Artificial intelligence (AI) is fundamentally transforming medical diagnostics, notably in the early detection of breast cancer. This review synthesized evidence on AI models—including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), transformers, and hybrid architectures—applied to mammography, MRI, ultrasound, and thermography. A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2017 and 2025. Model performance was evaluated using standard metrics: accuracy, sensitivity (recall), specificity, precision, F1-score, and area under the curve (AUC). Hybrid CNN-Transformer models, which integrate local feature extraction with global contextual analysis, demonstrated superior robustness and diagnostic performance. AI systems function effectively both as standalone tools and as assistive devices for radiologists, accelerating screening workflows by prioritizing high-risk cases. While AI consistently outperformed the average radiologist, it has not yet surpassed the diagnostic accuracy of top-tier specialists. Future integration into routine practice will require robust multi-center validation, standardized evaluation protocols, and the development of explainable AI (XAI) frameworks to foster clinical trust. Ultimately, AI-enhanced imaging holds significant promise for improving diagnostic precision, workflow efficiency, and patient outcomes in breast oncology.
The distinction between hedonia (the maximization of pleasure and minimization of pain) and eudaimonia (a virtue-oriented life and enduring flourishing) provides a conceptual framework for explaining happiness. In both Iranian and Indian traditions, health is understood as the outcome of an integrated harmony among body, psyche, and spirit in conjunction with ethical conduct, just as clinical evidence from contemporary studies indicates that exercise, sleep, nutrition, and meditation influence mood as well as physical and spiritual vitality. In light of the social and religious critiques currently raised regarding modern yoga, this study examined and compared the perspectives of Iranian and Indian medicine on happiness and the pathways to its attainment. Avicenna defines pleasure as “the apprehension of, and movement from deficiency toward perfection,” and regards “enduring joy” as the fruit of humoral balance and purification of the soul with divine intention. Yoga delineates an eightfold path for the purification of body and mind and the establishment of sattva (a balanced state of clarity, pleasure, and wisdom), culminating in samadhi (absorption in one’s true essence), while viewing attachment to sensory pleasures as an obstacle to profound tranquility. In conclusion, Iranian and Indian medical frameworks converge in their distinction between “pleasure” and “felicity.” Ethical and cultural contextualization, the safeguarding of practices, and the separation of therapeutic exercise from ritual doctrines are essential for the responsible application of these ancient sciences.
Introduction: The detrimental effects of nomophobia and the diminished social competence observed in adolescents with this condition have attracted increasing attention from researchers. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of communication skills training on nomophobia and social competence in adolescents exhibiting symptoms of nomophobia. Methods: This research employed an experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included all adolescents with symptoms of nomophobia residing in Khorramabad during the first half of 2024. From this population, 30 adolescents were selected through multistage random cluster sampling and were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=15) or a control group (n=15). The research instruments included the Nomophobia Symptoms Questionnaire (Azadmanesh et al.) and the Social Competence Questionnaire (Parandin). Communication skills training, based on the Hargie et al. model, was delivered to the experimental group in ten 70-minute sessions. The obtained data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA and ANCOVA) via SPSS software, version 19. Results: The findings revealed that communication skills training led to a significant reduction in nomophobia symptoms (F=56.750, P<0.001, Eta=0.67) and its subscales—anxiety, depression, and feelings of failure—in adolescents with nomophobia. Furthermore, the results indicated that communication skills training was effective in increasing social competence (F=26.070, P<0.001, Eta=0.49) and its subscales—behavioral skills, motivational schemas and expectations, cognitive skills, and emotional adequacy—in adolescents with nomophobia. Conclusion: It could be concluded that when adolescents with symptoms of nomophobia received communication skills training, they learned to engage in healthy and productive social relationships with their peers and family to satisfy their relational needs, thereby reducing their reliance on smartphone-based virtual communication. This, in turn, decreased their dependence on mobile phones, alleviated symptoms of nomophobia, and enhanced their social competence.
Current antiviral therapies face significant limitations, including short half-lives, poor water solubility, non-specific activity, and a high incidence of adverse effects. In addition, the emergence of drug-resistant and the viral strains and the insufficient therapeutic response of certain viruses to existing antiviral agents have further complicated the management of viral infections. These challenges underscore the urgent need for innovative therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. In this context, nanotechnology can be considered as a promising approach. This review synthesized peer-reviewed research published between 2009 and 2023 in reputable scientific journals, indexed in major citation databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, focusing on the application of nanotechnology in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of viral diseases. Recent research have demonstrated that nanocarriers significantly enhanced the targeted delivery of antiviral agents to infected cells, improving bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Nanoparticles such as quantum dots of gold, zinc, platinum, and palladium indicated remarkable potential in enhancing the sensitivity and speed of virus detection, enabling early and accurate diagnosis. Furthermore, the application of pharmaceutical nanocarriers has effectively overcome key physicochemical limitations of conventional antiviral drugs, reduce systemic toxicity and off-target effects, enhance selectivity (with minimal impact on healthy human cells), and significantly improve both the pharmacokinetic profiles and antiviral activity of therapeutic agents.
Introduction: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is one of the common psychiatric disorders in children, significantly impacting their behavior, anxiety levels, and social interactions. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of group dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in reducing anxiety and aggression and enhancing social competence in children diagnosed with DMDD.Methods: The present research employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of male children diagnosed with DMDD in the year 2024. A total of 36 boys were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=18) or a control group (n=18). Data collection instruments included the disruptive mood dysregulation disorder scale (DMDDS), the children’s anxiety scale (CAS), the Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire (BPAQ), and the social competence questionnaire (SCQ). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of group DBT, while the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) via SPSS software (version 27).Results: The findings indicated that group DBT significantly reduced anxiety symptoms—including separation anxiety, social phobia, generalized anxiety, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and fear of physical injury—as well as aggression—physical aggression, verbal aggression, hostility, and anger—while significantly improving social competence among children with DMDD (P<0.01).Conclusion: The results demonstrated that group DBT was an evidence-based, effective intervention for reducing anxiety and aggression and for enhancing social competence in children with DMDD. It is recommended that this approach be incorporated into specialized therapeutic programs, and further research is suggested to explore its broader applications.
Introduction: With the rapid expansion of medical and healthcare services in the virtual space, safeguarding the confidentiality of users’ personal information has emerged as a fundamental and critical challenge. This study aimed to design a structured model for protecting consumer privacy in the field of electronic health, utilizing an integrated approach combining interpretive structural modeling and fuzzy logic.Methods: This research was conducted with a participant pool comprising university professors and managers of medical equipment stores, employing purposive sampling with 12 participants. The research instrument was a researcher-designed questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using the fuzzy Delphi method with the assistance of MATLAB and MICMAC software.Results: The findings identified 14 key components—including information technology security, access control, personalization services, and trust—which were organized in a seven-level hierarchical model. The results of the fuzzy interpretive structural modeling (FISM) indicated that certain factors acted as drivers and accelerators, while others were more influenced by these driving factors. Consequently, focusing on the driving factors could lead to the improvement of other system indicators.Conclusion: The research findings indicated that the issue of privacy in the online health space was multidimensional and requires simultaneous attention to technical, managerial, and behavioral aspects. The proposed model could serve as a practical guide for managers of online health stores to increase customer trust by prioritizing security measures. It could also assist policymakers in developing more precise regulations for the protection of healthcare data. The integration of technical strategies with managerial and behavioral approaches could contribute to the enhancement of user privacy and security.
Introduction: Aggressive behavior in female students with abusive parents can have numerous negative effects on their personal, social, and emotional development. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy (EST) on reactive aggression and alexithymia in this population.Methods: The quantitative study employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a one-month follow-up. The statistical population comprised all female secondary high school students with abusive parents and aggression problems in Mahshahr during the 2023-2024 academic year. A purposive sample of 30 participants was selected and randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=15) or a control group (n=15). The research instruments included the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (Raine et al., 2006) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Taylor et al., 1994). The experimental group received ten 90-minute sessions of emotional schema therapy based on Leahy's protocol (Leahy et al., 2015), while the control group was placed on a waiting list. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 26). Results: The results demonstrated that emotional schema therapy led to a significant reduction in the mean scores of reactive aggression and alexithymia among female students with abusive parents (P<0.01). Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of EST on both reactive aggression and alexithymia were maintained at the one-month follow-up (P<0.01).Conclusion: The findings of this study supported the role of modifying emotional schemas in reducing reactive aggression and alexithymia in female students with abusive parents. Emotional schema therapy appeared to be an effective intervention for addressing emotional dysregulation in this vulnerable population.
Introduction: Chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD) not only present physical symptoms but also induce cognitive and psychological changes in patients, which can disrupt adjustment to the illness. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of solution-focused therapy on illness perception and adjustment in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods: The present study employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group and a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all women and men suffering from coronary heart disease who were referred to the specialized center of Milad Hospital in Tehran during 2022. A purposive sample of 30 eligible volunteers was selected and randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=15) or a control group (n=15). The experimental group received eight 90-minute sessions of solution-focused therapy, while the control group received routine treatment. Data collection instruments included the Illness Perception Questionnaire (Broadbent et al., 2006) and the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory (Weinberger, 1991). Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with between-groups factors via SPSS software (version 22).Results: The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of illness perception and adjustment in the experimental and control groups at post-test and follow-up (P < 0.05). Specifically, approximately 39%, 18%, and 15% of the individual differences in illness perception, distress tolerance, and self-control, respectively, were attributable to the between-group differences. Furthermore, the interaction between intervention phases and group membership was significant for illness perception, distress tolerance, and self-control (P<0.05).Conclusion: The application of solution-focused therapy was beneficial for improving Illness perception and adjustment in patients with coronary heart disease. Nurses, as essential members of the healthcare team, could directly influence patients' psychological well-being through educational interventions.
Introduction: Aggression in delinquent adolescents is an important issue that can lead to numerous psychological and physical harms. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of emotion regulation skills training and wise psychological interventions on reducing aggression in this population.Methods: This study employed an experimental pre-test-post-test design with a comparison group. The statistical population comprised all male juveniles at the Fars Province Correctional Center during the 2023-2024 academic year. From this population, 45 individuals who scored above the mean on an aggression questionnaire were selected and randomly assigned to one of the three groups: emotion regulation skills training, wise psychological intervention, or control. The intervention groups each received six two-hour sessions of either emotional regulation skills training or wise psychological intervention, respectively. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to test the research hypotheses via SPSS software, version 28.Results: The findings indicated that post-test scores for aggression and its components in both intervention groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.001). Furthermore, the wise psychological intervention had a significantly greater impact on reducing hostility (P<0.05) and verbal aggression (P<0.05) than the emotional regulation intervention. These effects were maintained at follow-up (P<0.05).Conclusion: Both interventions could be utilized, depending on the circumstances, to reduce aggression in delinquent adolescents. However, given the superiority of the wise psychological intervention over emotion regulation training in reducing hostility and verbal aggression, the former might be a more appropriate choice when targeting these specific components of aggression.
Introduction: The experience of grief complicated by posttraumatic stress represents one of the most challenging human experiences. It gives rise to complex emotions and psychological injuries that can impede personal development. Over time, these can increase an individual's anxiety and negatively impact their meaning and quality of life, making this a significant area of inquiry. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-processing therapy (CPT) on emotion regulation and posttraumatic growth in survivors of experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to bereavement.Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included bereaved individuals who had lost a loved one, had sought services at counseling centers in Shiraz in 2021, and had been diagnosed with PTSD using the Mississippi PTSD Scale. A purposive sample of 30 participants was selected and randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=15) or a control group (n=15). The experimental group underwent twelve 90-minute sessions of cognitive processing therapy, while the control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Mississippi PTSD Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS software (version 27).Results: The results indicated that cognitive-processing therapy led to positive changes in the components of emotion regulation, specifically in reducing expressive suppression and increasing cognitive reappraisal (P<0.05). Furthermore, a significant improvement was observed in the posttraumatic growth components (New Possibilities, Relating to Others, Personal Strength, Appreciation of Life, and Spiritual Change) within the experimental group (P<0.05).Conclusion: The findings suggested that cognitive processing therapy significantly influenced the processing of posttraumatic stress by fostering awareness of the traumatic experience and emphasizing key therapeutic factors such as safety, self-belief, important relationships, power, control, and trust. This evidence indicated that thought systems following trauma were amenable to change through such interventions. Consequently, CPT proved to be an effective therapeutic approach for regulating emotions and facilitating posttraumatic growth. It is therefore recommended as a therapeutic approach for individuals presenting with symptoms of PTSD and bereavement.
Introduction: Families serve as the primary caregivers for individuals living with severe and persistent mental disorders (SPMDs). However, the diverse and extensive caregiving roles can lead to psychological challenges, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, among family members. Spiritual well-being has been identified as an important protective factor for caregivers. Recognizing the role of spirituality in mitigating stressors, this study aimed to examine the association between spiritual well-being and the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress experienced by family caregivers of individuals with SPMDs.Methods: This descriptive-analytical study included 122 family caregivers of patients with SPMDs, recruited from hospitals in Isfahan through consecutive sampling. Data were collected using a demographic information questionnaire, the DASS-21 scale (Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21), and a spiritual well-being questionnaire developed by Parsian and Dunning. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 24).Results: The mean score for spiritual well-being was 87.79±17.04. Regarding the DASS-21 subscales, 32.8% of participants exhibited severe depression, 32% showed moderate anxiety, and 32.8% experienced extremely severe stress. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between spiritual well-being and depression (r=-0.428), anxiety (r=-0.369), and stress (r=-0.358) (P<0.001).Conclusion: The findings supported an inverse association between spiritual well-being and the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression among family caregivers of individuals with SPMDs. It is recommended that strategies be implemented to enhance the spiritual well-being of family members to reduce their experiences of stress, anxiety, and depression.
Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease, known as “Nesyan” in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM), is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. TPM proposes various treatments, including compound remedies such as Safoof-e-hefz. The cholinergic hypothesis posits that excessive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity reduces brain acetylcholine levels, contributing to disease symptoms.Methods: This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of six herbal constituents of Safoof-e-hefz using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Methanol and dichloromethane extracts of each constituent, as well as the complete formulation, were assessed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities using Ellman’s method, with tacrine as the positive control.Results: The findings identified Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) as the most effective constituent, exhibiting the highest antioxidant (IC50=64.1 µg/mL) and AChE inhibitory (89%) activities. The prepared formulation revealed an acceptable effect on AChE (up to 77%) and BChE, while showing no significant overall antioxidant activity. Conclusion: In all quantitative analyses, methanol extracts demonstrated superior overall activity to dichloromethane extracts. Additionally, none of the extracts displayed a dose-dependent effect, which could be attributed to their high tannin content, as tannins can chelate the enzyme and interfere with accurate inhibitory activity determination.
Introduction: Obesity and inflammation are significant risk factors for chronic diseases. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and certain antioxidant compounds may reduce obesity-related inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of interval training and rice bran consumption on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and the adipokine WISP1 in obese women. Methods: Forty sedentary obese women attending a fitness club in Guilan province, Iran, voluntarily participated in this study (age: 38.5±3.63 years, weight: 85.6±5.23 Kg) and were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Control, High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), Rice Bran Supplement (RBS), and HIIT+RBS. Before and after the intervention, serum levels of IL-18, IL-10, and WISP1 were assessed. A three-week preparatory phase involved moderate-intensity interval aerobic exercises (50-80% of heart rate reserve). From weeks 4 to 9, HIIT was performed as running (activity) and walking (rest) intervals at 80-100% of heart rate reserve. Intra-group changes were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with Bonferroni post-hoc tests via SPSS software, version 23, at a significance level of P≤0.05.Results: Interval training with and without rice bran consumption significantly decreased WISP1 levels (P=0.001), whereas rice bran consumption alone did not (P=0.574). Similarly, interval training with and without supplementation significantly decreased IL-18 and increased IL-10 (P=0.001), while rice bran alone caused no significant changes in IL-18 (P=0.119) and IL-10 (P=0.796).Conclusion: The findings indicated that interval training, both with and without rice bran consumption, was associated with reduced levels of the adipokine WISP1 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18, alongside an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in obese women. Therefore, it could be inferred that interval training with rice bran could positively influence glucose metabolism in obese individuals, potentially mediated by a reduction in body fat mass.
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in physical, psychological, and functional complications within the population, particularly affecting individuals who contracted the disease. Reduced quality of life (QoL) and impaired sleep quality are among the numerous challenges experienced by patients recovering from COVID-19. Consequently, the role of exercise rehabilitation following COVID-19 infection has gained significant importance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of resistance training on sleep quality and QoL in untrained men with a history of COVID-19.Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 34 untrained men with a history of COVID-19 were recruited via purposeful sampling based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants were randomly allocated into either a resistance training (RT) group (n=17) or a control (CON) group (n=17). Baseline sleep quality and QoL were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), respectively. Subsequently, the RT group underwent an 8-week resistance training program, performing three sessions per week. Following the intervention, participants completed the same questionnaires again to assess their post-test scores. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 27, with the significance level set at α=0.05 (95% confidence interval).Results: The findings indicated that 8 weeks of resistance training led to statistically significant improvements in the RT group compared to the CON group (P≤0.05). Significant improvements were observed in both the overall PSQI score (P=0.001), indicating better sleep quality, and the overall SF-36 score (P=0.001), reflecting enhanced QoL in the RT group. Notably, the positive impact of resistance training extended significantly to all assessed components of sleep quality: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, and daytime dysfunction (all P≤0.05). Furthermore, significant improvements were observed across all measured dimensions of QoL: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health (role-physical), bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems (role-emotional), and mental health (all P≤0.05).Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it could be concluded that resistance training positively impacts sleep quality and quality of life in untrained men with a history of COVID-19. Therefore, resistance training might be recommended as a valuable component of rehabilitation programs for individuals recovering from COVID-19.
Introduction: Bicalutamide, an antiandrogen agent used in prostate cancer treatment, has been shown to influence immune cells and alter the immune response within the tumor microenvironment. This study investigated the impact of bicalutamide on the expression patterns of immune checkpoints in dendritic cells. Methods: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were utilized to differentiate monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells into immature dendritic cells (iDCs). Subsequently, prostate cancer cell lysates were employed to treat iDCs in order to facilitate their maturation into mature dendritic cells (mDCs). Bicalutamide treatment was then applied to the mDCs, followed by total RNA extraction. After cDNA synthesis, the expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).Results: The findings indicated that administration of Bicalutamide to mDCs significantly decreased the mRNA expression levels of several inhibitory immune checkpoints, including B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and programmed-death ligand 1 (PD-L1).Conclusion: The findings suggested that bicalutamide might exert an immunomodulatory effect on dendritic cells and possess the potential for consideration in DC-mediated immunotherapies for prostate cancer.
Introduction: One of the prominent issues in childhood over the past 25 years in the fields of psychology and psychiatry is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This disorder creates numerous problems for many students, affecting their academic, cognitive, social, and emotional performance during childhood, and subsequently impacting their occupational and family functioning in adulthood.Methods: This research was an applied descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population comprised male and female elementary school students in Shiraz. A sample of 485 students was selected using a multistage sampling method. Data collection tools included the standardized Conners questionnaire (The Conners’ Parent Rating Scale [CPRS]) and the Swanson Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder questionnaire (The Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Teacher and Parent Rating Scale [SNAP]). Data were analyzed using statistical tests and SPSS software, version 27.0.1. Results: The findings indicated that the prevalence of ADHD in this study was 8.7%, with the inattentive type (42.9%) being the most common. Although the frequency of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive types was higher in third-grade students and among boys, these differences were not statistically significant (P=0.126). Additionally, parents’ education level was significantly related to the occurrence of ADHD (P=0.029), while no significant relationship was found between parents’ income level and ADHD (P=0.081).Conclusion: Sex, school grade, or parents’ income level alone should not be regarded as determining factors in the emergence of ADHD. Instead, it is recommended to design and implement regular screening, appropriate educational and therapeutic programs, as well as preventive interventions that emphasize the role of parents.
Introduction: Maternal rubella infection during the first trimester of pregnancy can have devastating consequences, including fetal death or the birth of infants with severe congenital anomalies. Given the paucity of data regarding rubella immunity among Iranian women, the present study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of rubella-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in women attending the Shahid Motahari Clinic (Shiraz, Iran).Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted retrospectively based on data collected from women who presented to Shahid Motahari Clinic for rubella serology testing from 2020 to 2023. In addition to rubella serology results, other laboratory data and demographic information were also collected. In cases where test results were ambiguous, serological testing was repeated with the patient’s consent. Baseline data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software (version 24).Results: A total of 512 women were included in the study. The age distribution was as follows: 26 individuals (5.1%) were aged 10-20 years; 229 (44.7%) were aged 21-30 years; 214 (41.8%) were aged 31-40 years, 41 (8%) were aged 41-50 years; one individual (0.2%) was aged 51 to 60 years, one individual (0.2%) was aged 61-70 years; and no participants were in the 71-80 years age group. The IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 98.8% and 1.2% of the study population, respectively.Conclusion: The findings indicated that rubella vaccination in Iran has yielded promising results, with IgG antibodies present in 98.8% of the study population. Furthermore, statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between age and IgG levels (r=0.224, P<0.001), indicating that IgG antibody titers increase with advancing age.
To enhance the quality of the publication process and establish greater regularity in the scheduling of scientific article dissemination, Sadra Journal of Medical Sciences has consistently endeavored to update its operational policies in accordance with scientific publication standards and the needs of the research community. Accordingly, it is hereby announced to esteemed readers, authors, and researchers that, effective from the beginning of 2026 (1405 in the Solar Hijri calendar) and concurrent with the release of the first issue of the 14th volume, the journal’s publication schedule will change.
Introduction: Motor skill deficits in children with intellectual disabilities can disrupt sensory information processing and motor experiences, leading to limitations in various functional domains. This study aimed to compare the motor skills of male children with intellectual disability, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder.Methods: This study employed a causal-comparative design and was conducted in 2021 at the Pour-Razaz Exceptional School in Bandar-e Anzali (Iran). The study population consisted of male students with intellectual disability, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder. A convenience sample of 45 participants was divided into three groups: intellectual disability, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder. Participants’ gross and fine motor skills were assessed using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed to examine differences between groups, SPSS software version 27 and significance level set at P≤0.05.Results: The intellectual disability group demonstrated significantly better performance than the Down syndrome and autism groups in running speed and agility (P=0.008), balance (P=0.008), bilateral coordination (P=0.01), strength (P=0.008), and upper limb dexterity (P=0.003). Individuals with Down syndrome exhibited significantly higher performance than those with autism in balance (P=0.03), strength (P=0.02), and upper limb dexterity (P=0.005). In the comparison between intellectual disability and autism groups, the intellectual disability group performed significantly better in running speed (P=0.002), balance (P=0.001), bilateral coordination (P=0.002), strength (P=0.001), and upper limb dexterity (P=0.002). The results indicated significant differences in motor skills among male children with intellectual disability, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder.Conclusion: The findings revealed that children with autism exhibited greater motor skill deficits than their peers with intellectual disability and Down syndrome. This pronounced motor impairment might contribute to increased physical inactivity among these children and render them more dependent on others for performing activities of daily living.
Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of three group therapies—emotional freedom techniques (EFT), adolescent-centered mindfulness therapy (ACMT), and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)—on cognitive errors in adolescents exhibiting symptoms of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD). Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population comprised all adolescents aged 15-18 years with symptoms of DMDD in the high schools of NajafAbad County (Iran) during the 2023-2024 academic year. Through purposive sampling, 600 students from four secondary schools in the Second Education District were screened using the DMDD Questionnaire (Laporte et al.). From this initial pool, 80 students diagnosed with DMDD were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n=20 each) and one control group (n=20). Participants in the experimental groups attended parallel and concurrent group therapy sessions for EFT, ACMT, and DBT, respectively, while the control group received no intervention. The measurement instrument was the cognitive errors questionnaire (Quinn & Dozois). Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test via SPSS software, version 26. Results: The first major finding indicated that all three group therapy approaches (EFT, ACMT, and DBT) were effective in reducing cognitive errors in adolescents with symptoms of DMDD compared to the control group (P<0.01). The second finding, comparing the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches, revealed no significant difference among the three interventions at the post-test stage. However, at the two-month follow-up, DBT group demonstrated significantly greater effectiveness than the other two approaches (P<0.05). The effects of all interventions remained generally stable over time (P<0.01).Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated that EFT, ACMT, and DBT group therapies were equally effective in reducing cognitive errors in adolescents with DMDD in the short term. However, over time, DBT exhibited a more sustained and powerful effect. Therefore, the use of the DBT approach is particularly recommended for adolescents with DMDD in medical and educational service centers.
