This study reports a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of novel pyrimidine Schiff base derivatives through a multicomponent grinding reaction conducted at room temperature under solvent-free conditions. The synthesis involved pyrimidine, various aldehydes, and p-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst. The obtained compounds (1–3) were evaluated for their potential anticancer activity against the breast cancer estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Structural characterization was carried out using FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. In addition, molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the binding interactions of the synthesized 1,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate derivatives (1–3) with the ERα protein. Among the tested compounds, derivative (3) demonstrated the most promising biological activity, exhibiting an IC₅₀ value of 8.91 μg/L compared with cisplatin (cis-Pt) as the reference drug, along with the highest binding affinity toward ERα. These findings suggest that compound (3) may serve as a promising lead candidate for breast cancer therapy. Molecular modeling studies were conducted using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE 2019) software, while toxicity prediction was performed using Osiris software.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with no disease-modifying therapies available, largely due to its complex, multifactorial pathophysiology involving amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation, tau hyperphosphorylation, chronic neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and proteasomal dysfunction. This review comprehensively evaluates the synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazole derivatives as promising multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) for Alzheimer's therapy. The pyrazole scaffold, with its exceptional structural versatility and ease of synthetic modification, has enabled the rational design of diverse compound classes targeting multiple AD-relevant pathways simultaneously. Diphenylpyrazoles function as non-competitive β-secretase (BACE1) modulators, selectively suppressing Aβ production while preserving essential physiological enzyme activity, with the lead compound Anle138b demonstrating remarkable ability to block Aβ pore activity, restore synaptic function, and improve memory in transgenic AD mouse models. Arylpyrazolones (exemplified by compound 1, EC₅₀ = 270 nM) exhibit potent anti-amyloidogenic activity with excellent blood-brain barrier permeation and favorable oral bioavailability. Ferrocene-pyrazole-curcumin analogues show structure-dependent anti-amyloidogenic activity validated by thioflavin T fluorescence and atomic force microscopy, combining natural product inspiration with organometallic fine-tuning. Regarding tau pathology, acylaminopyrazoles inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in the low micromolarrange, preventing tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation, while pyrazolones enhance ubiquitin-proteasome system activity, promoting clearance of misfolded proteins and protecting neurons from amyloid-induced toxicity. The collective evidence positions pyrazole-based MTDLs as a chemically feasible, pharmacologically versatile platform for addressing the intricate crosstalk among amyloid pathology, tauopathy, neuroinflammation, and proteostasis failure in Alzheimer's disease, offering genuine hope for next-generation disease-modifying therapeutics.
The combination of polymeric materials and prodrug chemistry has reformed drug delivery by presenting specific, precise, and targeted therapeutic release. This review provides the informations on progresses in polymeric materials for prodrug design, focusing on their importance in improving bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and site-specific activation. Polymers play role as dedicated carriers that enhance solubility, stability, and biocompatibility while shortening toxicity. Novel polymeric designs, such as stimuli responsive micelles, nanogels, and amphiphilic conjugates coordinated release as a response to the stimuli: pH, enzyme, or redox potential gradient, mostly in cancer and inflammatory disease therapy. Prodrug approaches including carrier-linked, bio-precursor, and site-specific designs are deliberated in light of enzyme-activated, photo, and radiotherapy responsive systems. Challenges persist in large scale synthesis, clinical translation, and patient specific differences. Impending directions highlight the merging of artificial intelligence, regenerative medicine, and bioorthogonal chemistry to create personalized and multifunctional polymer-prodrug delivery systems that can significantly boost therapeutic precision.
Polymer chemistry has become a virgin in contemporary biomedical science because of its flexibility, adjustable nature and wide range of application within healthcare technology. Polymers are central in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and patient outcome with applications in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, diagnostic devices, and implantable medical devices. This review represents a useful report overlay of polymer chemical during biomedical application, the classifications of biomedical polymers, the synthesis process, correlation between the structure and property, and functionality in the living environment. The critical areas of application covered in this review include in the controlled delivery of drugs, regenerative medicine, wound, healing, biosensors and medical implants. Amid the numerous advantages, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and controlled functioning, polymer systems still have several solid constraints in their practice, such as chronic intoxication, immune responseAbnormalities, scaling problems, and regulatory obstacles. The review concludes with determining the future research directions that are focused on smart polymers, bio-inspired materials, personalized medicine and sustainable production of polymers. Overall, this paper demonstrates that polymer chemistry plays a crucial role in enabling the sphere of biomedical innovation, and can be applied in the present impediments that it has to overcome in order to achieve greater clinical acceptance.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder and currently there are only a few symptomatic therapies available to treat the cholinergic system. The pyrimidine scaffold has become a privileged scaffold for the design of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) that are effective at targeting the cholinergic deficit and downstream neurotoxic cascades. A series of ten new pyrimidine derivatives, 3a-3j, were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their biological activity as potential anti-AD agents. Molecular docking of compound 3e to Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase (AChE, PDB: 4EY7) showed that compound 3e had superior binding affinity (–12.4 kcal/mol), which was achieved by dual binding mode with both catalytic anionic site (Trp84, Tyr121) and peripheral anionic site (Trp279, Tyr70). An in vitro enzymatic assay confirmed that 3e was the most potent AChE inhibitor (IC₅₀ = 38 ± 4 nM), similar in potency to donepezil (22 ± 2 nM) and demonstrated a good selectivity for AChE compared to butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (5.5-fold). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies indicated that an unsubstituted pyrimidine ring for π–π stacking, hydrogen bond donors at position 4/5 and an extended lipophilic tail for PAS recognition are essential for potency. No cytotoxicity up to 50 μM was observed with 3e in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, where it also resulted in the highest level of neuroprotection against Aβ₁–₄₂-induced toxicity (81 ± 5% viability recovery, similar to donepezil at 77 ± 4%). These results prove that 3e is a promising multi-target lead that has a high degree of AChE inhibition activity and anti-amyloid neuroprotection activity with PAS, justifying further preclinical development as a disease-modifying drug in AD.
The advancements in nanotechnology in every field, like industries, biomedical sciences, and scientific and research domains have enhanced the usage of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. Among them, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have especially gained significant attention because of their diverse characteristics and latent applications in a range of industries, including building, engineering, textiles, electronics, machinery, agriculture, energy, health, and the environment. Higher copper nanoparticle concentrations, however, may be hazardous to human health and the environment. Minimizing the toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles is necessary to guarantee their safety. Thus, future studies should concentrate on comprehending the plant absorption process and microbial synthesis, the toxicity at greater concentrations, and the consequences of exposure to the environment and humans on human health. This will support the development of sustainable usage guidelines across several concerns.
In this study, the oxidation behavior of rapeseed oil was evaluated. The analysis aimed investigate the changes occurring in the optical properties of the oil as a result of oxidative conditions. Spectrophotometric results indicate that the absorption spectrum of rapeseed oil oxidized for 5 hours remains largely similar to that of fresh, unoxidized oil. The overall spectral profile is preserved, suggesting that the structural modifications induced by oxidation at this stage are relatively limited. However, noticeable differences can be observed in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, where oxidation-related compounds formed during thermal treatment contribute to changes in absorbance. These variations are associated conjugated molecular structures that absorb strongly in the UV range. Furthermore, in both the oxidized and unoxidized samples, a distinct and pronounced absorption peak is observed at approximately 670 nm. The persistence of this peak suggests the presence of pigments or other chromophoric compounds that remain detectable despite the oxidative processes occurring during heating. The intensity and position of this absorption band may provide useful information regarding the stability of naturally occurring constituents in rapeseed oil under thermal stress. Overall, the findings demonstrate that thermal oxidation primarily affects the ultraviolet absorption characteristics of rapeseed oil, while the visible spectral features remain relatively unchanged after 5 hours of oxidation.
Polymer chemistry has evolved from the development of conventional plastics to the design of advanced functional materials with tailored properties and multifunctional applications. This review presents an integrated overview of recent advances in polymer chemistry, emphasizing the role of molecular architecture, chemical functionalization, and stimuli-responsive behaviour in the development of smart polymer systems. Particular attention is given to the application of these materials in biomedical fields, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, bio adhesive systems, and implantable devices, where polymers enable controlled therapeutic performance and improved biocompatibility. In parallel, polymer-based technologies are increasingly contributing to environmental sustainability through applications in water purification, pollutant adsorption, biodegradable plastics, and circular material systems. The review highlights the structure–property–application relationships that connect biomedical and environmental polymer technologies and discusses the importance of safety, toxicity assessment, and regulatory considerations for their practical implementation. Emerging research directions such as artificial intelligence–assisted polymer design, green polymer chemistry, renewable monomers, and personalized polymer systems are also explored. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on how modern polymer chemistry is enabling the development of high-performance, sustainable, and application-driven materials for future biomedical and environmental challenges.
The growing recognition of fruits as rich sources of bioactive phytochemicals has intensified the need for comprehensive analytical strategies to profile their diverse secondary metabolites and accurately assess antioxidant capacity.Traditional techniques like HPLC-DAD and UV-Vis spectrophotometry have a number of disadvantages, including lack of structural resolution, low sensitivity for trace compounds and the inability to characterize bound phenolics or flavonoids that are isomeric.The review provides a systematic review of advanced analytical techniques used in selected fruit crops such as citrus, Amazonian fruits (mamey apple, camapu, uxi), unripe mangoes and grapes, sumac (Rhuscoriaria), Rhodomyrtustomentosa, and green calyx plum.UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS allowed the identification of 293 metabolites, such as gallotannins, proanthocyanidins, flavanones, bound phenolics, etc.Definitive structural elucidation was achieved by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) showed radical-scavenging kinectic.Sumac had the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀ = 5.8 µg/mL; ABTS = 1245.8 µmol TE/g DW), which was followed by unripe mango and grape.Through principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression, it was found that galloyl number had a strong correlation with ABTS values (R² = 0.96) and bound phenolics accounted for more than 45% of total activity in Rhodomyrtustomentosa.High-throughput screening was achieved by 94% of variance in antioxidant capacity explained by a predictive model using UHPLC-HRMS fingerprints.These sophisticated HPs are able to break the bottlenecks of existing platforms and offer mechanistic insights to help inform selection of fruit crops for functional food development.
Bovine milk fat exists as a complex emulsion of triglycerides encapsulated by a tri-layer membrane—the milk fat globule (MFG)—whose composition extends far beyond simple butterfat content. This critical review synthesizes current knowledge on how dietary interventions and genetic selection shape the structural and compositional heterogeneity of the MFG, with particular emphasis on the MFG membrane (MFGM) and its associated bioactive lipids, proteins, and gangliosides. Evidence from controlled feeding trials demonstrates that forage-to-concentrate ratio, lipid supplementation (e.g., oilseeds, marine algae), and pasture-based systems significantly alter not only fatty acid profiles but also MFGM phospholipid composition and globule size distribution. Concurrently, genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes—including DGAT1, SCD1, FASN, and LPIN1—explain substantial inter-animal variation in MFG architecture, with certain haplotypes associated with smaller globules and enhanced membrane stability. The review identifies critical gaps: most studies report only bulk fat composition rather than MFG-specific parameters; interactions between diet and genotype remain underexplored; and the functional implications of MFG compositional shifts for dairy processing and human nutrition are poorly understood. We conclude that a systems-level approach integrating nutrigenomics, lipidomics, and quantitative phenotyping is necessary to move beyond butterfat-centric metrics and toward precision management of MFG composition.
Malaria, one of the deadliest tropical diseases claims millions of innocent lives across the globe mostly in African region. The causative agent of malaria was traced long back since then scientific community is striving hard to subdue the same by virtue of new therapeutics and tools, yet incidence of malaria is on the rise. Rising drug resistance has made the journey to eliminate malaria quite complex, and it needs more emphasis on research and innovation to get rid of this deadly disease. Conventional medicine to Artemisinin combination therapy (ACTs) to newly implemented vaccines, aimed at eliminating malaria have the long journey to accomplish the zero-malaria across the globe in the safeguard of people. A systematic study how antimalarial drugs exerts their effect to curb disease and strategies to mitigate the effect of drug resistance spreading exponentially is discussed in this work.
Traditional fertilizer application methods suffer from fundamental inefficiencies-including leaching, volatilization, and fixation processes-leading to remarkably poor nutrient utilization rates (30-50% for nitrogen, <20% for phosphorus) that compromise agricultural sustainability while exacerbating environmental deterioration. This investigation presents the development, thorough characterization, and agricultural assessment of four nano-fertilizer systems engineered to address these constraints: nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) for phosphorus delivery, chitosan-urea-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CS-U-TPP) for nitrogen supply, biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) utilizing Azadirachta indica leaf extract for zinc provision, and PLGA-derived polymeric nanoparticles containing encapsulated micronutrient combinations (Fe, Cu, Mn, B). Each formulation was effectively produced through commercially viable techniques (wet chemical precipitation, ionic gelation, biosynthesis, and double-emulsion solvent evaporation) and extensively analyzed employing DLS, SEM/TEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA/DSC, and ICP-MS methodologies. The resulting nanoparticles demonstrated desirable physicochemical characteristics: hydrodynamic dimensions spanning 32.6 +/- 4.1 nm (ZnO) to 198.3 +/- 15.7 nm (PLGA-micronutrient), beneficial surface potentials (-22.4 to +32.5 mV), and diverse morphological features encompassing rods (nHA), spheres (CS-U-TPP, PLGA), and hexagonal platelets (ZnO). Crystallite dimensions determined through Scherrer equation analysis measured 21.3 nm for nHA and 18.7 nm for biosynthesized ZnO, with the latter exhibiting enhanced dimensional control relative to chemically produced counterparts. FTIR analysis validated effective functionalization, encompassing chitosan-TPP crosslinking (1155 cm(-1) ), phosphate integration within nHA (563, 602, 1032 cm(-1)), and phytochemical stabilization of ZnO nanoparticles (1620 cm(-1) , C=O stretching). TGA demonstrated improved thermal resistance for encapsulated nutrients, with urea decomposition temperatures elevating from 135 degrees C (pure form) to 180-280 degrees C within CS-U-TPP, validating effective encapsulation.
To develop and validate a precise, accurate, and robust RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of Nivolumab and Relatlimab in bulk and injectable dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column (150 & times; 4.6 mm, 5 pm) with ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile (60:40, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Detection was performed at 221 nm with the column temperature maintained at 30 degrees C. Both analytes were well resolved with retention times of 2.25 min (Nivolumab) and 2.75 min (Relatlimab). The method exhibited excellent linearity over the tested concentration ranges, with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.999 for both drugs. Recovery values ranged from 98-102%, confirming accuracy, while %RSD values below 2.0% demonstrated precision and method reproducibility. LOD and LOQ were 0.02 pg/mL and 0.07 pg/mL for Nivolumab, and 0.03 pg/mL and 0.09 pg/mL for Relatlimab, indicating high sensitivity. System suitability parameters, including theoretical plate counts >2000 and tailing factors <2, confirmed method efficiency. Robustness evaluation showed consistent performance under small variations in chromatographic conditions. Stability and forced degradation studies further verified that the method is stability-indicating. The developed RP-HPLC method is specific, sensitive, and reliable for routine quality control and simultaneous determination of Nivolumab and Relatlimab in pharmaceutical formulations.
Phlogosis (inflammation) is a pathological response of active tissue to a wound, characterised by localised accumulation of blood cells and plasma. An ulcer is an erosion of the gastrointestinal tract caused by corrosive gastric acid secretion. Inflammation occurs in disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and allergic reactions. Although synthetic anti-ulcer drugs are widely used, they often cause adverse effects, including gastric irritation and fluid retention, which further aggravate ulcers and may induce hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Coarsely powdered Medicago sativa was extracted using petroleum ether in a Soxhlet apparatus, followed by ethanol partitioning. Phytochemical phytosterols, and fatty oils. Ulcers were induced in 24-hour-fasted albino rats using pylorus ligation and ethanol models. Animals were divided into five groups: control, standard (pantoprazole 40 mg/ kg), and three test groups. Ethanolic extract of Medicago sativa (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/kg) significantly abridged ulcer formation. The extract demonstrated dose-dependent antiulcer activity comparable to that of the standard drug. Gastric parameters, including acidity, lesion index, and percentage ulcer inhibition, were evaluated to confirm efficacy.
Quercetin, a pentahydroxyflavone with potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, suffers from extremely poor oral bioavailability (<5% in humans) due to its low aqueous solubility (<2 mu g/mL), extensive first-pass metabolism, and rapid systemic clearance. Methods: Quercetinphytosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method with phosphatidylcholine as the phospholipid component. A 3 & sup2; full factorial design (Box-Behnken optimization) was employed to optimize formulation parameters including quercetin:PC molar ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:4), evaporation temperature (30-50 degrees C), and hydration time (30-60 min). Phytosomes were characterized for particle size (DLS), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (HPLC), morphology (TEM/SEM), molecular interactions (FTIR), solid-state properties (DSC, XRD), in vitro release (dialysis bag method), and stability. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated using DPPH/FRAP antioxidant assays, LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage inflammation model, MCF-7 breast cancer cytotoxicity, and Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice. Results: Optimized phytosomes (1:2 quercetin:PC ratio, 40 degrees C evaporation, 45 min hydration) exhibited mean particle size of 128 +/- 6 nm, PDI of 0.21 +/- 0.03, zeta potential of -22.4 +/- 3.1 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 94.7 +/- 1.8%. FTIR confirmed hydrogen bonding between quercetin hydroxyl groups and PC phosphate moiety (P=O shift from 1245 cm(-)& sup1; to 1218 cm(-)& sup1;). DSC and XRD demonstrated complete quercetinamorphization (loss of 318 degrees C melting peak and disappearance of crystalline Bragg reflections). In vitro release reached 86.7% at 24 h (vs. 24.3% for free quercetin), following Higuchi kinetics (R & sup2;=0.991). Oral pharmacokinetics in rats showed 12-fold higher C_max (2.8 vs. 0.35 mu g/mL) and 15-fold increased AUC(0-infinity) for phytosomes. Antioxidant activity improved by 27-37% (DPPH IC50: 3.8 vs. 5.2 mu g/mL). Anti-inflammatory activity showed 2.1-fold greater TNF-alpha inhibition (68.7% vs. 32.4% at 10 mu M). Anticancer studies revealed 3.3-fold lower IC50 in MCF-7 cells (14.8 vs. 48.2 mu M) and 74.2% tumor volume reduction in vivo (vs. 28.5% for free quercetin). Conclusion: Quercetin-loaded phytosomes represent a highly effective phospholipid-based nanocarrier that overcomes the intrinsic bioavailability barriers of quercetin through molecular complexation, amorphization, and enhanced membrane permeability. The formulation achieves up to 20-fold improvement in oral bioavailability and correspondingly superior therapeutic efficacy across antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer applications, positioning quercetinphytosomes as a promising clinically translatable nutraceutical platform.
The distinctiveness of this article lies in its groundbreaking findings on the activity of the dehydroepiandrosterone derivative12. In both normal (RWPE-1) and tumorigenic (LNCaP) prostate cells, this compound significantly reduces cell viability and increases apoptosis when cells are stimulated with testosterone. In stark contrast, treatment with dihydrotestosterone plus 12 does not diminish viability or apoptosis, thereby demonstrating its mechanism of action. Furthermore, when reference compounds for 5 alpha-reductase (SRD5A1/2) inhibition, such as finasteride and dutasteride, are used, the behavior of these cells diverges sharply from that observed with derivative 12 under stimulation by testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. In this study, we demonstrated that finasteride inhibited testosterone-stimulated growth of RWPE-1 cells, whereas dutasteride was even more effective. However, both drugs also reduced RWPE-1 cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in the presence of dihydrotestosterone, suggesting that they may interact with the androgen receptor (AR). Furthermore, steroid 12 was more effective than finasteride at blocking testosterone-stimulated growth; however, it did not affect dihydrotestosterone-stimulated growth in RWPE-1 cells. The results also showed that treating testosterone-stimulated LNCaP cells with Finasteride, dutasteride, or the novel steroid 12 reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis. Additionally, treating dihydrotestosterone-stimulated LNCaP cells with 1 nM dutasteride reduced their viability and increased apoptosis, as observed in RWPE-1 cells. However, dihydrotestosterone-stimulated LNCaP cells responded differently to finasteride than RWPE-1 cells; specifically, LNCaP cell viability did not decrease under these conditions. In conclusion, RWPE-1 cells are suitable for evaluating the pharmacological activity of novel drugs on LNCaP tumor cell viability. In this model, finasteride and dutasteride reduce cell viability and increase apoptosis when cells are stimulated with testosterone or dihydrotestosterone. However, the novel derivative 12 reduces viability and induces apoptosis only in testosterone-stimulated normal and tumor cells.
Several techniques can be used to create silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antibacterial activity and spectrum behaviour. The green synthesis approach can be applied in this study. Silver nanoparticles can be made from betel leaf extract. Among other things, this extract can help with wound healing, digestive support, and oral health. Moreover, this study also makes use of cinnamic acid. When creating silver nanoparticles, cinnamic acid has been employed as a protective ligand and reducing agent. This research,included UV-visible, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDAX spectra, was used to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. Two gram-positive and two gram-negative bacteria were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity. Because of the antimicrobial and dermatological qualities of organic molecules derived from plants, AgNPs made through green synthesis using medicinal plants are used to promote wound healing.
This research investigates the oxidative behavior of corn oil exposed to controlled heating conditions through spectrophotometric measurements. Samples of corn oil were maintained at temperatures of 100 degrees C and 110 degrees C for periods of 5 and 10 hours, reflecting conditions commonly encountered during food preparation and industrial processing. Oxidative changes were assessed by recording absorbance at 490 nm and 590 nm, wavelengths associated with the generation of conjugated dienes and trienes, which serve as markers of primary and secondary lipid oxidation. The analysis revealed a progressive increase in absorbance as both temperature and heating duration increased. When heated at 110 degrees C, the oil underwent gradual oxidative deterioration, with more evident changes detected after 10 hours of treatment. These results suggest the continued formation and accumulation of hydroperoxide compounds. In contrast, exposure to 100 degrees C led to a markedly faster oxidation process, reflected by considerably higher absorbance values after only 5 hours. Prolonged heating at this temperature for 10 hours resulted in substantial formation of secondary oxidation products, indicating an advanced stage of lipid degradation. Due to its elevated concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, corn oil exhibited a greater tendency toward thermal oxidation than oils characterized by a higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids. Overall, the study demonstrates that oxidative stability is strongly affected by both heating temperature and exposure time. Furthermore, spectrophotometric determination proved to be a practical and efficient approach for tracking oxidation-related changes and evaluating oil quality during thermal treatment.
This review examines the role of bioactive compounds in the glycemic control effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), two plants with extensive traditional use and growing scientific validation for diabetes management.Momordica charantia contains several bioactive compounds with hypoglycemic properties, including polypeptide-p (an insulin-like protein), charantin (a steroidal saponin mixture), vicine (an alkaloid glycoside), cucurbitacin triterpenoids, and polysaccharides. Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds contain 4-hydroxyisoleucine (a unique glucose-dependent insulinotropic amino acid), trigonelline (an alkaloid with DPP-IV inhibitory activity), diosgenin (a steroidal saponin), and galactomannan (a viscous soluble fiber). Both plants exert glycemic control through five interconnected mechanisms: (1) enhanced insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, (2) improved peripheral insulin sensitivity and GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake, (3) inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), (4) suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis, and (5) modulation of gut microbiota with activation of bitter taste receptor (TAS2R)-mediated GLP-1 secretion.While both plants share overlapping mechanisms, fenugreek's 4-hydroxyisoleucine offers glucose-dependent insulin secretion with minimal hypoglycemia risk, whereas bitter melon's primary secretagogues are less glucose-dependent. Fenugreek's high galactomannan content provides physical impediment to glucose absorption, while bitter melon relies more on chemical enzyme inhibition. Preliminary evidence suggests synergistic effects when combining both plants, potentially addressing both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance components of type 2 diabetes.The bioactive compounds in Momordica charantia and Trigonella foenum-graecum exert multi-targeted glycemic control through complementary mechanisms. These plants represent promising evidence-based adjunctive therapies for diabetes management, though further large-scale, long-term randomized controlled trials are needed to establish optimal dosing, standardization protocols, and safety profiles in specific patient populations.
This study successfully isolated stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana leaves via optimized solvent extraction (aqueous, acidic, basic, and alcoholic), followed by purification through rotary evaporation and recrystallization. The isolated stevioside served as a precursor for the synthesis of seven novel semisynthetic derivatives (LUM1-LUM7), chemically modified to introduce diverse functional groups including amino, imino, formyl, carboxylic acid, carbamoyl, anhydride, and ethyl ester moieties. Comprehensive structural elucidation was achieved using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS). Spectral analysis confirmed the successful modifications, with key signatures such as ester carbonyl stretches (1720-1750 cm 1 in FTIR), anomeric proton signals (delta 4.5-6.0 ppm in 1H-NMR), and precise molecular ion peaks (e.g., *m/z* 805.3421 for stevioside and *m/z* 891.3940 for the anhydride derivative LUM6). The generation of this structurally diverse library of steviol glycoside derivatives demonstrates the potential of stevioside as a versatile scaffold for semisynthetic innovation. This work provides a foundational framework for exploring structure-activity relationships, paving the way for the development of enhanced sweeteners and novel bioactive compounds with potential applications in food science, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical industries.
