To sum up, professional liability is an additional mode of responsibility, not included in the common law . Professional liability occurs when medical personnel violate provisions on the practice of the profession or act against the rules of professional ethics . Professional responsibility is borne for a breach of the principles of medical ethics or provisions relating to the practice of medical profession . Medical personnel may be punished for professional misconduct by: admonition, reprimand, prohibition on holding managerial positions in organizational health care entities for a period from one to five years, prohibition on holding a position of one’s choice in the bodies of self-government for the period from one to five years, limitation on activities within the profession for a period from six months to two years, suspension of the right to practice the profession for a period from one to five years, deprivation of the right to practice the profession . A doctor and dentist have the right to appeal against the decision of the Medical Court at II instance in any case, regardless of the imposed punishment . A nurse and midwife may appeal against the decision of the Supreme Court of Nurses and Midwives only in the case the penalty of suspension or deprivation of the right to practice the profession . There is a widespread opinion that it is very difficult for a victim to get a positive outcome in the medical courts, even in the cases of obvious medical errors or negligence .
Measurements are described of the e.m.f. of cells with electrodes of pure paraffin without and with the addition of stearic acid and calcium stearate in solutions of uni- and bi-valent ions. From these researches it follows that there is also a marked effect of the accompanying anion in salt solutions. A conclusion regarding ionexchange is derived, which may be of general value for membrane-phenomena.
Cycloaddition reaction of 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione(PTAD) to bicyclo[5.3.0]-deca-1(7),2,4-trien-10-one ( 3 ) was reinvestigated. In various conditions, the reaction afforded solely 1:1 cycloadduct as reported. The structure of this adduct, previously thought to be a formal [6+2] adduct, was revised. This adduct is now thought to be a cycloheptatriene-derived [4+2] adduct on the basis of extensive 1 H- and 13 C-NMR studies.
1-Allenylpyrrole is lithiated at the α-carbon atom of the allenyl group by n -butyllithium in mixtures of diethyl-ether/hexane or tetrahydrofuran/hexane. Whereas functionalization with trimethylchlorosilane, butyl iodide and dimethyl disulfide gives only allenic derivatives, addition of carbonyl compounds generally leads to mixtures of allenic and acetylenic derivatives. Upon heating its solutions in ether or tetrahydrofuran, Li-allenylpyrrole is slowly transformed into the lithium derivative of 1-(propyn-2-yl)pyrrole.
Twelve chiral ligands 718 were tested in the new kinetically controlled variation of zirconium alkoxide catalysed Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction of 2′-chloroacetophenone ( 2 ) using rac - 4 as the reducing alcohol (Scheme 3). The tetraaryl-1,3-dioxolanes 11 ( ca. 30% enantiomeric excess, ee ) and the triphenylethanediol 14 (62% ee , 99% yield) gave the best results. A relatively low dependence on the amount of the catalyst (aluminum alkoxide gave no asymmetric induction) and the ligand excess was observed compared with a very high dependence on incubation time of Zr(O t Bu) 4 with the chiral ligand 14 and also on the reaction temperature.
The synthesis and characterization of substituted phenanthrene-9,10-quinone diimines of the type 9,10-bis(arylimino)-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (aryl-BIP) is described. These rigid bisnitrogen ligands have been synthesized by a metal-mediated cyclodehydrogenation reaction from the aromatic open-chain diimine analogues derived from benzil. All aryl-BIP compounds adopt a Z,Z configuration in solution except for ( o - i Pr-phenyl)-BIP, which mainly exists in the E,Z form. All non-cyclic BIP compounds undergo a configurational change into the E,E isomer upon coordination to palladium. NDDO calculations on phenyl-BIP and its palladium dichloride complex have revealed that the energy of the LUMO is very much dependent on the puckering of the phenanthrene backbone and is in all cases lower than, for instance, that of the aromatic diimine of acenaphthene-1,2-quinone or open-chain diimines. The structures of phenyl-BIP and PdCl 2 -(phenyl-BIP) in the solid state have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Phenyl-BIP is triclinic, space group P̄, a = 12.392(1), b = 12.478(1), c = 14.633(2) Å, α = 109.36(1), β = 91.57(1), γ = 115.82(1)°, Z = 4, final R = 0.0556 for 4494 reflections with I > 2.5σ( I ). PdCl 2 -(phenyl-BIP) is monoclinic, space group P 2 1 / c, a = 20.5148(9), b = 10.6756(9), c = 23.2007(16) Å, β = 105.13(1)°, Z = 4, final R = 0.0701 for 2569 reflections with I > 2.5σ( I ).
Reaction of 5,12-dialkylthioquinanthrenediinium bis-salts 1 with primary alkylamines led to the synthesis of 1-alkyl-4-(alkylamino)quinolinium-3-thiolates (2). Their structures were proved by X-ray examination, 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and by transformation to 1-alkyl-4-(alkylamino)-3-(alkylthio)quinolinium salts (3).
Pyrolysis of the title compound 3 at 400 °C gave α-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-butyrolactone (4) whose structure was confirmed by an alternative synthesis. A reaction mechanism via a phenyl ketene acetal is proposed.
Novel organomanganese complexes 3 and 4 were prepared via transmetallation of the corresponding organolithium reagent. These new complexes are active catalysts in manganese/copper mediated cross-coupling reactions.
The reaction rate and stereoselectivity of intermolecular dipolar 1,3 cycloaddition of the C,N -dialkylnitrone to olefins with hydroxyl groups and their derivatives were found to depend upon the type of hydroxyl group. The rate is accelerated in the order: magnesium alkoxide (OMgBr); free hydroxyl group (OH); ether (OR). Selectivities are improved moderately when magnesium alkoxide is used.
Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-BasVolume 115, Issue 5 p. 306-306 Book Review Modeling the Hydrogen Bond. D.A. Smith, ed. ACS, Washington DC 1994. Series No. 569, x + 300 pp. $74.95, ISBN 0-8412-2981-3 A.M. Brouwer, A.M. Brouwer University of AmsterdamSearch for more papers by this author A.M. Brouwer, A.M. Brouwer University of AmsterdamSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/recl.19961150511AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume115, Issue51996Pages 306-306 RelatedInformation
Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-BasVolume 115, Issue 2 p. 153-153 Book Review Organometallics in Synthesis. A Manual, L.M. Schlosser, (ed.), John Wiley, Chichester, (1994). 603 pp, £ 60.00. ISBN 0-471-93637-5 L. Brandsma, L. Brandsma University of UtrechtSearch for more papers by this author L. Brandsma, L. Brandsma University of UtrechtSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/recl.19961150211AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume115, Issue21996Pages 153-153 RelatedInformation
The reactions of the HO-, CH3S-, CH2Sradical anion and CH2=C(CH3)-CH2- ions with three ketones (CF(3)COR; R=CH3, CF3, C6H5) and three esters of trifluoroacetic acid (CF(3)CO(2)R; R=CH3, C2H5 and C6H5) have been studied with use of Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. All four negative ions react exclusively by proton transfer with CF3COCH3. With the other substrates, the HO- ion reacts by various pathways, such as proton transfer, S(N)2 substitution, E2 elimination and attack on the carbonyl group. The CH3S- ion is unreactive towards CF3COC6H5 but is able to react by hydride transfer, S(N)2, E2 and/or carbonyl attack with the remaining neutral species. The CH2Sradical anion radical anion reacts by electron transfer to afford stable molecular radical anions of CF3COCF3 and CF3COC6H5, whereas the main reaction with the two esters, CF3CO2CH3 and CF3CO2C2H5, is dissociative electron transfer leading to CF3CO2- and CF3- ions. The CH2=C(CH3)-CH2- anion displays a more complex reactivity pattern involving electron transfer, S(N)2, E2 as well as attack on the carbonyl group. Direct evidence for the occurrence of electron transfer as the initial step in an overall B(AC)2 type process has not been obtained for the systems studied. The reaction of the CH2Sradical anion ion with CF3CO2C6H5 was observed, however, to yield exclusively a CF3COCHSradical anion. radical anion. Based upon the absence of a B(AC)2 process in the reaction of CH2Sradical anion with the methyl and ethyl esters of trifluoroacetic acid in combination with the facile occurrence of electron transfer from this radical anion, it is suggested that the CF3COCHSradical anion. ion is formed by an initial electron transfer followed by coupling between the CH2S molecule and the CF(3)CO(2)C(6)H5(radical anion) radical anion and subsequent loss of C6H5OH from the collision complex.
Different amides and anilines have been selectively mono-N-alkylated using catalytic heterogeneous palladium and carbonyl compounds as alkylating agents. The same method has been applied to the synthesis of ethers from alcohols. Reaction parameters have been studied in details and a mechanism is proposed.
