios sobre rasgos de la tr & iacute;ada oscura (maquiavelismo, narcisismo, psicopat & iacute;a), tipos de poder (duro, blando), desvinculaci & oacute;n moral y orientaci & oacute;n al dominio social. Los resultados revelan que los delincuentes comunes obtuvieron puntuaciones m & aacute;s altas en maquiavelismo, narcisismo, psicopat & iacute;a y desvinculaci & oacute;n moral, pero m & aacute;s bajas en poder blando en comparaci & oacute;n con los delincuentes econ & oacute;micos. El an & aacute;lisis de regresi & oacute;n identific & oacute; la psicopat & iacute;a, la falta de compromiso moral y el poder blando como predictores del tipo de delincuencia. Los delincuentes econ & oacute;micos mostraron puntuaciones m & aacute;s bajas en psicopat & iacute;a y falta de compromiso moral, pero m & aacute;s altas en poder blando. Los resultados indican perfiles psicol & oacute;gicos distintos para cada grupo, lo que indica enfoques de rehabilitaci & oacute;n adaptados: el refuerzo & eacute;tico para los delincuentes econ & oacute;micos y desarrollo de la empat & iacute;a para los comunes. El estudio contribuye a la comprensi & oacute;n del comportamiento delictivo, subrayando la necesidad de estrategias diferenciadas de justicia penal y rehabilitaci & oacute;n basadas en rasgos espec & iacute;ficos de personalidad.
Hate crimes are becoming a significant criminological issue and a priority in many political agendas. One of the biggest problems is the low reporting rate to police all over countries. This article presents results of an online victimization survey conducted by the Spanish National Office against Hate Crimes in 2020-21. The study aims to understand underreporting in the Spanish context, which may be also useful to guide strategies to combat hate crimes with similar characteristics. In this study, we firstly found that only 10% of the victims have reported their crime to the criminal justice system, being therefore around 90% the black figure or base Spanish underreporting rate in hate crimes. Besides, we analysed if there were significant differences between reporting and non-reporting victims in sociodemographic characteristics and specific questions of the survey. Significant differences in the likelihood of reporting have been discovered in the level of education, employment status, having been the victim of a hate crime in the last five years, the relationship between perpetrator and victim, and the seriousness of the crime. With the findings we may understand better hate crimes and lead to better policy strategies to combat intolerance in democratic countries. Los delitos de odio se est & aacute;n convirtiendo en un problema criminol & oacute;gico importante y una prioridad en muchas agendas pol & iacute;ticas. Uno de los mayores problemas es la baja tasa de denuncia a la polic & iacute;a en todos los pa & iacute;ses. Este art & iacute;culo presenta los resultados de una encuesta de victimizaci & oacute;n online realizada por la Oficina Nacional contra los Delitos de Odio de Espa & ntilde;a en 2020-21. El estudio busca comprender esta baja frecuencia de denuncias en el contexto espa & ntilde;ol, lo que tambi & eacute;n puede ser & uacute;til para orientar las estrategias de lucha contra los delitos de odio con caracter & iacute;sticas similares. En este estudio se observ & oacute;, en primer lugar, que solo el 10% de las v & iacute;ctimas han denunciado su delito ante el sistema de justicia penal, lo que representa alrededor del 90% de la frecuencia b & aacute;sica de denuncias en delitos de odio en Espa & ntilde;a. Adem & aacute;s, se analiz & oacute; si exist & iacute;an diferencias significativas entre las v & iacute;ctimas que denuncian y las que no denuncian en cuanto a las caracter & iacute;sticas sociodemogr & aacute;ficas y las preguntas espec & iacute;ficas de la encuesta. Se detectaron diferencias significativas en la probabilidad de denuncia en funci & oacute;n del nivel educativo, la situaci & oacute;n laboral, haber sido v & iacute;ctima de un delito de odio en los & uacute;ltimos cinco a & ntilde;os, la relaci & oacute;n entre el agresor y la v & iacute;ctima y la gravedad del delito. Ante estos resultados podemos comprender mejor los cr & iacute;menes de odio y elaborar mejores estrategias pol & iacute;ticas para combatir la intolerancia en los pa & iacute;ses democr & aacute;ticos.
The present study aimed at psychometrically validating the Cuestionario de Habilidades Cognitivas in Ciudad Ju & aacute;rez, Chihuahua, Mexico. A sample of 502 adolescents aged 15 to 17 years from Bachilleres xxx 19 high school in Ciudad Ju & aacute;rez participated in the study. The questionnaire was refined to 20 items based on expert judgment, followed by a pilot application. Exploratory factor analysis revealed the instrument's structure consisting of three factors, with acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. Invariance analysis resulted in no significant differences across samples, while confirmatory factor analysis yielded a reliability coefficient alpha of .73. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure was .72, and Bartlett's significance test with a chi-square value of 947.543 (df = 190, p < 0.000) explained 69% of the total variance. The model fit indices were satisfactory with a chi-square of 96.89, GFI of .94, CFI of .95, and RMSEA of .04. The study sought to identify prevalent cognitive conditions and issues among adolescents to facilitate the development of interventions and psychoeducational treatments for violence-related behavioral problems. The efficacy of the CHC questionnaire was substantiated, along with its utility in identifying cognitive scenarios in adolescents.
The present study analyses the association between victimization and perpetration of dating violence and gender beliefs legitimizing dating violence among Cape Verdean university students. The sample consisted of 301 Cape Verdean university students, 220 female (73.1%) and 80 male (26.6%), with an average age of 23.86 years old (SD = 6.112). An online survey with sociodemographic characterization, the Inventory of Gender Beliefs, and the Inventory of Violent Juvenile Relationships were completed by each participant. Findings reveal high levels of dating violence, with 61.1% (n = 184) and 46.8% (n = 141) of students admitting having been exposed to or perpetrated, respectively, at least one act of violence. Female participants showed higher rates of victimization when compared to male participants, while males presented a higher level of beliefs legitimizing dating violence when compared to females. Education policy recommendations for dating violence prevention and combat are provided. Este estudio analiza la asociaci & oacute;n entre victimizaci & oacute;n y perpetraci & oacute;n de la violencia de g & eacute;nero y las creencias sobre el g & eacute;nero que legitiman la violencia en el noviazgo en alumnos universitarios caboverdianos. Se cont & oacute; con una muestra de 301 estudiantes, de los cuales 220 (73.1%) eran mujeres y 80 varones (26.6%), con una media de edad de 23.86 (DT = 6.112). Cada participante cumpliment & oacute; una encuesta por internet con caracterizaci & oacute;n sociodemogr & aacute;fica, el Inventario de Creencias sobre el G & eacute;nero y el Inventario de Relaciones Juveniles Violentas. Los resultados muestran una gran violencia en el noviazgo, en el que el 61.1% (n = 184) y el 46% (n = 141) admiten que hab & iacute;a sido expuesto al menos a un episodio de violencia o lo hab & iacute;a perpetrado, respectivamente. Las mujeres presentaban un mayor porcentaje de victimizaci & oacute;n, en comparaci & oacute;n con los participantes masculinos, mientras que estos presentaban mayores creencias que ligitimaban la violencia en el noviazgo en comparaci & oacute;n con las mujeres. Se hacen recomendaciones sobre medidas para prevenir y combatir este fen & oacute;meno.
Interpersonal violence to which certain at-risk groups are exposed is considered a problem for their mental health. Along these lines, the present study explores the phenomenon of polyvictimization and suicidal ideation in 62 adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system of Madrid using JVQ and MAYSI-2. Lifetime victimization was reported by 96.8% of the overall sample, the most common being conventional crimes, followed by witnessing violence, and 40.3% reported suicidal ideation. Higher levels of sexual, peer, caregiver and indirect victimization were found among adolescents who presented suicidal ideation. However, it was indirect violence that proved to be the best predictor of suicidal ideation in the regression analysis, above other forms of specific violence and polyvictimization. In view of the high prevalence of victimization and the association between indirect violence and suicidal ideation in juvenile offenders, it is necessary to design intervention protocols with populations vulnerable to interpersonal violence in childhood and adolescence.
