In the present study, 86 avian pathogenic E. coli isolates from chicken were subjected to multiplex PCR to detect the presence of virulence genes stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hlyA. Forty-seven isolates harbored one or more virulence genes, stx1, stx2, and eaeA while gene hlyA was not detected in any of the samples. Of these, 15 (17.44%) isolates harbored stx1gene, 11 (12.79%) isolates carried stx2 gene, 18 (20.93%) isolates were positive for both stx1 and stx2 genes and 3 (3.49%) isolates carried eaeA gene.
A cross-sectional study were conducted from December 2014 to April 2015 to estimate the prevalence of Cysticercus bovis, investigate associated risk factors and evaluate organ level distribution of the cysts in cattle slaughtered at Nekemte Municipal abattoir, Western Ethiopia. There were 525 samples collected and processed in total. A systematic random sample strategy was used to choose the study animals. An ante-mortem examination was used to investigate potential risk factors. Post mortem examination was done by visual inspection and palpation and where necessary one or more incisions were made to detect small cysts. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis and Chi-square (X2) test was applied to compare the infection status with regard to the hypothesized risk factors and (P<0.05) was set for statistical significance. The study showed that out of 525 cattle examined at the abattoir, the overall prevalence of Cysticercus bovis were 2.89% (95%:1.43-4.29). Out of 15 Cysticercus bovis infected cattle, 5 (33.3%) of Cysticercus bovis were present in the triceps muscle and heart, 7 (46.7%) in tongue, 2 (13.3%) in biceps muscle and 1 (6.7%) in masseter muscle. The statistical analysis revealed that there was no statistical association (P > 0.05) between the prevalence of Cysticercus bovis and origin, sex, age groups and body conditions of the animals. This study identified the impacts of Cysticercus bovis from active abattoir survey, which clearly indicated the existence of the parasites in the present time. As a result, eradicating this parasitic disease necessitates collaboration between public health and veterinary authorities. Furthermore, a thorough and detailed meat examination at the slaughterhouse is highly imperative. with the finding of Abuna et al . (2011), at Nekemte municipal abattoir (2.98%) and Tolosa et al. (2009) at Jimma municipal abattoir (2.90%). The present finding is lower when compared with a study conducted by Regasa and co-investigators, (2009) in Wolaita soddo municipal abattoir (11.3%) and Abunna et al . (2008) in Hawassa municipal abattoir (26.3%). The different prevalences reported in these studies might be due to several factors of which husbandry systems and hygienic practice differences are most important. In of marketability
Lactation milk yield in dairy bovines is closely related with peak yield, persistency and lactation length. Therefore, characteristics, curve and persistency of lactation were studied in Gir cows. A total of 2,24,748 morning and evening milk production records of 300 lactations of 1-6 parity Gir cows present at Cattle Breeding Farm, JAU, Junagadh, Gujarat over a period of 31 years (1986-2016) were used for this study. Overall lactation length (LL), total lactation milk yield (TLMY) and standard lactation milk yield (SLMY) of the Gir cows averaged 371.59 ± 5.42 days, 2674.21 ± 48.79 lit and 2380.79 ± 37.68 lit, respectively. Overall daily peak yield (DPY) was 13.25 ± 0.17 lit/day, attained at 48.47 ± 2.40 days postpartum. Overall weekly peak yield (WPY) and weeks to attain WPY averaged 82.08 ± 1.11 lit/week and 6.54 ± 0.31 weeks, respectively. Weekly milk yield could be predicted using linear function [(y ̂ =79.5139+(-1.1002 × X)] and logarithmic function [(y ̂ =1.9378 × (-0.00965) ^X)] with an accuracy of 86 to 95%, while monthly milk yield could be predicted using linear function [(y ̂ =348.52+(-20.26 × X)] and logarithmic function [(y ̂ =2.588 × (-0.042) ^X)] with comparatively higher R2 value of 94.01 to 98.05%. Overall persistency, in terms of weekly and monthly milk yield was estimated to be 96.82 ± 0.13% and 88.77 ± 0.37%, respectively.
This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Chabro poultry in different systems of rearing in the homesteads of Ernakulam district, Kerala.A feed for safe meat production formulated using CARI Make feed Poultry Version 3.0 software was also evaluated.The chabro poultry was compared with Vanaraja and Gramasree poultry popular in the homesteads of Kerala.The study was conducted in both intensive and semi intensive systems of rearing.Chabro poultry had significantly higher body weight at 7 wk (1.5 kg) and better FCR (2.15) than Vanaraja birds in intensive system of rearing.In semi-intensive system of rearing also, Chabro poultry had significantly higher body weight at 7 wk (1.3 kg) and better FCR (3.05) than the Gramasree birds.Net profit per bird was more in intensive system of rearing making it preferable for farmers.The difference in body weights of Chabro poultry fed commercial poultry feed and formulated feed at 7 wk was found to be nonsignificant.Chabro poultry was found to be suitable for rearing as a meat type bird in homesteads of Kerala.
A cross-sectional study was conducted from December, 2014 to April, 2015 to estimate the prevalence of hydatid cyst, investigate associated risk factors, and evaluate organ level distribution of the cysts in cattle slaughtered at Nekemte Municipal abattoir, Western Ethiopia. A total of 525 samples were collected and processed. The study animals were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Potential risk factors were assessed through antemortem examination. Postmortem examination was done, which included primary examination (visual inspection and palpation of lung, liver, heart, spleen and kidney) and secondary examination, which involved further incision into each organ if single or more hydatid cyst(s) was found. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis and Chi-square (X2) test was applied to compare the infection status with regard to the hypothesized risk factors and (P<0.05) was set for statistical significance. The overall prevalence of hydatid cyst was 18.29 % (95%:14.97-21.60). Out of the 96-cattle harboring hydatid cyst, 63 (65.6%) animals were infected only in single organ whereas the remaining 33 (34.4%) infected animals had multiple organs involvement. From the total 96 hydatid cyst infected cattle, 34 (35.4%) of hydatid cyst were in the lungs, 29 (30.2%) in livers and 33 (34.4%) in multiple organs. The statistical analysis revealed that there was no statistical association (P>0.05) between the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis and animal sex or body condition, although there was a significant association (P<0.05) with age and origin of the animals. In conclusion, the disease is widespread in cattle slaughtered and is major cause of organ condemnation at Nekemte Municipal abattoir and efficient meat inspection service and safe disposal of condemned organs should be practiced.
Assessment of knowledge level of farmers is the perquisite of implementation of any development programme. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess existing knowledge level of the farmers from purposively selected five aspirational districts of West Bengal as identified by the NITI Aayog, Govt. of India. Respondents were randomly selected from one block of each district with total sample size of 4285 number of farmers for the present study. The data was collected with the help of pre-tested structured interview schedule. It was found Knowledge Score among the farmers of Nadia district (37.37 ± 3.55) was highest and in South Dinajpur (30.16 ± 3.03) was lowest than the other three districts viz Birbhum (35.07 ± 2.85), Malda (34.18 ± 3.09) and Murshidabad (33.51 ± 3.15). Study also revealed that the farmers of Nadia district were having more knowledge about improved animal husbandry practices. This study was conducted in purposively selected five aspirational districts (Birbhum (1020), Nadia (845), Malda (788), South Dinajpur (840), and Murshidabad (792), as identified by the NITI Aayog, Govt. of India, considering its poverty, poor health, educational status and socio-economic characteristics etc. in the state of West Bengal. A sample of 4285 number of farmers was randomly selected as respondents from one block of each district. All the selected variables were measured either by established scale or test or by developing schedule. The data were collected with the help of pre-tested structured interview schedule and the same were compiled, tabulated and analyzed statistically through the tools as- Mean+ SE, chi-square, correlation coefficient analysis for better interpretation of the findings to conclude the study.
The effect of reducing crude protein (CP) with supplementation of limiting amino acids was evaluated in an experimental trial using Swarnadhara layers. Egg production parameters and egg quality were studied in 240 layers in a completely randomized design in 5 treatments with 6 replications of 8 birds in each. ICAR 2013 specifications for improved native chicken breeds were followed for formulating the control diet (T1) which was based on corn soya bean meal with 16% CP and 2700 kcal ME. The diets T2 to T5 were made isocaloric to control and composed with 15.5,15,14.5 and 14% CP respectively, ensuring the levels of limiting amino acids namely methionine lysine, threonine as that of control by adding synthetic preparation. The data on egg production parameters are presented on the basis of hen day egg number, feed efficiency on a dozen egg basis, and period-wise egg weight (EW) during 29- 40 weeks remained statistically non-significant among various dietary groups. The values for eggshell thickness recorded in CP reduced groups (T3, T4, and T5) were comparable with control (T1) except T2 and also comparable among themselves. The mean shape index, albumen index, yolk index, and Haugh Unit score did not show any significant difference among various dietary treatments. In summary, the crude protein content of the Swarnadhara layer diet can be reduced to 14% by limiting AA fortification without any adverse effect on egg production and egg quality during 29-40 weeks of age.
Obstructive urolithiasis is a life emergency in small ruminants demanding immediate medical attention and clinical intervention. Wide range of pathophysiological and managemental factors including nutrition, watering, season, sex, hormones were attributed to this condition. Even though the condition occurs in both sexes, it is very common among male goats mainly due to the unique anatomical peculiarity of urinary tract of bucks. The condition causes great economic losses in terms of treatment cost and compromised breeding efficiency. The early treatment measures and preventive management strategies in caprine urolithiasis are of paramount importance in maintaining the health of animals and securing the livelihood of marginal and small-scale goat farmers. This review examines the common etio-pathological factors and medical and surgical management of caprine obstructive urolithiasis with special reference to preventive management strategies.
