In our study, the focus was on the photocatalytic performance due to its important applications. All the chemicals used were of high purity and commercial grade without the need for purification. The thermal solvent method was used to prepare UiO-66. The UiO-66/g-Cr/PANI composite was synthesized by combining ZrCl4, BDC, and H2CrO4. The resulting UiO-66/g-Cr catalysts were identified as UiO-66, UiO-66/g-Cr-10%, UiO-66/g-Cr-20%, UiO-66/g-Cr-30%, and UiO-66/g-Cr-40%, according to the weight percentages of g-Cr: 0 wt%, 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, and 40 wt%, respectively. The compound was identified by X-ray diffraction analysis, which was found to be consistent with the standard card known for this compound, and the study proved that the absorption of UiO-66/Cr samples was in the visible light range with band gap energies ranging from 2.13 to 2.88 eV. The synthesized UiO-66/g-Cr compounds showed highly efficient degradation of DMNP with a short half-life (t1/2 of 2.17 min) at pH 7 under visible light irradiation. The absorption effect and degradation efficiency of pure U-66 oxide is 56.98% while that of U-66/g-Cr-40% is 61.58% within 150 min under UV light. It can be said that the addition of chromium, even in a small proportion, greatly improved the degradation efficiency in the photocatalytic stage.
Samples of parent lithium borate glasses of basic composition (70B(2)O(3)-30Li(2)O) mol% in addition to other samples that contain the gradual increase of samarium oxide (Sm2O3) at the expense of boron oxide were synthesized and characterized to investigate structural modifications, optical activation, and enhanced radiation shielding. Adding Sm2O3 caused progressive conversion of trigonal BO3 units to tetrahedral BO4 units due to charge compensation requirements, disrupting the borate network. This was evidenced by FTIR spectra showing systematic band shifts and intensity variations indicating structural changes. The fraction of 4-coordinated boron rose linearly from 0.35 to 0.54 with increasing Sm2O3 content. UV/vis absorption spectra revealed growing the f-f transition peaks of Sm3+ and charge transfer bands with Sm2O3 content. Glass density and the effective atomic number increased markedly with Sm2O3 doping, elevating gamma radiation attenuation 2-3 fold across diagnostic to radiotherapy energies due to the high samarium atomic mass and abundant outer electrons. Sm3+ containing lithium borate glasses thus demonstrate tunable structure, visible emission, and radiation shielding by optimal Sm2O3 additions between 2.5-15 mol%. Potential applications in optical devices and radioprotective materials can leverage these benefits.
This research explores a novel approach to achieving enhanced electron energy gain through tightly focused beat wave laser acceleration, supported by a helical wiggler magnetic field. The technique utilizes the intense electromagnetic fields produced by high-power laser pulses to accelerate electrons to relativistic speeds over short distances, addressing the limitations of conventional RF (Radio Frequency) accelerators. By employing two tightly focused laser pulses with slightly varying frequencies and identical polarizations, the resulting beat wave coupled with the helical wiggler field enables substantial electron energy amplification. The study incorporates detailed mathematical analyses, including the derivation of electric and magnetic field components, Lorentz force equations, and momentum-energy relations, offering a comprehensive understanding of the underlying electron acceleration dynamics. This method presents a promising advancement in producing high-energy electron beams in vacuum environments, with potential applications in particle acceleration and high-energy physics.
Nonlinear optical response in new copolymer of polyester (polyvinyl alcohol grafted Rhodamine B) (CPPS-PVA-g-RhB) was used to realize passive all-optical switches and limiters. However, there is still a need, respectively, for passive all-optical switches and limiters with an optimization of the optical figures of merit with critical parameters and a low optical limiting threshold as possible. The all-optical switching and limiting effects of the CPPS-PVA-g-RhB were investigated. The results showed that with a modulation depth of 67% and a switching contrast of 4.8 dB at a switching time of 40 ms, the CPPS-PVA-g-RhB can provide all-optical switches at a pump power of 38 mW. With optical damage of 24.8 mW and a dynamic range of 1.32, the CPPS-PVA-g-RhB leads to realize all-optical limiters at an optical limiting threshold of 18 mW.
In this paper, we have analyzed the effects of beam waist (omega 0) on second harmonic generation (SHG) in the presence of 1-dimension diffraction effect at phase-matching condition. The fundamental wave is modelled as a Gaussian beam and depletion, incident with beam waist at the entrance plane of the nonlinear crystal to generate second harmonic waves. Specifically, we simulate the SHG intensity profile using a Gaussian fundamental beam, converting 1560 nm laser light to 780 nm, having length 20 mm with an effective nonlinear coefficient of 3 pm/V. The simulation results (in 3-Dimension) reveal a significant increase in SHG conversion efficiency as the beam waist increases from 50 & micro;m to 120 & micro;m for short normalize crystal lengths. However, at longer normalize crystal lengths, the efficiency decreases due to the effects of diffraction, highlighting the critical balance between incidence beam and diffraction in optimizing SHG performance.
The present work proposes a scheme to teleport a superposed tripartite entangled coherent states using linear optical devices such as phase shifters, beam splitters, and photo-detectors. The teleportation scheme also includes the use of bipartite maximal entanglement as quantum channels to teleport tripartite entangled coherent state. The scheme shows that for mean number of photons approximately equal to 2, the least average fidelity for any arbitrary chosen photon number is 0.9999 which may be approximated to unity.
Borate bioactive glasses (BBGs) have been the subject of substantial research for biomedical uses since the early 2000s. BBGs with the composition of (X) MnO2 ((45-x) B2O3, 24.5CaO, 24.5Na(2)O, 6P(2)O(5)) where x = (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) were prepared using the conventional melt-quenching technique through replacing the MnO2 on the expense of B2O3 content. Synthesized BBGs were investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), and Ultraviolet (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Additionally, several estimated and calculated physical parameters including density, molar volume, molecular mobility, average boron-boron, boron atoms' molar volume, ion concentration, polaron radius, and field strength were correlated to the structural variations.
This work demonstrates how one would make a 4-bit adder comprised of nonlinear Fabry-Perot cavities using models of each unit as well as modelling the network of units. In the process, we identify challenges and how they can be resolved. Each Fabry-Perot device is composed of two reflectors, which we model as silver mirrors on either side of a cavity that holds a nonlinear Kerr material. We show how these devices are optically bistable and suitable for fast logic operations on the order of picoseconds. However, issues that are generally not appreciated such as signal degradation due to other nonlinear processes are treated, and methods to circumvent them are discussed. Part of the solution is to reject light from these other processes through filtering and using an amplifying buffer between devices to boost the transmitted signal's amplitude to the desired value as well as to provide control for logic operations. This work uses the method of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) in one-dimensional (1D) space to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed idea, which has the advantage of treating all processes numerically without the need for approximations that might be invalid in such devices. The demonstration of the 4-bit adder shows that this interconnected multi-component system is robust and does not suffer from instabilities, which are suppressed by the combination of filtering, amplification and buffering.
The aim of this paper is to examine the soliton propagation in a Hausdorff fractal Sasa-Satsuma equation with variable coefficients (HFSSE). A suitable physical system for the HFSSE is an ultrashort optical pulse propagating through a nonlinear fractal-structured metamaterial fiber, where wave dynamics are shaped by third-order dispersion, intensity-dependent nonlinearity, and fractal-induced anomalous memory effects. Applying the unified method, Some new exact soliton solutions of significant importance are obtained for the HFSSE. Under some constraints, some new bright, dark and Rogue wave solitons for the HFSSE are obtained. Finally, the effect of the Hausdorff fractal dimensions on the soliton propagation in the considered Sasa-Satsuma equation is discussed through some figures.
Poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate-co-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate) (PVVH) copolymer was doped with varying mass fractions of neodymium nitrate [Nd(NO3)(3)& centerdot;6H(2)O]. The prepared thin films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV/Vis spectroscopy to analyze molecular structure and optical properties. FTIR spectra confirmed the interaction between Nd3+ ions and polar groups of the PVVH polymer chains. The UV/ Vis absorption profile revealed signatures of Nd3+ 4f electronic transitions along with pi ->pi & lowast; transitions of the host polymer. Optical bandgap was found to decrease with higher Nd3+ doping levels for both direct and indirect transitions. Photoluminescence emission peaks corresponding to Nd3+ 4f-4f transitions were observed, indicating effective sensitization of neodymium luminescence. The results demonstrate modification of PVVH optical characteristics by Nd3+ complexation for potential optical applications.
This article aims to study some explicit solitary wave solutions of some nonlinear physical equations by using an unusual series expansion method. A powerful tool for families of solutions delivers a wide range of precise visualizable solutions with clarity than classical methods. Three nonlinear models of importance i.e. Coupled Nonlinear extension of Reaction Diffusion equation (CNERDE), Coupled KdV-Schrodinger equation (CKdV-SE), and Dodd-Bullough-Mikhailov equation (DBME) were considered. Interesting findouts of NLEEs are categorised a into a families of solutions of different nature. This breakthrough allows us to uncover diverse wave structures including multi solitons, kink & Anti kint. We brought the mathematics with 3D plots and contour maps, showing how different parameters shape these wave patterns using Matlab
This paper presents a facile, cost-effective, and environment-friendly synthesis of Mn-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles at different concentrations via co-precipitation with microwave irradiation method, using CeCl3.7H2O, MnCl2.4H2O, and ovalbumin in an aqueous medium. The effect of annealing temperatures on the structural and optical properties of the as-prepared samples are studied. XRD, SEM, and TEM results confirm the spherical also rectangular rod-like polycrystalline fluorite structure for all the samples. Crystallite size is found to decrease with an increase in Mn concentration. Raman studies show a redshift in the Raman active mode around 460cm(-1). UV-Vis analysis shows good absorption in the ultraviolet region for all samples. Bandgap energy of the as-prepared sample (3.2eV) is found to decrease with an increase in annealing temperature and also with doping concentration. Oxygen deficiency and lattice distortion of the as-prepared and annealed samples at different dopant concentrations are studied by Photoluminescence spectra. The valence states and the surface chemical composition of the as-prepared Ce0.97Mn0.03O2-delta are studied using XPS analysis. From the results, Mn-doped CeO2 renters prospects of application as a promising photocatalyst.
Single crystals of melaminium bis (trifluoroacetate) trihydrate (MTFA) have been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The grown crystals were subsequently characterized for their structural and optical properties. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that MTFA crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, with P2/c space group symmetry. Further, the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of MTFA were investigated using the Z-scan technique, a standard method for measuring third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility using the Nd: YAG laser radiation of wavelength 1064 nm and the susceptibility value was found to be chi((3)) = 4.163 x 10(-10) e.s.u.. This value reflects the material's ability modulate light at high intensities and used for applications in photonics and optoelectronic devices
In the current century, energy consumption is tremendously rising to satisfy the worldwide needs of industries and domestic usage. The primary cause of the dioxide emissions, which raises the world temperature, is the production of power from fossil fuels like natural gas, coal, & oil. Power production by non-conventional energy sources is proposed and implemented globally to overcome these challenges. Researchers employ a wide range of power electronic equipment, which, amongst DC Converters, are one of the best in regulating voltage levels to improve the efficiency of clean energy sources. This paper proposes transformerless direct current converters implemented in renewable energy applications. A modified CUK converter is suggested with a single power switch, guaranteeing excellent voltage gain and efficiency to overcome the shortcoming of the current converter. The presence of one power switch is used to lessen the switching losses and voltage stress. The novel structure is framed by the cascaded link of step up and CUK converter to obtain a great voltage conversion ratio with a modified structure. Additionally, the benefits of a proposed modified Cuk DC-DC converter sustained the steadiness of input current by boosting up methodology by hybrid technique. Furthermore, the proposed novel converter expanded its functioning in continuous and discontinuous conduction mode functions. MATLAB Simulink executes the performance factors analysis, and an outcome of the projected converter depicts that the modified converter performance has enriched, and its performance is analyzed with existing convert by comparative analysis.
The experimental demonstration of domain-wall dark pulses in an extended cavity mode-locked Erbium-doped fiber laser is presented, employing a Bi2Te3 saturable absorber (SA). Through the incorporation of Bi2Te3 powder into a polyvinyl film, we successfully developed a Bi2Te3 SA with a notable modulation depth of 12.6%. Integrated into a ring EDFL, the Bi2Te3-SA enabled the generation of mode-locked domain-wall dark pulses, exhibiting dual-wavelength emission, capitalizing on its saturable absorbing capability alongside the inherent nonlinear properties of the Bi2Te3 thin film and the extended single-mode fiber spool. The domain-wall dark pulse initiated spontaneously at a pump power of 41.3 mW, emitting at wavelengths of 1562.8 nm and 1564.2 nm. Notably, the dark pulse repetition rate measured at 1.81 MHz, accompanied by a pulse duration of 180 ns and the highest average pulse energy recorded at 1.95 nJ. These results underscore the promising potential of Bi2Te3 as an advanced material for application in pulsed laser systems, particularly due to its exceptional nonlinear properties, positioning it as a fascinating candidate for further advancements in pulsed laser technology.
We present a Q-switched neodymium-doped fiber laser (NDFL) that employs a polyaniline (PANI) saturable absorber (SA) in an all-fiber configuration. The NDFL generated stable Q-switched pulses, achieving a minimum pulse duration of 5.31 mu s and a maximum repetition rate of 35.2 kHz. Operating at 1089.2 nm, the laser produced pulse energies of 3.72 nJ at a maximum pumping of 141.4 mW at 808 nm. The output demonstrated remarkable stability, with a signal-to-background noise ratio of 52 dB at the main frequency. This work represents the first demonstration of a PANI-based Q-switched NDFL operating in the one-micron wavelength region.
An optical neural network was experimentally simulated in the laboratory using a feed-forward configuration. The FF setup is tested through optical injection, and the behavior of follower laser diodes (FLDs) under chaotic modulation is analyzed. The final two laser diodes (LDs) are subjected to varying weights of chaotic modulated signals via optical filtration and the angle of the influencing laser. A maximum FWHM of 1.8 GHz for FLD was observed at an angle (C) of 70 degrees, with a modulated signal attenuation of -12 dB. The correlation between the ILDs and FLDs was calculated to determine the synchronization state. Results demonstrate variations between negative and positive values, with the highest correlation value recorded at -0.32. The results validate the efficacy of anti-synchronized ILD-FLDs, which is crucial for maintaining privacy in transmitting units within a chaotic optical communication system functioning as an optical neural network.
The normal state of electrical equipment has an important influence on the whole power system. In this paper, a method based on temperature signal acquisition was designed for monitoring the state of electrical equipment, and the temperature signal of the equipment was collected by arranging a fiber Bragg grating sensor (FBGS) on the equipment. In order to realize the monitoring of the data, the back-propagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm was used to predict the future equipment temperature, and the grey wolf optimizer (GWO)-BPNN method was obtained by optimizing the BPNN parameters through GWO. The results showed that the mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the GWO-BPNN algorithm were 0.27, 0.78%, and 0.33 under normal conditions and 0.33, 0.84%, and 0.36 respectively under abnormal conditions, which were all better than the BPNN algorithm. The experimental results prove the reliability of the GWO-BPNN algorithm. The GWO-BPNN algorithm can be applied to actual electrical equipment to realize the state monitoring of equipment.
Three-dimensional (3-D) harmonic oscillator (HO) coherent states has been constructed for isotropic 3-D case using creation and annihilation operators, extending the analysis of coherent states to systems with spherical symmetry. The quantum characteristics are examined using the wave function Psi(x, t) where the coherent state's time evolution concludes Gaussian nature of wave packet which keeps the wave packet minimum with time. This configures a non-dispersive Gaussian wave packets over time, maintaining minimal uncertainty and constant energy. We apply the concept of Pauli's non relativistic approximation of spin dependent current to support the derived coherent states for isotropic 3-D HO. Such coherent state is analysed to be association with a spherical symmetric body which is rotating in 3-D plane in such a way that its spin remains perpendicular to its direction of motion keeping total energy constant throughout the motion. This work provides new insights into quantum-classical correspondence, particularly for spherically symmetric quantum systems, and has implications for the design of 3D optical systems and the understanding of polarized light-matter interactions in quantum optics.
A glass matrix with chemical composition of P2O5-ZnO-Na2O-Al2O3CuO glasses has been investigated. The frequency and composition dependencies of the dielectric parameters are discussed and analyzed for insight into the dielectric properties of these glasses in an applied AC electric field of frequencies extending from 1.05 to 100 kHz. The ac conductivity measurements exhibit the coexistence of electronic to the electron from Cu+ to Cu2+ ions, and ionic on the mobility of sodium ions.
