Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, which causes α-synuclein aggregation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and kinase dysregulation leading to motor and non-motor symptoms. Plant-based compounds hold a superior role for multi-target action on PD pathogenesis, offering safety, alleviating side effects like dyskinesia and hallucinations caused by current PD drugs, and also providing synergistic potential over conventional single-target therapies. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-Parkinsonian activity of Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill against key pathological targets in the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) pathway by computational docking. Methods: From GC-MS(Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) data, the thirteen phytochemical compounds from Ziziphus oenoplia (ZO) were docked against PD proteins such as Glycogen synthase kinase- 3β (GSK-3β), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and α-synuclein against Levodopa as a standard compound using AutoDock Vina. Furthermore, ADMET analysis was done to assess the drug likeness, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity profile of the phytoconstituents using SwissADME and ProTox-3.0 tools. Results: Hydroxydehydrostevic acid emerged as the top performer against Levodopa in PD targets. The most notable binding energies are -10.58 kcal/mol for KEAP1, -9.71 kcal/mol for NFκB, and -9.61 kcal/mol across the GSK- 3β target. Conclusion: This is a preliminary computational study, and additional in vitro (e.g., SH-SY5Y neuronal cells for neuroprotection, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant assays) and in vivo (MPTP- or 6-OHDA-induced animal models) studies are needed before clinical translation to demonstrate the efficacy of hydroxydehydrostevic acid and to support its progression as a lead compound beyond Levodopa symptom control. Major Findings: Hydroxydehydrostevic acid outstands Levodopa with superior binding energies and multi-target potential, which highlights the ZO neuroprotective potential.
Background: Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s Wort), Verbascum thapsus L. (Great Mullein), Stellaria media (L.) Vill. (Star Chickweed), and Urtica dioica L. (Stinging Nettle) are significant plants in their respective families: Hypericaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Caryophyllaceae, and Urticaceae. These plants have long been utilised in traditional medicine due to their different bioactive compounds, which have been associated with multiple biological activities. The bioactive compounds present in these medicinal plants have been reported to work as sedatives, antioxidants, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, and other pharmacological activities, though several observations remain based on preliminary experimental studies. Aim: This review summarises the botanical characteristics, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties of four notable plant species: H. perforatum, V. thapsus, S. media, and U. dioica. By examining these aspects, the review aims to present the ethnobotanical and pharmacological relevance of these plants in natural ecosystems and their potential applications in herbal medicine. Methods: The relevant information related to H. perforatum, V. thapsus, S. media, and U. dioica was obtained from various sources, including PubMed, Google Scholar, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), CABI Digital Library, eFlora of India, India Flora Online, and the India Biodiversity Portal. Conclusion: H. perforatum, V. thapsus, S. media, and U. dioica are significant plants used for culinary and medicinal purposes. Various studies focus on extracting bioactive compounds from these species using different techniques. Additionally, traditional ethnobotanical knowledge enhances the quality and quantity of these compounds, guiding their application in modern medicine and nutrition. Major Findings: The review highlights the traditional knowledge of folk medicinal plants, identification and significance of bioactive compounds for therapeutic utilisation, and their potential applications in modern research. It further helps in bridging the gap between traditional practices and modern research and validates the efficacy of traditional remedies.
Background: Dolichos biflorus Linn, a plant traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine, has shown promising results in treating arthritis. The present study investigates the formulation of an emulgel incorporating D. biflorus extract to enhance its topical application. Aim: To develop and evaluate emulgel formulations loaded with D. biflorus Linn extract for potential use in the management of arthritis. Methods: The extract was obtained via petroleum ether extraction, yielding 0.96% w/w of a dark yellowish substance. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and steroids. The antioxidant activity of the extract was assessed using a DPPH radical scavenging assay, showing significant activity comparable to ascorbic acid. Six emulgel formulations (EG1-EG6) were prepared using Span 20 and Tween 20 as surfactants and varying concentrations of Carbopol 940. Physical evaluations, including pH, appearance, homogeneity, washability, spreadability, and grittiness, were conducted to identify optimal formulations. Results: EG2 and EG3 exhibited optimal characteristics (pH 6.1-7) and were selected for the incorporation of 2.5% w/w of D. biflorus extract (PEDB). The PEDB-loaded emulgels displayed pH values of 5.9 and 6.2, with good washability, even spreadability, and absence of grittiness. Conclusion: The PEDB-loaded emulgel formulations demonstrated potential as effective topical agents for arthritis, offering enhanced skin penetration and bioavailability. These findings support the use of emulgels for delivering hydrophobic herbal extracts like D. biflorus, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes and quality of life for arthritis patients. Major Findings: The study successfully formulated an emulgel using D. biflorus extract, demonstrating significant antioxidant activity comparable to ascorbic acid. The optimised emulgel formulations, EG2 and EG3, loaded with 2.5% w/w extract, exhibited favourable pH, washability, and spreadability, making them potential topical agents for arthritis management.
Background: Peptic ulcer disease remains a major global health concern, with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly aspirin, being a leading cause of gastric mucosal injury. Aspirin induces ulceration through irreversible cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition, depletion of protective prostaglandins, increased gastric acid secretion, and oxidative stress. Although proton pump inhibitors are effective, their long-term use may cause adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer phytotherapeutic alternatives. Prosopis juliflora, rich in flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds, has shown gastroprotective potential. Aim: To evaluate the antiulcer activity of the ethanolic extract of P. juliflora seeds against aspirin-induced gastric ulceration in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control (normal saline, 1 mL/kg), disease control (aspirin, 150 mg/kg), standard (omeprazole, 20 mg/kg), and P. juliflora extract-treated groups (250 and 500 mg/kg). Gastric ulceration was induced by oral aspirin administration one hour after pretreatment. Six hours later, gastric tissues were examined for ulcer index, ulcer severity, percentage ulcer inhibition, gastric juice volume, pH, free acidity, total acidity, and gross gastric mucosal changes. Results: The disease control group showed severe gastric injury with a high ulcer index (2.49 ± 0.35), increased gastric juice volume (5.16 ± 0.52 mL), elevated free acidity (33 ± 4.8) and total acidity (50.8 ± 5.49), and reduced gastric pH (2.2 ± 0.45). Pretreatment with P. juliflora significantly reduced ulceration in a dose-dependent manner, producing ulcer inhibition of 53.41% and 55.80% at 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively (p < 0.01). Omeprazole produced 70.28% ulcer inhibition. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of P. juliflora seeds demonstrated significant gastroprotective and antiulcer activity, supporting its potential as a phytotherapeutic candidate for the prevention and management of NSAID-induced peptic ulcer disease. Major Findings: Ethanolic extract of Prosopis juliflora seeds significantly reduced aspirin-induced gastric ulceration, decreased gastric acidity, and increased gastric pH. These findings demonstrate its significant gastroprotective activity against NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage
Background: Premna barbata and other species of the same genus, Premna (Lamiaceae), have been used in folk medicine for various diseases such as arthritis, dropsy, fever, diarrhoea, etc., in the form of powders, juice, paste, and decoctions. These folk uses make P. barbata more explorable for different pharmacological activities. Aim: This manuscript evaluated ethanolic and aqueous extracts of P. barbata with antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities, with in silico insights. Methods: Both extracts were phytochemically screened, which confirmed the presence of phytoconstituents. Then biologically tested for antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity. Molecular docking analyses were performed using P. barbata phytoconstituents with Staphylococcus hominis and Anthelmintic receptors. Results: P. barbata aqueous extract showed stronger and more consistent antimicrobial activity than ethanolic extract, demonstrating a clear dose-dependent inhibition pattern with measurable ZOI at both 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml. Ethanolic showed weaker activity, producing inhibition only at the highest concentration (17 mm at 100 mg/ml) and failing to suppress bacterial growth at lower concentrations. Aqueous extract showed dose-dependent anthelmintic activity. Molecular docking analysis data showed that geniposidic acid and epi-alpha-bisabolol observed with good docking scores against 8ZFK and rutin, and geniposidic acid showed good docking scores against 6QP2 receptors. These phytoconstituents may be responsible for the antimicrobial and anthelmintic properties of P. barbata. Conclusion: These findings confirmed that P. barbata showed good potential as an antimicrobial and anthelmintic agent. Major Findings: P. barbata showed significant antimicrobial and anthelmintic properties. Computational investigation confirmed the importance of its phytoconstituents in the treatment of microbial and parasitic infections.
Background: Cancer continues to be a global health problem today. Traditional chemotherapy, which is commonly used in the treatment of cancer, has problems like low bioavailability, systemic toxicity, and drug resistance. Polyherbal formulations provide synergistic therapeutic advantages, whereas phyto-phospholipid complexation improves the solubility, permeability, and bioavailability of phytoconstituents. Aim: To develop and evaluate phyto-phospholipid complexes from a specific polyherbal churna extract that includes Picrorhiza kurroa, Bauhinia variegata, and Curcuma longa to boost their anticancer effects. Methods: A hydroalcoholic extract of polyherbal churna was prepared by maceration. Phyto-phospholipid complexes were prepared using the solvent evaporation method at different drug-phospholipid ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). Particle size analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Digital Signature Certificate (DSC), and zeta potential determination were used to characterise the optimised complex. The DPPH and ABTS tests were used to see how well the antioxidants worked. The MTT assay was used to assess how toxic the cells were to HeLa, MCF-7, and A549 cancer cell lines. Results: Enhanced solubility and entrapment efficiency of 78.45 ± 2.3% were demonstrated by the optimised phyto-phospholipid complex (1:2 ratios). Complex formation was verified by FTIR and DSC. With IC50 values of 24.8 ± 1.5 μg/mL (DPPH) and 28.3 ± 1.8 μg/mL (ABTS), the complex outperformed crude extract in terms of antioxidant activity (IC50: 45.2 ± 2.1 and 52.6 ± 2.4 μg/mL, respectively). Comparing the complex to crude extract, cytotoxicity studies showed significantly lower IC50 values against MCF-7 (32.5 ± 2.1 μg/mL), HeLa (38.7 ± 2.5 μg/mL), and A549 (42.3 ± 2.8 μg/mL). Conclusion: Polyherbal churna extract phyto-phospholipid complexes showed increased antioxidant and cytotoxic potential, suggesting potential for cancer treatment and calling for additional in vivo research. Major Findings: The optimized complex (1:2 ratio) showed 5-fold enhanced solubility, 45% stronger antioxidant activity (IC₅₀: 24.8 vs 45.2 μg/mL), and two-fold improved cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines (IC₅₀: 32.5-42.3 vs 68.5-82.7 μg/mL) compared to crude extract, as confirmed by comprehensive characterization (FTIR, DSC, XRD, SEM, TEM).
This review critically integrates ethnopharmacological knowledge with contemporary scientific evidence to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic potential and translational relevance of Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitaceae), a prominent medicinal plant in traditional systems such as Ayurveda used for fracture healing, inflammation, metabolic disorders, and reproductive health. A systematic literature survey was conducted using major scientific databases, and retrieved studies were analysed with a focus on traditional uses, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, toxicological profiles, and recent phytopharmaceutical and formulation developments. The findings indicate that C. quadrangularis is rich in diverse bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, stilbenes, triterpenoids, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds, which underpin its reported osteogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Although experimental evidence largely supports its traditional applications, mechanistic understanding remains incomplete, and available clinical studies are limited in number, small in scale, and heterogeneous in design. Moreover, challenges such as phytochemical variability, lack of standardised extracts, poor bioavailability, and insufficient pharmacokinetic data hinder clinical translation. This review provides the first integrated synthesis linking the chemical diversity of C. quadrangularis with its biological mechanisms and therapeutic pathways, and concludes that while existing evidence supports its ethnopharmacological significance, future progress requires well-designed mechanistic studies, development of standardised and bioavailable formulations, and rigorously conducted clinical trials to establish C. quadrangularis as a robust evidence-based phytomedicine. Major Findings: This review highlights that C. quadrangularis possesses diverse bioactive phytochemicals, including flavonoids, stilbenes, triterpenoids, and phytosterols, which contribute to its broad pharmacological activities such as bone regeneration, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Despite strong preclinical evidence supporting its traditional therapeutic uses, limited standardised formulations and insufficient large-scale clinical studies currently restrict its full clinical translation.
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes persistent joint inflammation and progressive structural damage, leading to significant disability. Conventional treatments such as DMARDs and biologics improve outcomes but remain constrained by toxicity, immunosuppression, and high cost, creating the need for safer, more efficient strategies. Aim: In this study, thymoquinone (TQ) was encapsulated in hyaluronic acid (HA)–chitosan (Ch) nanoparticles to improve therapeutic delivery. Methods: A Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to systematically evaluate the effects of HA and Ch concentrations on particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE), and drug release. Results: The nanoparticles produced ranged from 121.6–289.4 nm in size, with PDI values of 0.217–0.667, EE between 89.74–98.74%, and cumulative release of 83.67–90% at 49h. The optimised formulation (HA 0.25 mg/mL, Ch 0.75 mg/mL) yielded particles of ~208 nm, PDI 0.387, EE ~98.7%, sustained release of ~86.6%, and a zeta potential of –28.7 mV. FTIR confirmed drug–polymer compatibility, TEM images revealed spherical morphology, and statistical modelling validated robust optimisation. Conclusion: These results establish F6 Ch nanoparticles as a reproducible platform with favourable stability, encapsulation, and controlled release, offering strong potential for targeted RA therapy. Major Findings: Hyaluronic acid–chitosan nanoparticles were successfully optimised for thymoquinone delivery, achieving nanoscale size, uniform distribution, high drug entrapment, and stable surface charge. The formulation exhibited sustained drug release and improved thymoquinone dispersion, enhancing its potential bioavailability. The optimized formulation showed a nanoscale size (~208 nm), good uniformity, high drug entrapment (~98.7%), and a stable negative surface charge. Overall, the system shows strong promise as a controlled delivery platform for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.
Breast cancer today is still a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity around the world, which calls for supplementary and more convenient therapies. Nutraceuticals derived from medical plants have now emerged as promising candidates because they work through multiple mechanisms of action at the cellular level and can be combined with conventional treatments without the high level of accompanying toxicity. Research examines the molecular mechanisms by which leading phytochemicals such as curcumin, withaferin A, Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) and glycosylates exert anti-cancer effects - including induction of apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, metastasis from one cell to another; hormone modulation and activation or precursor treatment in immune system cells. Possible adverse effects of these nutraceuticals along with some clinical findings to support their use as adjuvant agents aimed at reducing side effects of treatment and improving patient quality of life is discussed, together with current problems such as poor absorption rates in the human body, lack of internationally standardised chemical composition and regulatory barriers. The outlook is for advanced delivery systems; thorough clinical trials; personalised solutions tailored to individual patients’ needs; and training programmes that give doctors and patients better knowledge of the topic. Well-established, scientifically validated nutraceuticals, used to treat breast cancer, have great potential for bringing a new generation of therapies and improving patients’ overall health. Major Findings: Medicinal plant-derived nutraceuticals like curcumin, EGCG, and withaferin A show strong anti-breast cancer effects via multiple mechanisms. Despite promising preclinical results, clinical translation is limited by poor bioavailability and lack of large-scale trials, though these compounds may enhance current therapies if delivery and research gaps are addressed.
Non-communicable diseases such as urolithiasis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes are rising exponentially amidst food blandness and ultra-processed food dependency, necessitating low-budget, food-based interventions. The current review justifies renewed attention towards horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum), a forgotten, climate-resilient pulse eminently mentioned in Ayurveda for litholytic and metabolic activity. We see glaring gaps: fragmented pharmacology in isolated models, unsatisfactory standardisation of extracts, scarce comparative metabolomics, and a virtual absence of well-constructed human trials. Our innovation unifies agronomy, ethnomedicine, nutrition, phytochemistry, and pharmacology into one history for urolithiasis and metabolic diseases. We synthesise evidence on primary and secondary metabolites, screen in vitro crystallisation and enzyme inhibition, evaluate in vivo nephrolithiasis and metabolic models, and monitor how processing, such as soaking, germination, fermentation, and extrusion influence antinutrients and bioavailability. Findings identify several activities: inhibiting calcium oxalate nucleation and aggregation, enhancing diuretic action through citrate and magnesium, modulating carbohydrate enzymes, and exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and AMPK-associated antiadipogenic activities. This research places horse gram in the food that helps people stay healthy. It not only satisfies the protein requirement but also reduces the risk to metabolism and the kidneys. It also indicates cheap methods of processing the grain that increase its potency without becoming harmful. The findings link old concepts to scientific concepts, providing a model that can be applied in public health nutrition. For India, particularly Uttarakhand and other arid zones, the relevance is to integrate a drought-resistant crop with preventive medicine, crop diversity, and health-promoting food use. Lastly, we recommend further research on standardised extracts, dosage, and clinical trials to help farmers, policymakers, and physicians transform Kulthi from a forgotten legume to a health food. Major Findings: Horse gram shows potential as a functional food with antiurolithiatic and metabolic benefits. Its bioactive compounds help prevent calcium oxalate crystallisation and improve glucose and lipid metabolism, while soaking, germination, and fermentation can further enhance its efficacy.
Background: For centuries, Kava (Piper methysticum) has been incorporated as medicine in the Pacific Islands, and modern studies now confirm its therapeutic value on several chronic diseases. Aim: This review aims to explore the modes of action of kavalactones and flavokavains in kava to treat neurological disorders, cancer and inflammation. Methods: A systematic review was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases on articles between 2010 and 2025 by investigating keywords that matched both kava and chronic diseases. Results: Kavalactones, including kavain and methysticin, control excessive neuron activity by interacting with GABA receptors and preventing sodium channel activity, which supports kava’s historical application for anxiety treatment and its new use in treating epilepsy and providing neuroprotection. Flavokavain A shows strong anti-inflammatory properties because it prevents NF-κB pathway destruction while it activates the protective Nrf2 antioxidant system. Flavokavains induce cancer cell death through various mechanisms, including disrupting the equilibrium between pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and blocking the blood flow needed by tumours. The therapeutic potential of flavokavain B, which exists in organic solvent extracts, creates a serious risk because it causes damage to the liver. Conclusion: kava’s kavalactones and flavokavains offer compelling therapeutic benefits for neurological disorders, cancer, and inflammation — calming neural excitability, inducing cancer cell death, and activating antioxidant defences. Moving forward, rigorous clinical studies are needed to fully unlock this ancient botanical’s modern medicinal benefits. Major Findings: Kava’s bioactive components kavalactones and flavokavains show remarkable therapeutic potential like neuroprotection, anxiolysis, and anti-inflammatory effects through GABAergic and NF-κB/Nrf2 pathways, while demonstrating potent anticancer activity via apoptosis and angiogenesis inhibition.
Background: Carbon dots derived from plant materials have been in the limelight in the past few years owing to their exceptional properties, conferring potential applications in biomedicine and environmental remediation. Aim: Properties of the green synthesised carbon dots from banana spathe, using the hydrothermal method, formed the core of this study. Methods: Banana spathe, a natural and safe material, was used to synthesise carbon dots, which were characterised and bioactive properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial and dye degradation. Result: The presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups were confirmed through UV-Vis, FTIR spectroscopy and SEM-EDX, which emphasises morphology, water solubility, stability and reactivity. The dye degradation efficiency of Banana spathe carbon dots (bsCD) was demonstrated by photocatalytic dye degradation of Congo Red (CR) with a decent decrease in absorbance in two hours. DPPH radical scavenging assay depicted good antioxidant activity of bsCD (91.1%), and well diffusion assay gave good antibacterial properties when tested on E. coli and S. aureus. Conclusion: The present study thus depicts the multipotent nature of carbon dots derived from a natural nontoxic material - banana spathe - marking its capabilities in the biomedical and environmental remediation domain, which are also in alignment with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 3, 6 and 12. Major Findings: Hydrothermally synthesised carbon dots from banana spathe of Poovan cultivar demonstrated strong photocatalytic degradation of Congo Red dye, increased antioxidant capability and antibacterial efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria.
Background: Recent attention is gaining towards polysaccharides derived from mushrooms like Morchella esculenta for their biocompatibility, antioxidant, and wound healing properties. It is necessary to promote alternatives for skin regeneration, as Chronic wounds remain a significant clinical challenge in healing. Aim: This research is aimed at evaluating the wound healing activity of polysaccharides extracted from M. esculenta through comprehensive in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Methods: Polysaccharides were extracted via a hot water–ethanol precipitation method. Cytotoxicity and fibroblast migration were evaluated in HaCaT cells and L929 fibroblasts using MTT and scratch assays. 36 Wistar albino rats were assigned to the excision wound model and treated topically with formulations containing 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg M. esculenta polysaccharides for 28 days. Outcomes included wound contraction, epithelialization time, ELISA assays for hydroxyproline, catalase, TNF-α, IL-6, RT-PCR for VEGF-A, and histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. The study was done after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC 1 / Proposal: 156/A. Lr:118/ Dt: 20:02:2024) of Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 6030103. Results: M. esculenta-derived polysaccharides significantly enhanced fibroblast migration at 12.5 μg/mL in vitro. In the in vivo model, the 1000 mg/kg dose demonstrated enhanced wound contraction. ELISA analysis showed increased hydroxyproline and catalase levels, along with reduced TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations. VEGF-A expression was significantly upregulated, indicating strong pro-angiogenic activity. Improved re-epithelialization, greater collagen deposition, and better tissue organisation in the treated groups compared to both control and standard drug-treated animals were observed in histopathological examinations. Conclusion: Multi-targeted wound-healing activity, such as fibroblast migration, reducing inflammation, and promoting angiogenesis were achieved by M. esculenta-derived polysaccharides. Although limited to animal models, these findings justify future translational studies Major Findings: Polysaccharides from Morchella esculenta showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and improved fibroblast migration. High doses sped up wound healing similar to silver sulfadiazine. They lowered TNF-α and IL-6 and increased collagen formation.
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, often associated with pancreatic β-cell damage and altered glucose transport mechanisms. Natural marine products have gained attention as potential sources of safer antidiabetic agents, particularly targeting Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)-mediated glucose reabsorption. Aim: To evaluate the hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activities of Sargassum ilicifolium extract in an alloxan-induced diabetic rat model and to investigate the SGLT2 inhibitory potential of its chief constituent, chlorogenic acid, through in silico and in vitro studies. Methods: Sargassum ilicifolium extract was administered at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg to alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Biochemical parameters, including blood glucose, total cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), triglycerides, and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), were assessed. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissue was performed to evaluate β-cell architecture. Chlorogenic acid was isolated and characterised using spectroscopic techniques. Its SGLT2 inhibitory activity was analysed using western blot analysis and 2-NBDG uptake assay in HK-2 cells at IC₅₀ (184 μg/mL) and IC₂₅ (98 μg/mL). Results: Treatment with S. ilicifolium extract significantly reduced blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, and triglyceride levels, and markedly increased HDL levels in diabetic rats. Histological analysis demonstrated restoration of pancreatic β-cell architecture following treatment. In vitro studies showed a concentration-dependent reduction in SGLT2 protein expression in Human Kidney (HK)-2 cells upon chlorogenic acid treatment. Molecular docking revealed a strong binding affinity of chlorogenic acid with SGLT2 (–8.17 kcal/mol). The 2-NBDG uptake assay showed decreased fluorescence intensity, confirming inhibition of SGLT2-mediated glucose uptake. Conclusion: Sargassum ilicifolium extract exhibits significant hypolipidemic and antidiabetic effects, while chlorogenic acid acts as a potential natural SGLT2 inhibitor. These findings suggest that S. ilicifolium could serve as a promising marine-derived therapeutic candidate for the management of diabetes mellitus and its associated metabolic complications. Major Findings: Chlorogenic acid was isolated from S. ilicifolium extract and structurally elucidated using spectroscopic analysis. S. ilicifolium extract demonstrated significant hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activities in the experimental model. Western blot studies confirmed that the antidiabetic activity of S. ilicifolium extract is mediated through the inhibition of SGLT2 protein expression.
Glycyrrhiza glabra L., or liquorice, is a perfect example to show how traditional medicine has changed into scientific and evidence-based nutraceutical applications. The current review will combine and cover the whole connection of information concerning the herb’s ethnobotanical connection, its chemical and pharmacological properties, and its therapeutic potentials. The roots and rhizomes of the liquorice plant are rich in active substances like glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, glabridin, and many flavonoids that are responsible for the different biological activities of the plant. Modern scientific research has supported the historical use by revealing the plant’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, liver-protecting, brain-protecting, and cancer-inhibiting properties. The studies on molecular mechanisms involved show that the plant modulates the key signalling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2, regulates oxidative stress and apoptosis. New extraction technologies, analytical standardisation, and nano-technology-based formulation approaches have improved the bioavailability and therapeutic potential. Although the preclinical data are very promising, the standardised clinical trials are still the major requirement for global regulatory acceptance. Biotechnological methods such as metabolic engineering and CRISPR-based techniques may greatly help in increasing the production of secondary metabolites. The present review links traditional knowledge to modern scientific evidence and classifies G. glabra as a nutraceutical herb with significant translational potential for the integrative healthcare system. Major Findings: Glycyrrhiza glabra has more than 400 phytochemicals, with glycyrrhizin and flavonoids like glabridin playing a role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, as well as anticancer activities. In practice, glycyrrhizin seems to tune the NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2 pathways, while glabridin gives fairly solid antibacterial together with antiviral effects. Even with newer biotech options such as CRISPR that have boosted glycyrrhizin output, taking too much can still lead to hypertension and hypokalemia, mainly because 11β-HSD2 gets inhibited. Still, despite encouraging preclinical and clinical observations, there’s no full standardized set of Phase II/III trials, so broad therapeutic approval and clinical translation remain kind of limited.
Background: The COVID-19 Pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has exposed a major gap in the global healthcare system. Although vaccines and synthetic antivirals are available, challenges such as emerging variants, limited accessibility, and uneven distribution persist. This has increased in medical plants as alternative therapeutic options. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the potential of plant phytochemicals as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 and their role in integrative and future pandemic management strategies. Methods: Our systematic review of literature from 2020 to 2025 was included using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Focusing on antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of medical plants and their bioactive compounds was analysed, including in silico, in vitro and clinical evidence. Results: Some phytochemical such as glycyrrhizin, curcumin, withanolides, andrographolide, baicalein, and resveratrol, demonstrated important antiviral potential. These compounds act through multiple mechanisms, including spike-ACE2 inhibition, RdRp suppression, protease inhibition, and cytokine storm regulation. In vitro and computational studies confirmed their efficacy, while emerging clinical evidence supports their role as adjuvant therapies. Nanocarrier systems and bioenhancers like piperine further improve their bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Conclusion: Plant-based antiviral compounds are a promising and low-cost way to treat SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. However, challenges include standardisation, bioavailability, and regulation. Major Findings: Plant phytochemicals show multi-target antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 via inhibitor RdRp suppression and immunomodulation. Nanotechnology improves their efficacy, but clinical validation and standardisation are still needed.
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of whole Solonum nigrum (S. nigrum). The objective of this study was to perform GC-MS profiling of the extract and in silico (molecular docking and ADMET) analyses of the identified constituents. Methods: Dried whole-plant powder of S. nigrum was extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with ethyl acetate. GC-MS analysis of the obtained extract was performed to identify its constituents. Subsequently, in silico (molecular docking and ADMET) analyses of the identified constituents were performed. This was followed by the determination of the in vivo anti-hyperlipidemic activity of the extract (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) against Triton X-100-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Parameters such as body weight, blood glucose level, and lipid profile were also evaluated. This was followed by histopathological analysis of the heart and liver tissues. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The percentage yield of the ethyl acetate fraction of S. nigrum was 0.6% and was rich in flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, and proteins. GC-MS analysis identified 10 constituents, among which the major were ethane (70.64%), 1-chloro-1-fluoro (0.94%), and undecanoic acid (0.86%). Molecular docking studies showed that phytol exhibited a binding affinity comparable to that of Fluvastatin. ADMET analysis revealed that most of the identified constituents had a favourable pharmacokinetic profile, with minimal violation of Lipinski’s rule of 5. In both Triton X-100- induced hyperlipidemic rats, S. nigrum at all doses significantly reduced the increase in body weight, normalised blood glucose levels, and improved lipid profiles. Histopathological analysis revealed restoration of the normal architecture of heart and liver tissue and minimal deposition of collagen fibre in both tissues, specifically at higher doses of the test extract. Conclusion: The S. nigrum demonstrated hypolipidemic effect against Triton X- 100 induced hyperlipidemia in rats, significantly reducing body weight, glucose, and normalising lipid profile. These findings suggest that S. nigrum, specifically its phytol content, may serve as a potential herbal drug for managing hyperlipidemia and associated metabolic disorders. Major Findings: The ethyl acetate fraction of the whole plant of S. nigrum exhibited significant anti-hyperlipidemic effects against Triton X- 100 induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Phytol may be the contributing compound responsible for the antihyperlipidemic effect of the extract.
Background: Maternal nutrition significantly influences both foetal and maternal health. Foetal growth largely relies on the mother’s capacity to provide adequate nourishment. Ayurveda provides specific guidelines for pregnancy, known as Masanumasika Garbhini Paricharya (month-wise regimen during pregnancy), which encompasses Ahara (dietary), Vihara (lifestyle), and Oushadha (medicinal) recommendations. The guidelines emphasise a balanced diet and the use of drugs possessing Rasayana (rejuvenative) properties to support foetal development and fulfil the heightened nutritional demands of pregnancy. Jeevantyadi Avaleha, a formulation endowed with Rasayana (rejuvenative) properties, is specifically designed to support pregnancy. Despite the widespread use of Ayurvedic formulations as nutritional and supportive supplements during pregnancy, scientific evidence on their nutritional composition remains limited. Therefore, a laboratory-based nutritional characterisation of Jeevantyadi Avaleha is essential to generate evidence supporting its role in pregnancy. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition of Jeevantyadi Avaleha indicated in pregnancy to support foetal growth and enhance maternal well-being. Methods: The nutritional evaluation of Jeevantyadi Avaleha was conducted at two independent laboratories for various nutritional parameters, such as macronutrients, micronutrients, and phytochemicals, following standard guidelines. Results: The formulation demonstrated a high energy density (350.27 kcal/100 g) and a high carbohydrate content (83.45 g/100 g), with comparatively low protein content (3.6 g/100 g). It also contained meaningful amounts of iron (22 mg/100 g) and vitamin C (52 mg/100 g), along with moderate levels of calcium, magnesium, and potassium. In addition, the formulation showed appreciable levels of antioxidants, including beta-carotene, flavonoids, anthocyanins, as well as various macro and micronutrients, trace elements, and phytochemicals in varying amounts. This indicates that Jeevantyadi Avaleha may contribute to meeting the increased nutritional requirements of pregnancy. Rich in antioxidants, it may play a supportive role in maternal nutrition and foetal development. Conclusion: The nutritional evaluation revealed that Jeevantyadi Avaleha is rich in macronutrients, micronutrients, and antioxidants; and thus, it may have a promising role as Garbhini Rasayana (rejuvenative drugs that can be used by pregnant women). Major Findings: The findings of the study indicate that Jeevantyadi Avaleha, an Ayurvedic formulation, may serve as a nutritional supplement during pregnancy, supporting foetal growth and maternal well-being due to its rich nutritional composition.
Background: Cordia macleodii Hook. F. and Thomson, also referred to as “Dahiman,” is a deciduous medicinal tree native to India. It has been used for a long time in traditional healing systems like Ayurveda and Unani. It is widely used by local communities to treat many health problems. Though it has great medicinal potential, it needs proper scientific study and clear documentation. Aim: This review looks at C. macleodii, its chemical compounds and modern medicinal applications, especially focusing on its growing importance in nanomedicine. Methods: The body of research on the taxonomy, pharmacognostic properties, and traditional applications of the plant in several Indian states was systematically reviewed. The effectiveness of its leaf, bark, and stem extracts in a range of biological tests was investigated experimentally. Results: Terpenoids, phenols, and flavonoids were among the important bioactive substances found by phytochemical screening. Its strong antioxidant activity (81.20% DPPH inhibition), remarkable wound-healing qualities, and significant antihypertensive and hepatoprotective benefits were all confirmed by scientific investigations. Additionally, improved antibacterial efficacy against multidrug-resistant organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus was shown by the green production of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) employing stem extracts. Conclusion: C. macleodii is a therapeutic agent that may be used in a variety of ways and has a lot of potential for medication development. But because it is a vulnerable species, immediate conservation measures using seed-based propagation are required to guarantee its continued availability for pharmaceutical innovation. Major Findings: The study verifies the effectiveness of C. macleodii as a strong antivenom against Naja lethality and proves its green manufacture of silver nanoparticles with high antibacterial power. Clinical evidence shows notable hepatoprotective and antihypertensive effects that are on par with those of common medications like silymarin in lowering serum biomarkers. After vegetative cutting attempts failed, seed-based propagation was determined to be the only successful restoration strategy for this endangered species.
Background: Pyrostegia venusta, an evergreen climber belonging to Bignoniaceae, native to South America, naturalised in tropical parts, including India, has been found to possess good ethnomedicinal properties. Traditionally used in treating respiratory infections, wounds, skin problems, inflammation, and as a tonic, the plant’s above-ground parts, such as flowers, leaves, stems, and roots, are used in infusion or decoction forms. Aim: The present review is an interdisciplinary approach that consolidates evidence from ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological standpoints, explaining the anti-inflammatory mechanism, therapeutic potential, and prospects of P. venusta with respect to natural product-based drug development targeting inflammation-related disorders. Methods: A total literature survey integrated traditional uses from ethnopharmacological records with modern studies employing in vivo models (e.g., carrageenan-induced paw oedema, leukocyte migration inhibition), in vitro assays (e.g., DPPH radical scavenging, enzyme inhibition), phytochemical analyses [GC-MS, HPLC for flavonoids/sterols], and histological evaluations for wound healing. Data from Brazilian folk medicine, animal toxicity tests, and molecular pathway analysis, such as COX-2, NOS, and cytokines, were synthesised in the absence of primary experimentation. Results: The hydroethanolic/methanolic extracts were very effective against inflammation through COX-2/NOS inhibition, reduction of TNF-α/IL-6, and antioxidant activity, superior to controls in oedema models. The acceleration of wound healing with enhanced collagen-hydroxyproline content, tensile strength, and modulated cytokines, antinociceptive activity comparable to standards in pain models, along with ancillary antimicrobial action against S. aureus/E. coli, hepatoprotection, immunomodulation, and low acute toxicity-LD50 (>2000 mg/kg)-all support their use. Phytoconstituents such as oleanolic acid and flavonoids correlated well with multi-target modulation of the oxidative/inflammatory cascades. Conclusion: Pyrostegia venusta promises to be one of the most workable phytotherapies for inflammation, lesions, and pain, which the traditional and scientific data support with a very low level of toxicity. Future research should emphasise clinical trials, enhancement of bioavailability, and molecular docking for drug leads, thus advocating for sustainable integration into evidence-based medicine. Major Findings: Pyrostegia venusta extracts demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting COX-2, NOS, TNF-α, and IL-6, while reducing oxidative stress via flavonoids like quercetin and oleanolic acid.
