Fatty acids methyl esters (FAMES) were synthesised utilizing the iupac standard, 1979 method 2.301 and their significance on the basis of nutritional research purpose. The earthworms were microwave extracted, then analysed for fatty acids composition according to aoac method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy used to identify the distinctive peaks of the fatty acid spectrum, whereas gas-chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy was used to evaluate the fatty acid composition of earthworm (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg). The current investigation identified two unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C19:3) and eleven saturated fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C23:0, C24:0, and C25:0). Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) varied from 26.38 to 29.14%, with oleic acid (C18:1) dominating at 16.88%, 17.75%, and 17.52%, respectively. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 70.86 to 73.61%, with stearic acid (C18:0) dominating at 13.24 to 13.99%. Thirteen fatty acids, were identified from Lampito mauritii, Kinberg Sindh Pakistan origin, using Agilent 6890 N gas chromatographic device with Agilent autosampler 7683-B injector and Agilent MS-5975 inert XL mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Little Fall, NY, USA)reported by us in the literature for the first time. Based on the results the earthworm (L. mauritii, Kinberg) contains significant fatty acids that have potential pharmaceutical values.
The peripherally tetra-substituted zinc (II) and cobalt (II) phthalocyanine complexes containing diethyl 3,4-dicyanophenylmalonate were synthesized and charaterized. These newly synthesized complexes have been described by utilizing FT-IR and UV/Vis procedures. Electronic absorption, fluorescence, melting denaturation, viscosity and electrophoresis procedures were applied to evaluate the interaction mechanism of tetra substituted 4 and 5 complexes with CT-DNA. Electronic spectra and emission experiments confirmed that 4 and 5 interact substantially by CT-DNA. The binding constant values for 4 and 5 were determined as 1.87 x10(6) M(-1 )and 1.64 x10(6) M-1, respectively. Kb data disclosed that the complexes attach to DNA through an intercalative binding mechanism. The results obtained from melting point technique also confirmed that the attachment of 4 and 5 complexes to DNA is an intercalative manner. In addition to above techniques, electrophoresis and viscosity technique were utilized to explain interaction features of 4 and 5 complexes with DNA. The findings obtained from viscosity and electrophoresis procedures demonstrated that the complexes interact with the DNA. All the data verified that 4 and 5 complexes may have a potential anticancer features.
Machine Learning (ML)has helped to accelerate research and innovation in multifarious domains. In this study, ML models have been used to predict adsorption energies of Methane Related Species on Cu-based Alloy. Comparative study of different ML algorithms integrated with GA were performed to improve the ML model's architecture and parameters selection. The results proposed that Categorical boosting (Catboost) model with RMSE = 0.0977, CC = 96.5 % outperformed all other models and effectively predicts adsorption energies. The partial dependence plots (PDPs) analysis shows the potential effects of each influencing parameter impact on the prediction of the respective adsorption energies and as well as shows that how these factors will interact during oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). In addition, SHAP analysis was employed to further interpret the contribution of individual descriptors to adsorption energies, allowing for the identification of key factors such as electronegativity, atomic radius, ionization energy, and surface energy. These insights highlight how dopant selection alters catalytic performance, demonstrating the ability of ML not only to provide accurate predictions but also to generate design-relevant knowledge. Overall, this approach provides a reliable and efficient methodology for reducing experimental screening and accelerating the discovery of promising Cu-based alloy catalysts for methane conversion.
In this study, the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the spectroscopic, thermal and prepared by adding 0.1, 0.5, and 1% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was investigated. For this purpose, nanocomposites containing 60% PVC were prepared by the solution casting method using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging showed that the polymer matrix had sufficiently homogeneous distribution of CNTs and that they were in good interaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed that the nanocomposites had an amorphous structure with approximately 15% crystallinity and CNT addition did not change the amorphous structure. From TGA analyses, CNTs had no effect on the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. The nanocomposites decomposed in three steps, similar to PMMA-PVC blends. The first stage of decomposition started at 194 degrees C, the second stage at 224 degrees C and the third stage at 349 degrees C. The decomposition ended at around 474 degrees C with a mass loss of approximately 90%. According to the data obtained from differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analyses, although the CNT addition increased the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites, it did not have a major effect. The Tg of the PMMA-PVC blend and nanocomposites was determined to be between 62 and 66 degrees C. The electrical conductivity curve showed that the nanocomposites reached a value close to the ideal percolation curve by increasing the CNT amount, and it was evaluated that CNT addition at rates above 1% may convert the nanocomposites into semiconductors.
The rising demand for nutritious and functional foods has spurred interest in underutilized natural resources to enhance consumer nutritional security. This study investigates the nutritional and functional properties of fruits from five wild Wild mulberry landraces (WM1-WM5) collected from Gilgit, Pakistan. The fruits were analyazed for pH, soluble solids titratable acidity, moisture, protein, fibre, ash, ascorbic acid, total sugar, anthocyanins, flavonoids, carotenoids, total phenolics and antioxidants activity. Results indicated pH values ranging from 3.62-6.79, total soluble solids at 14.14-17.06 degrees Brix, titratable acidity between 0.17-0.28%, moisture content of 62.65-81.7%. Protein, fiber and ash content ranged from 0.85-1.66%, 6.83-10.88%, and 0.351-0.672%, respectively. Ascorbic acid levels varied between 12.41-21.09 mg/100 g, total sugars 5.7-9.86 mg/100 g, anthocyanins 9.72-12.27 mg/100 g, flavonoids 71.64-81.9 mg/100 g, carotenoids 0.65-1.04 mg/100 g, and total phenolics 16.35-31.29 mg/100 g. Antioxidant activity, measured as DPPH scavenging, ranged from 70.99-87%. These results are comparable with reported values of common edible mulberry. These findings underscore the nutritional and functional richness of wild mulberry fruits, presenting them as a promising resource for food and feed applications. The study provides critical baseline data to support the development of value-added products and establish a wild mulberry value chain, fostering socioeconomic growth in mountain communities.
Niosomal drug delivery systems have attracted significant attention due to their potential to enhance bioavailability, drug stability, and therapeutic efficacy. In this study, a non-ionic surfactant (D1) was synthesized and characterized employing advanced techniques, including NMR and EI-MS, to elucidate its structure. D1 and lignin were employed as ketamine (KT) carriers for the preparation of two formulations, designated as KD1 and KL1, respectively. Characterisation techniques, like UVVis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS), were employed to examine the properties of formulations, such as their interactions, size in solution, polydispersity index (PDI), and particle charge. KD1 and KL1 showed outstanding drug encapsulation efficiencies (EE) of 75.0% and 80.1%, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential of these formulations for efficient delivery of KT. Moreover, the behavioral studies, including the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test, Social Interaction Test (SIT), and Open Field Test (OFT), were performed on rats for examining anxiety-like symptoms induced by exposure to electric shock to evaluate their therapeutic potential. The findings demonstrated that rats subjected to electric shock alone experienced considerable anxiety-like behaviors, such as less social engagement with new cage-mates and less exploration of open-arm and open arena apparatus. However, these anxiety symptoms were successfully reduced by treatment with the nanoformulations (KD1 and KL10. This suggests that the prepared formulations of KD1 and KL1 have promising potential to treat anxiety conditions. Furthermore, KD1 and KL1 were examined for drug retention using a Storage Stability (SS) study conducted over 30 days. The SS for KD1 and KL1 ranged from 96.4% to 88.04% and from 97.1% to 89.94% from the 1st to the 30th day, respectively.
Here, the pathways for CO(2)reduction reaction to create CH4 and CH3OH on Si-76, C-76 and B(38)N(38 )as catalysts are investigated. The effects of adsorption of Cr on capacities of Si-76 , C-76 and B(38)N(38 )for CO2-RR are examined. Results shown that the over-potential of CO2-RR on 2Cr-Si-76, 2Cr-C-76 and 2Cr-B(38)N(38 )are lower than Fe, Ni and Co single atom as catalysts, Cu, Au, Ag based bimetallic catalysts and Pt and Pd as metal catalysts in previous works. The Delta Greaction of possible reaction steps of CO(2)reduction on 2Cr-Si(76)and 2Cr-B(38)N(38 )nanocages are more negative than 2Cr-C-76 nanocage. The over-potential for production of CH4 and CH3OH are lower than creation of HCOOH and HCHO on 2Cr-Si-76, 2Cr-C-76 and 2Cr-B(38)N(38 )nanocages. The over-potential for CO, HCOOH, HCHO, CH3OH and CH4 production on 2Cr-B(38)N(38 )nanocage is 0.34, 0.27, 0.31, 0.24 and 0.22 V. The 2Cr-Si(76 )and 2Cr-B(38)N(38)are catalyzed the reaction steps of CO2-RR by three pathways and high performance.
The synthesis of unsaturated beta-iodoethers remains a significant challenge in modern organic chemistry. Three-component synthesis is a highly relevant approach for obtaining these compounds. The primary objective of this study was to develop a process where the triple bond of the reagent is preserved while iodine addition is selectively directed to the double bond of substituted styrenes. This work represents the first successful attempt to perform this reaction in an enantioselective manner. The iodoalkoxylation of substituted styrenes with unsaturated C-3-alcohols (propargyl and allyl) in the presence of diisopinocampheylborane leads to the formation of regioand enantiomerically enriched iodoethers with yields of 57-63%. The synthesized compounds were characterized by (H-1-NMR), (C-13-NMR) and FTIR spectroscopy. The synthesis followed established methodologies and proceeded without significant complications.
This study demonstrates a streamlined sol-gel strategy for synthesizing TiO2 modified BaSO4 composite particles, aiming to enhance the UV resistance, flame-retardant, and mechanical properties of PVC. The composite was systematically characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and laser particle size analysis. Results revealed that a TiO2 molar ratio (nTi) of 2.0 mol yielded the most uniform particle size distribution (256-713 nm), along with a maximum settling time of 28.5 h and an activation degree of 82.8 %, which represented increases of 26.0 h and 49.5 %, respectively, over unmodified BaSO4. When incorporated into PVC at 15 wt%, the composite significantly improved material performance: the limiting oxygen index (LOI) reached 27.6 %, Rhodamine B (RhB) photodegradation efficiency attained 70.2 %, and peel strength increased to 151.52 N & centerdot;mm(-1), exceeding unmodified PVC by 23.36 N & centerdot;mm-1. Moreover, after 150 h of UV aging, the composite reinforced PVC retained superior mechanical integrity, with only 18.64 % loss in tensile strength and 10.32 % in peel strength. These findings confirm that the TiO2/BaSO4/PVC composite developed here offers a promising combination of enhanced durability and flame-retardant performance.
A new spectrophotometric flow injection analysis method has been successfully developed to measure chromium (III) ion levels. This approach relies on the oxidation of the chromium (III) ion by hydrogen peroxide in a basic environment, leading to the formation of the chromate ion. This ion subsequently reacts with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide in an acidic solution, resulting in a striking blue-violet complex. Under optimal conditions, the method demonstrates a linear response within the range of 0.05 to 15 mmol.L-1, achieving a high correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9912. The detection limit is impressively low at 51.996ng/100 & micro;L, and the precision, quantified by relative standard deviation (RSD%) across six replicate measurements, remains below 1% for Cr(III). This analytical technique has been effectively utilized to quantify chromium (III) ion content in three different pharmaceutical preparations: Vitaking kft-200 & micro;g from Hungary, GTF-200 & micro;g from the USA, and AdvaCare Pharma-200 & micro;g from the USA, all produced by different manufacturers using a homemade NAG-SSP analyzer. In comparing this novel method with a traditional spectrophotometric approach, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the two at a 95% confidence level, as determined by the paired t-test and one-way ANOVA. These results indicate that the new method can be confidently adopted as a reliable routine alternative for analyzing Cr(III) in various pharmaceutical products.
Lidocaine, a versatile analgesic, serves as a local anesthetic for topical dermal applications and as an agent to mitigate discomfort associated with chemotherapy in cancer patients. It is also utilized for postoperative pain management. Given its diverse applications, it is essential to investigate analytical and detection methods for lidocaine and its associated compounds, such as methylparaben. The present study introduces a simple and validated procedure for performing such analyses. The chromatographic system employed in this study comprised a GL Science Inc. Intersil ODS-3 column (150 mm length, 4.6 mm internal diameter, 5 & micro;m particle size), with a mobile phase consisting of methanol:buffer (1:1), a detection wavelength of 220 nm, and operation at room temperature. A comprehensive validation study was conducted to confirm the accuracy, reproducibility, and precision of the results through the application of system suitability criteria. The UV-HPLC analytical method developed and validated in this research was evaluated for its capacity to detect low levels of lidocaine (Lido) and methylparaben (MP) within an efficient 8-minute run time. The limits of detection (LOD) were statistically determined as 6.636 & micro;g/mL for Lido and 0.713 & micro;g/mL for MP. The method demonstrated high recovery rates for both compounds, with an accuracy range of 98.7% to 101.1%. Furthermore, excellent linearity was observed, with coefficients of determination (R-2) of 0.99992 for Lido and 0.99991 for MP.
This study investigates the enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activities of various nanoparticles loaded with three isatin thiazole derivatives. For drug encapsulation, two different nanoparticle systems were examined: polysaccharide-based nanoparticles, including alginate-chitosan nanoparticles (ACN) and gum-chitosan nanoparticles (GCN), and polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles based on the lipid soya lecithin in combination with either sodium alginate (PLHN-A) or gum acacia (PLHN-G). The biological activities of the drug-loaded nanoparticles were evaluated against key targets, including antioxidant activity, urease, lipoxygenase, and butyrylcholinesterase. The results were expressed as mean +/- SEM, using eserine, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and thiourea as reference standards. Among the tested systems, PLHN-A loaded with derivative-3 (D-3) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (30.2 +/- 0.45). Alginate-chitosan nanoparticles loaded with derivative-3 (ACN-D-3) demonstrated notable anti-urease activity (21.2 +/- 0.12), while derivative-1(D-1) encapsulated in the same nanoparticle system (ACN-D-1) exhibited significant lipoxygenase inhibition (13.4 +/- 0.48). Gum-chitosan nanoparticles loaded with derivative-1 (GCN-D-1) demonstrated strong butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50 = 21.6 +/- 0.17 & micro;M). Overall, ACN and PLHN-A with all three derivatives (D-1, D(2 )and D-3) emerged as promising candidates due to their excellent antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties, underscoring the effect of nanoparticle composition on their biological activity and therapeutic potential.
Food security in arid regions is challenged by climate change and reliance on imported goods, making the valorization of local, drought-tolerant crops a key strategy for sustainability; this study therefore aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties and fatty acid profiles of oils from five local oilseeds-peanut, safflower, rapeseed, soybean, and sunflower-cultivated in the arid El-Oued region of Algeria. Oils were obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method and analyzed for refractive index, acid value, and saponification value according to ISO and AOCS standards, while fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID). The results revealed that peanut exhibited the highest oil yield (45.19 %), and while most oils met key quality standards, safflower and soybean oils showed elevated acid values, indicating a need for optimized post-harvest handling. Distinct fatty acid profiles were identified, with safflower being rich in oleic acid (65.95 %), soybean in linoleic acid (46.79 %), and rapeseed containing a notable amount of alpha-linolenic acid (9.88 %), resulting in an optimal Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio of 1.97. These findings underscore the high potential of locally adapted oilseeds, particularly peanut for its high yield and rapeseed for its balanced omega fatty acids, to contribute to food security, improved nutrition, and sustainable agricultural systems in arid regions like Algeria.
This study examined the synthesis of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and the covalent immobilization of glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs) onto these nanoparticles using an epichlorohydrin (ECH) spacer arm, as well as the optimal reaction conditions for both free and immobilized enzymes and the reusability of the immobilized enzyme. The optimal pH values for free and immobilized enzymes were established as 7.0 and 6.0, respectively. It was found that the ideal temperature for both free and immobilized enzymes was 37 and 40 degrees C, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the values of Vmax for glutathione (GSH) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) substrates of free GSTs enzyme were measured as 204.8 U/mg prot., and 194.3 U/mg prot., respectively. The immobilized GSTs enzyme's CDNB and GSH substrates had Vmax values of 33.29 U/mg prot. and 33.08 U/mg prot., respectively. The free GSTs enzyme's CDNB and GSH substrates have Km values of 0.201 mM and 0.1873 mM, respectively. GSH and CDNB have Km values of 0.3042 mM and 0.2523 mM, respectively. At various temperatures, we contrasted the thermal stability of free and immobilized GSTs. The immobilized GSTs enzyme retained 50% of its activity after 20 were reused. After 30 days of storage at 25 degrees C and 4 degrees C, it was discovered that 18% and 32% of the free GSTs enzyme activity were preserved, and 30 days of storage at 25 degrees C and 4 degrees C resulted in 20% and 41% preserved enzyme activity for the immobilized enzyme, respectively.
Quantum chemical calculations were performed for gas and water phases using the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) basis set to determine some molecular properties of 2-amino-6--arylsulfonylbenzonitrile derivatives (1-61). The quantum chemical properties of these compounds such as E-HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital energy), E-LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy), HOMO-LUMO energy gap (triangle E), ionization potential (I), chemical hardness (eta) and softness (sigma), etc. values were calculated and the results were discussed. This research aims to construct the relationship between HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity (pIC(50)) values and classical-quantum descriptors (attributes) of 61 compounds. The values of the attributes are extracted by utilizing B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method. This endeavour leads to different statistical models since the data contain both nonlinearity and clustered structure. In this study, 2-amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitrile derivatives (1-61) were classified into three subsets based on the atom or group attached at the X position: Subset S (compounds 1-19), Subset SO (compounds 20-32), and Subset SO2 (compounds 33-61). Then each subgroup is split into more statistically homogeneous subsets using statistical models suggesting that the ratio denoted by triangle E/I is the most significant variable that accounts for pIC(50) for both groups of S and SO2 with 95 and 90 percent coefficients of determination, respectively. On the other hand, for the group SO, we have a more complicated significant variable that + accounts for pIC(50), which is I+DM/EN & lowast;Electrop & planckh;ily. Moreover, In the context of 2-amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitrile derivatives, compounds 2, 24, and 50 for gas phase, and compounds 15, 30, and 50 for water phase exhibit higher HOMO energies and smaller Delta E values compared to other molecules in the series. This suggests that, according to the Delta E values, these compounds have a higher tendency to donate electrons and have a more effective reactivity than the other compounds in the series.
Fatty acids methyl esters (FAMES) were synthesised utilizing the iupac standard, 1979 method 2.301 and their significance on the basis of nutritional research purpose. The earthworms were microwave extracted, then analysed for fatty acids composition according to aoac method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy used to identify the distinctive peaks of the fatty acid spectrum, whereas gas-chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy was used to evaluate the fatty acid composition of earthworm (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg). The current investigation identified two unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C19:3) and eleven saturated fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C23:0, C24:0, and C25:0). Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) varied from 26.38 to 29.14%, with oleic acid (C18:1) dominating at 16.88%, 17.75%, and 17.52%, respectively. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 70.86 to 73.61%, with stearic acid (C18:0) dominating at 13.24 to 13.99%. Thirteen fatty acids, were identified from Lampito mauritii, Kinberg Sindh Pakistan origin, using Agilent 6890 N gas chromatographic device with Agilent autosampler 7683-B injector and Agilent MS-5975 inert XL mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Little Fall, NY, USA)reported by us in the literature for the first time. Based on the results the earthworm (L. mauritii, Kinberg) contains significant fatty acids that have potential pharmaceutical values.
In view of the promising therapeutic potential of AgNPs, in the present study, the cytotoxicity of AgNPs was evaluated against HepG2, which were prepared using Litchi chinensis peels (LCP) extract. The mutagenicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were also evaluated. The AgNPs showed favorable antioxidant activity, i.e., total phenolic contents (TPC) (48.46 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoid contents (TFC) (35.83 mg CE/g DW) and free radical scavenging (84.93% inhibition). The antibacterial activity was assessed against E. coli, B. subtilis, P. multocida, and S. aureus bacterial strains, which also revealed promising antibacterial activity. The FTIR analysis revealed the involvement of phytochemicals in the formation of AgNPs. The SEM analysis revealed the formation of semi-spherical particles with a tendency to aggregate, which was due to the interactions among biomolecules on the surface of particle. The AgNPs was in a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure. The AgNPs showed no apparent toxicity against HepG2 cells. Additionally, mutagenicity was evaluated against S. typhi of TA98 and TA100 strains, which revealed the nonmutagenic nature of the AgNPs. The LCP-AgNPs demonstrated promising potential for biomedical applications.
This review paper examines the efficiency of hydro-desulfurization catalysts in removing sulfur compounds from fuels. Specifically, the focus is on bi- and tri-metallic catalysts based on transition metal sulfides (TMS), such as Ni/Co-promoted Mo and W, which effectively eliminate sulfur from challenging compounds present in fuels. The paper is divided into three main sections, each addressing the production of diesel fuel with extremely low sulfur levels using these catalysts. The first section discusses supported catalysts, followed by self-supported or unsupported catalysts, and concludes with a brief overview of theoretical studies. Various factors that can affect the sulfur removal capacity of these catalysts are explored, including the influence of the support material, the use of inorganic and organic additives, and the preparation methods for unsupported catalysts. Based on the review, it is concluded that new experimental and theoretical approaches are necessary to enhance the hydro-desulfurization effectiveness of both supported and unsupported transition metal sulfide catalysts. These advancements are essential to meet the increasingly stringent regulations anticipated for ultra-low sulfur fuels in the future.
This article is a review of minerals that are used to modify the physical and mechanical properties of polymers and obtain composites with improved performance characteristics. A general classification of fillers is presented, taking into account their division into dispersed and reinforcing ones. General characteristics of fillers are given and their division into groups is considered: mineral, organic, and other subgroups depending on the type of polymer matrix used. To obtain polymer nanocomposite materials with an improved set of properties, information is provided on the features of selecting substances and materials for the purpose of their use as fillers. A unique possibility of modifying the surface of the fillers themselves by dressing and with organosilicon compounds is demonstrated, which makes it possible to obtain hybrid composite materials with improved physical and mechanical characteristics on their basis. The probable mechanism of the formation of organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites based on polyolefins and mineral fillers is considered. Unique characteristics and features of the structure and properties of nanostructured materials are presented. The results of their implementation in various fields of technology are described. Technological features of obtaining and processing structural nanomaterials are presented. The main technological factors influencing the properties of polymer composite materials during their processing by injection molding and extrusion methods are indicated. The main types of polymer matrices and nanofillers intended for obtaining composite materials with specified performance properties are listed. The main promising directions of mechanical-chemical synthesis and practical use of nanocomposites are noted.
The phthalocyanine having 4-(2-(N-2and#180;-cyanoethyl)aminoethylsulfanyl) group had been reported earlier in the literature. In this current studying, DNA binding activity of 1Pc phthalocyanine bearing 4-(2-(N-2and#180;-cyanoethyl)aminoethylsulfanyl units was examined spectroscopically via elctronic absoption, fluorescence titration, melting point profile, electrophoresis and viscosity methods. The interaction activity of 1Pc compound was examined at differing concentrations. UV/Vis spectrometer, viscosity, fluorescence spectroscopy and thermal melting temperature confirmed that 1Pc binds to the DNA. The Kb of 1Pc is also estimated via UV/Vis titration and Kb of 1Pc was computed as 2.1394 x 106 M-1. The Kb value demonstrated that 1Pc reacts with DNA by an intercalative mechanism. Alongside this research, the mechanism by which the compound binds to DNA was investigated by determining Tm. The Tm of DNA + 1Pc complex was identified as 74.31. This data confirmed that 1Pc binds to DNA intercalatively. All the results obtained from the used methods demonstrated that 1Pc phthalocyanine compound has an efficient DNA interaction activity and 1Pc phthalocyanine compound interacts with DNA via an intercalative mechanism. As a result, the compound may be a therapeutic agent due to its DNA interaction property.
